Details for: CL0000502

Cell ID: CL0000502

Cell Name: type D enteroendocrine cell

Marker Score Threshold: 307
(Derived using integrated single-cell and genomic data)

Description: A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.

Synonyms: D cell

Genes (max top 100)

(Marker Score score is uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Gene Symbol: ACTB (ENSG00000075624)
    Fold Change: 3.45
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000075624
  • Gene Symbol: B2M (ENSG00000166710)
    Fold Change: 3.32
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000166710
  • Gene Symbol: SLC25A6 (ENSG00000169100)
    Fold Change: 2.8
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000169100
  • Gene Symbol: ACTG1 (ENSG00000184009)
    Fold Change: 2.8
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000184009
  • Gene Symbol: CFL1 (ENSG00000172757)
    Fold Change: 2.74
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000172757
  • Gene Symbol: CIRBP (ENSG00000099622)
    Fold Change: 2.66
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000099622
  • Gene Symbol: CALM1 (ENSG00000198668)
    Fold Change: 2.58
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198668
  • Gene Symbol: BTF3 (ENSG00000145741)
    Fold Change: 2.53
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000145741
  • Gene Symbol: BTG1 (ENSG00000133639)
    Fold Change: 2.44
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000133639
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5MC2 (ENSG00000135390)
    Fold Change: 2.38
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135390
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1E (ENSG00000124172)
    Fold Change: 2.32
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000124172
  • Gene Symbol: RHOA (ENSG00000067560)
    Fold Change: 2.25
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000067560
  • Gene Symbol: CDC42 (ENSG00000070831)
    Fold Change: 2.23
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000070831
  • Gene Symbol: CALM2 (ENSG00000143933)
    Fold Change: 2.12
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143933
  • Gene Symbol: CAPZB (ENSG00000077549)
    Fold Change: 2.07
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000077549
  • Gene Symbol: CD63 (ENSG00000135404)
    Fold Change: 2.05
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135404
  • Gene Symbol: CALR (ENSG00000179218)
    Fold Change: 2.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000179218
  • Gene Symbol: SEPTIN7 (ENSG00000122545)
    Fold Change: 2.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000122545
  • Gene Symbol: ZFP36L1 (ENSG00000185650)
    Fold Change: 2.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000185650
  • Gene Symbol: ZFP36L2 (ENSG00000152518)
    Fold Change: 1.97
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000152518
  • Gene Symbol: ARF1 (ENSG00000143761)
    Fold Change: 1.95
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143761
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5ME (ENSG00000169020)
    Fold Change: 1.93
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000169020
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5PF (ENSG00000154723)
    Fold Change: 1.8
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000154723
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1B (ENSG00000110955)
    Fold Change: 1.78
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000110955
  • Gene Symbol: SLC25A5 (ENSG00000005022)
    Fold Change: 1.78
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000005022
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1D (ENSG00000099624)
    Fold Change: 1.77
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000099624
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5MC3 (ENSG00000154518)
    Fold Change: 1.76
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000154518
  • Gene Symbol: TMEM258 (ENSG00000134825)
    Fold Change: 1.75
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000134825
  • Gene Symbol: CD74 (ENSG00000019582)
    Fold Change: 1.73
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000019582
  • Gene Symbol: CAST (ENSG00000153113)
    Fold Change: 1.72
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000153113
  • Gene Symbol: ATRX (ENSG00000085224)
    Fold Change: 1.68
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000085224
  • Gene Symbol: BSG (ENSG00000172270)
    Fold Change: 1.67
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000172270
  • Gene Symbol: CANX (ENSG00000127022)
    Fold Change: 1.66
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000127022
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1A (ENSG00000152234)
    Fold Change: 1.61
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000152234
  • Gene Symbol: ATF4 (ENSG00000128272)
    Fold Change: 1.6
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000128272
  • Gene Symbol: CAPZA1 (ENSG00000116489)
    Fold Change: 1.58
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000116489
  • Gene Symbol: APRT (ENSG00000198931)
    Fold Change: 1.58
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198931
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1C (ENSG00000165629)
    Fold Change: 1.52
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165629
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA2 (ENSG00000182718)
    Fold Change: 1.52
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000182718
  • Gene Symbol: CD47 (ENSG00000196776)
    Fold Change: 1.51
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000196776
  • Gene Symbol: AP2M1 (ENSG00000161203)
    Fold Change: 1.51
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000161203
  • Gene Symbol: ATP6V0B (ENSG00000117410)
    Fold Change: 1.5
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000117410
  • Gene Symbol: ATP1A1 (ENSG00000163399)
    Fold Change: 1.49
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000163399
  • Gene Symbol: ACTN4 (ENSG00000130402)
    Fold Change: 1.48
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000130402
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5PO (ENSG00000241837)
    Fold Change: 1.48
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000241837
  • Gene Symbol: CAPZA2 (ENSG00000198898)
    Fold Change: 1.45
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198898
  • Gene Symbol: TSPO (ENSG00000100300)
    Fold Change: 1.44
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000100300
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA5 (ENSG00000164111)
    Fold Change: 1.43
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000164111
  • Gene Symbol: CALM3 (ENSG00000160014)
    Fold Change: 1.43
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000160014
  • Gene Symbol: ATP1B3 (ENSG00000069849)
    Fold Change: 1.43
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000069849
  • Gene Symbol: ARF4 (ENSG00000168374)
    Fold Change: 1.42
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000168374
  • Gene Symbol: TLE5 (ENSG00000104964)
    Fold Change: 1.42
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104964
  • Gene Symbol: ARHGDIA (ENSG00000141522)
    Fold Change: 1.42
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000141522
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA11 (ENSG00000122359)
    Fold Change: 1.42
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000122359
  • Gene Symbol: CHD2 (ENSG00000173575)
    Fold Change: 1.41
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000173575
  • Gene Symbol: CD44 (ENSG00000026508)
    Fold Change: 1.41
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000026508
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5PB (ENSG00000116459)
    Fold Change: 1.39
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000116459
  • Gene Symbol: AMD1 (ENSG00000123505)
    Fold Change: 1.38
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000123505
  • Gene Symbol: ALDOA (ENSG00000149925)
    Fold Change: 1.37
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000149925
  • Gene Symbol: APLP2 (ENSG00000084234)
    Fold Change: 1.35
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000084234
  • Gene Symbol: FOXN3 (ENSG00000053254)
    Fold Change: 1.35
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000053254
  • Gene Symbol: AP2S1 (ENSG00000042753)
    Fold Change: 1.31
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000042753
  • Gene Symbol: CHD1 (ENSG00000153922)
    Fold Change: 1.29
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000153922
  • Gene Symbol: CD81 (ENSG00000110651)
    Fold Change: 1.29
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000110651
  • Gene Symbol: BNIP3L (ENSG00000104765)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104765
  • Gene Symbol: ARF6 (ENSG00000165527)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165527
  • Gene Symbol: C1QBP (ENSG00000108561)
    Fold Change: 1.26
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000108561
  • Gene Symbol: CCT6A (ENSG00000146731)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000146731
  • Gene Symbol: ASAH1 (ENSG00000104763)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104763
  • Gene Symbol: ACADVL (ENSG00000072778)
    Fold Change: 1.24
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000072778
  • Gene Symbol: ADAR (ENSG00000160710)
    Fold Change: 1.23
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000160710
  • Gene Symbol: CCND3 (ENSG00000112576)
    Fold Change: 1.23
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000112576
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5MC1 (ENSG00000159199)
    Fold Change: 1.22
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000159199
  • Gene Symbol: AUP1 (ENSG00000115307)
    Fold Change: 1.19
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000115307
  • Gene Symbol: APEX1 (ENSG00000100823)
    Fold Change: 1.18
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000100823
  • Gene Symbol: ATP2B1 (ENSG00000070961)
    Fold Change: 1.17
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000070961
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA7 (ENSG00000138279)
    Fold Change: 1.15
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000138279
  • Gene Symbol: CAMLG (ENSG00000164615)
    Fold Change: 1.15
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000164615
  • Gene Symbol: CCNH (ENSG00000134480)
    Fold Change: 1.15
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000134480
  • Gene Symbol: ADD1 (ENSG00000087274)
    Fold Change: 1.15
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000087274
  • Gene Symbol: ACP1 (ENSG00000143727)
    Fold Change: 1.13
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143727
  • Gene Symbol: RERE (ENSG00000142599)
    Fold Change: 1.12
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000142599
  • Gene Symbol: ADD3 (ENSG00000148700)
    Fold Change: 1.12
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000148700
  • Gene Symbol: CEBPB (ENSG00000172216)
    Fold Change: 1.11
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000172216
  • Gene Symbol: CD59 (ENSG00000085063)
    Fold Change: 1.09
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000085063
  • Gene Symbol: ATM (ENSG00000149311)
    Fold Change: 1.08
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000149311
  • Gene Symbol: ATOX1 (ENSG00000177556)
    Fold Change: 1.08
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000177556
  • Gene Symbol: BAG1 (ENSG00000107262)
    Fold Change: 1.08
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000107262
  • Gene Symbol: PARP1 (ENSG00000143799)
    Fold Change: 1.07
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143799
  • Gene Symbol: TBCB (ENSG00000105254)
    Fold Change: 1.07
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000105254
  • Gene Symbol: BNIP2 (ENSG00000140299)
    Fold Change: 1.05
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000140299
  • Gene Symbol: CAPNS1 (ENSG00000126247)
    Fold Change: 1.04
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000126247
  • Gene Symbol: CAPN2 (ENSG00000162909)
    Fold Change: 1.04
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000162909
  • Gene Symbol: CHD4 (ENSG00000111642)
    Fold Change: 1.03
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000111642
  • Gene Symbol: BAX (ENSG00000087088)
    Fold Change: 1.03
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000087088
  • Gene Symbol: CTSC (ENSG00000109861)
    Fold Change: 1.03
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000109861
  • Gene Symbol: APP (ENSG00000142192)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000142192
  • Gene Symbol: PTTG1IP (ENSG00000183255)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000183255
  • Gene Symbol: RHOB (ENSG00000143878)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143878
  • Gene Symbol: AP2B1 (ENSG00000006125)
    Fold Change: 1.01
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000006125
Hovered Details

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Hovered Details

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**Key Characteristics** 1. **Location**: Type D enteroendocrine cells are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, as well as in the pancreas. 2. **Hormone Secretion**: D cells secrete somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of various neurotransmitters and hormones. 3. **Paracrine Signaling**: D cells interact with other cells in the gastrointestinal tract through paracrine signaling, modulating the local environment. 4. **Expression of Specific Genes**: D cells express specific genes, including ACTB, which encodes the beta-2 microglobulin protein. 5. **Cell-Cell Junctions**: D cells form cell-cell junctions, including adherens junctions, which are involved in maintaining tissue structure and function. **Clinical Significance** 1. **Gastrointestinal Disorders**: Abnormalities in D cell function or somatostatin secretion have been implicated in various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastritis, peptic ulcers, and pancreatitis. 2. **Pancreatic Function**: D cells play a crucial role in regulating pancreatic function, including the secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones. 3. **Neuroendocrine Tumors**: Abnormalities in D cell function or somatostatin secretion have been implicated in the development of neuroendocrine tumors, including gastrinomas and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. 4. **Inflammation and Immune Response**: D cells can modulate the local immune response, and abnormalities in D cell function have been implicated in inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. 5. **Regulation of Metabolism**: Somatostatin secreted by D cells can regulate glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and lipid metabolism, making D cells an important target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. In conclusion, type D enteroendocrine cells play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes, including digestion, metabolism, and hormone secretion. Abnormalities in D cell function or somatostatin secretion have been implicated in various gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders, making D cells an important target for the development of new therapeutic strategies.