Details for: AKR1C4

Gene ID: 1109

Symbol: AKR1C4

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198610

Description: aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: liver dendritic cell (CL2000055)
    Fold Change: 5.5971
    Cell Significance Index: 14.7700
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: 1.9205
    Cell Significance Index: 61.5100
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: 1.6328
    Cell Significance Index: 39.5500
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 1.1568
    Cell Significance Index: 52.4400
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.8079
    Cell Significance Index: 160.3400
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: 0.7216
    Cell Significance Index: 12.1600
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.6783
    Cell Significance Index: 14.4500
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.5042
    Cell Significance Index: 30.2700
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.4946
    Cell Significance Index: 48.9300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.4884
    Cell Significance Index: 79.4400
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.4368
    Cell Significance Index: 394.4300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.4079
    Cell Significance Index: 44.3700
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: 0.3746
    Cell Significance Index: 6.3000
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.3743
    Cell Significance Index: 71.2300
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: 0.3659
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4000
  • Cell Name: cytotoxic T cell (CL0000910)
    Fold Change: 0.3235
    Cell Significance Index: 4.7200
  • Cell Name: type G enteroendocrine cell (CL0000508)
    Fold Change: 0.2474
    Cell Significance Index: 2.6200
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.2230
    Cell Significance Index: 15.4300
  • Cell Name: alpha-beta T cell (CL0000789)
    Fold Change: 0.2095
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7900
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.1474
    Cell Significance Index: 5.1800
  • Cell Name: midzonal region hepatocyte (CL0019028)
    Fold Change: 0.1389
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8000
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.1380
    Cell Significance Index: 2.9900
  • Cell Name: thymocyte (CL0000893)
    Fold Change: 0.1260
    Cell Significance Index: 1.5900
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 0.0949
    Cell Significance Index: 1.4300
  • Cell Name: erythroblast (CL0000765)
    Fold Change: 0.0876
    Cell Significance Index: 1.0500
  • Cell Name: foveolar cell of stomach (CL0002179)
    Fold Change: 0.0844
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5500
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: 0.0658
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3700
  • Cell Name: inflammatory macrophage (CL0000863)
    Fold Change: 0.0534
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4100
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of hepatic sinusoid (CL1000398)
    Fold Change: 0.0326
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3100
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 0.0260
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6500
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.0146
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4200
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: 0.0143
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4200
  • Cell Name: intrahepatic cholangiocyte (CL0002538)
    Fold Change: 0.0133
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0108
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2600
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: 0.0084
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1200
  • Cell Name: cholangiocyte (CL1000488)
    Fold Change: 0.0046
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0500
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: 0.0007
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0300
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0006
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3500
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0006
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1000
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0006
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0500
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0006
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9700
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0015
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0016
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2000
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0023
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0024
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2700
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0025
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5900
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.0028
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1700
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0032
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1600
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0053
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0600
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.0061
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1200
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0064
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1600
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0072
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0073
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2600
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1700
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0099
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2200
  • Cell Name: hepatocyte (CL0000182)
    Fold Change: -0.0101
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1400
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0113
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6500
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.0115
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3000
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.0133
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3500
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0160
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7500
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.0163
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2500
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0186
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2500
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0214
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0100
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.0229
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4100
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -0.0232
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2400
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.0240
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6000
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0253
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4200
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.0262
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8300
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: -0.0266
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3800
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.0289
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0600
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: -0.0301
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6000
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.0301
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4100
  • Cell Name: intestinal enteroendocrine cell (CL1001516)
    Fold Change: -0.0303
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2500
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0305
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6000
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.0324
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0600
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.0337
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.0338
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0800
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.0345
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9400
  • Cell Name: professional antigen presenting cell (CL0000145)
    Fold Change: -0.0346
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3100
  • Cell Name: luminal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002340)
    Fold Change: -0.0352
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: -0.0354
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    Fold Change: -0.0360
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3800
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0360
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9600
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.0367
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6300
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.0373
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0700
  • Cell Name: innate lymphoid cell (CL0001065)
    Fold Change: -0.0381
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4900
  • Cell Name: CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human (CL0000938)
    Fold Change: -0.0386
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4000
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: -0.0398
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9700
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.0424
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6100
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.0437
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0900
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.0440
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: -0.0447
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6400
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.0449
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2800
  • Cell Name: hepatic stellate cell (CL0000632)
    Fold Change: -0.0451
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4700
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte (CL0000810)
    Fold Change: -0.0467
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.0477
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1900
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: -0.0486
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9500
  • Cell Name: L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030059)
    Fold Change: -0.0495
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: mononuclear phagocyte (CL0000113)
    Fold Change: -0.0497
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4200
  • Cell Name: plasmacytoid dendritic cell (CL0000784)
    Fold Change: -0.0511
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** AKR1C4 is characterized by its ability to catalyze a wide range of reactions, including: 1. Aldo-keto reductase activity: AKR1C4 can reduce aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids. 2. 5α-reductase activity: AKR1C4 can convert 17β-hydroxytestosterone to 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, a potent dihydrotestosterone. 3. Androgen metabolic process: AKR1C4 is involved in the metabolism of androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. 4. Bile acid and bile salt metabolism: AKR1C4 plays a crucial role in the synthesis and metabolism of bile acids and bile salts. **Pathways and Functions** AKR1C4 is involved in various cellular processes, including: 1. Steroid hormone metabolism: AKR1C4 is involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones, including testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol. 2. Bile acid synthesis: AKR1C4 is required for the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. 3. Lipid metabolism: AKR1C4 is involved in the metabolism of lipids, including the reduction of aldehydes and ketones. 4. Androgen metabolism: AKR1C4 is involved in the metabolism of androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. 5. Cell signaling: AKR1C4 is involved in cell signaling pathways, including the regulation of inflammation and immune responses. **Clinical Significance** AKR1C4 has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. Prostate cancer: AKR1C4 is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and is involved in the regulation of androgen metabolism. 2. Liver disease: AKR1C4 is involved in the metabolism of bile acids and is implicated in liver disease, including cholestasis and cirrhosis. 3. Gastrointestinal disorders: AKR1C4 is involved in the metabolism of bile acids and is implicated in gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease. 4. Metabolic disorders: AKR1C4 is involved in lipid metabolism and is implicated in metabolic disorders, including obesity and insulin resistance. In conclusion, AKR1C4 is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various biological processes, including steroid hormone metabolism, bile acid synthesis, and lipid metabolism. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including prostate cancer, liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and metabolic disorders. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of AKR1C4 in human health and disease.

Genular Protein ID: 3201480692

Symbol: AK1C4_HUMAN

Name: Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P17516 Q5T6A3 Q8WW84 Q9NS54

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 86 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 8 DrugCentral 1 EC 10 EMBL 8 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 GO 29 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 1 PDBsum 1 PIR 2 PIRSF 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 3 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 4 RefSeq 1 Rhea 34 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 SwissLipids 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8274401

Title: Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

PubMed ID: 8274401

DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90308-j

PubMed ID: 7650035

Title: Substrate specificity, gene structure, and tissue-specific distribution of multiple human 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.

PubMed ID: 7650035

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.34.20162

PubMed ID: 7626489

Title: Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding structurally related proteins in humans.

PubMed ID: 7626489

DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00019-v

PubMed ID: 10634139

Title: Characterization of a novel variant (S145C/L311V) of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase in human liver.

PubMed ID: 10634139

PubMed ID: 10672042

Title: Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes.

PubMed ID: 10672042

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00310.x

PubMed ID: 11158055

Title: Human types 1 and 3 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: differential lability and tissue distribution.

PubMed ID: 11158055

DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7216

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 2187532

Title: Isolation and characterization of cloned cDNAs encoding human liver chlordecone reductase.

PubMed ID: 2187532

DOI: 10.1021/bi00456a034

PubMed ID: 8172617

Title: Molecular cloning of two human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoenzymes that are identical with chlordecone reductase and bile-acid binder.

PubMed ID: 8172617

DOI: 10.1042/bj2990545

PubMed ID: 1530633

Title: Human hepatic 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: possible identity with human hepatic chlordecone reductase.

PubMed ID: 1530633

DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91260-w

PubMed ID: 2427522

Title: Purification and characterization of chlordecone reductase from human liver.

PubMed ID: 2427522

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67136-4

PubMed ID: 10998348

Title: Human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: functional plasticity and tissue distribution reveals roles in the inactivation and formation of male and female sex hormones.

PubMed ID: 10998348

DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3510067

PubMed ID: 14672942

Title: Human cytosolic 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily display significant 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: implications for steroid hormone metabolism and action.

PubMed ID: 14672942

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313308200

PubMed ID: 19218247

Title: Human cytosolic hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-ketoreductase superfamily catalyze reduction of conjugated steroids: implications for phase I and phase II steroid hormone metabolism.

PubMed ID: 19218247

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809465200

PubMed ID: 21802064

Title: Why boys will be boys: two pathways of fetal testicular androgen biosynthesis are needed for male sexual differentiation.

PubMed ID: 21802064

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.009

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 323
  • Mass: 37067
  • Checksum: E728CE4B420E8C58
  • Sequence:
    • MDPKYQRVEL NDGHFMPVLG FGTYAPPEVP RNRAVEVTKL AIEAGFRHID SAYLYNNEEQ 
VGLAIRSKIA DGSVKREDIF YTSKLWCTFF QPQMVQPALE SSLKKLQLDY VDLYLLHFPM 
ALKPGETPLP KDENGKVIFD TVDLSATWEV MEKCKDAGLA KSIGVSNFNC RQLEMILNKP 
GLKYKPVCNQ VECHPYLNQS KLLDFCKSKD IVLVAHSALG TQRHKLWVDP NSPVLLEDPV 
LCALAKKHKQ TPALIALRYQ LQRGVVVLAK SYNEQRIREN IQVFEFQLTS EDMKVLDGLN 
RNYRYVVMDF LMDHPDYPFS DEY

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.