Details for: AP2S1

Gene ID: 1175

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: AP2S1

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000042753

Description: adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit sigma 1

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 83.71
    rCSI 76.86%
    PRS 14.42
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 82.85
    rCSI 71.73%
    PRS 14.05
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 72.31
    rCSI 66.71%
    PRS 12.79
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 69.69
    rCSI 53.69%
    PRS 11.43
  • transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011
    CSI 58.16
    rCSI 68.3%
    PRS 14.84
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 55.78
    rCSI 53.78%
    PRS 8.67
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 53.98
    rCSI 45.25%
    PRS 15.08
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 51.18
    rCSI 41.38%
    PRS 12.45
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 50.38
    rCSI 52.66%
    PRS 13.28
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 48.56
    rCSI 60.94%
    PRS 16.05
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 47.59
    rCSI 73.53%
    PRS 11.8
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 47.12
    rCSI 56.92%
    PRS 14.81
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 44.38
    rCSI 83.78%
    PRS 15.64
  • conventional dendritic cell CL0000990
    CSI 43.95
    rCSI 36.69%
    PRS 36.68
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 43.8
    rCSI 45.88%
    PRS 11.75
  • promonocyte CL0000559
    CSI 42.14
    rCSI 72.19%
    PRS 16.87
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 41.06
    rCSI 37.08%
    PRS 11.15
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 39.95
    rCSI 57.63%
    PRS 17.54
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 38.64
    rCSI 40.47%
    PRS 13.46
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 38.32
    rCSI 50.22%
    PRS 17.64
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 38.3
    rCSI 36.87%
    PRS 13.06
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 37.69
    rCSI 37.06%
    PRS 13.69
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 37.44
    rCSI 61.66%
    PRS 14.68
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 35.63
    rCSI 44.79%
    PRS 19.29
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 33.95
    rCSI 46.26%
    PRS 11.24
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 33.69
    rCSI 27.93%
    PRS 11.9
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 30.75
    rCSI 46.4%
    PRS 12.43
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 30.27
    rCSI 48.82%
    PRS 20.17
  • classical monocyte CL0000860
    CSI 27.79
    rCSI 41.19%
    PRS 72.8
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 25.42
    rCSI 31.44%
    PRS 11.07
  • dendritic cell CL0000451
    CSI 24.62
    rCSI 30.33%
    PRS 39.66
  • non-classical monocyte CL0000875
    CSI 22.73
    rCSI 36.43%
    PRS 38.36
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 21.28
    rCSI 14.15%
    PRS 15.03
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 21.16
    rCSI 30.65%
    PRS 18.56
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 20.7
    rCSI 27.51%
    PRS 13.78
  • foveolar cell of stomach CL0002179
    CSI 20.03
    rCSI 42.63%
    PRS 20.31
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 19.89
    rCSI 57.58%
    PRS 14.29
  • kidney epithelial cell CL0002518
    CSI 19.49
    rCSI 37.19%
    PRS 29.6
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 19.27
    rCSI 20.48%
    PRS 22.41
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 19.14
    rCSI 42.76%
    PRS 14.3
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 18.43
    rCSI 26.56%
    PRS 20.32
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 18.24
    rCSI 14.35%
    PRS 14.97
  • dendritic cell, human CL0001056
    CSI 17.01
    rCSI 26.13%
    PRS 14.71
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 17
    rCSI 14.93%
    PRS 14.17
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 16.74
    rCSI 23.89%
    PRS 14.21
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 16.42
    rCSI 20.45%
    PRS 17.76
  • epithelial cell CL0000066
    CSI 15.28
    rCSI 23.47%
    PRS 17.95
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 15.02
    rCSI 22.97%
    PRS 20.52
  • monocyte CL0000576
    CSI 15.01
    rCSI 27.13%
    PRS 33.62
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 15.01
    rCSI 73.98%
    PRS 17.17
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 14.96
    rCSI 13.28%
    PRS 12.63
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 14.9
    rCSI 52.27%
    PRS 22.88
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 14.57
    rCSI 32.27%
    PRS 11.71
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 14.43
    rCSI 19.73%
    PRS 14.33
  • primitive red blood cell CL0002355
    CSI 13.97
    rCSI 75.38%
    PRS 23.56
  • colon macrophage CL0009038
    CSI 13.85
    rCSI 63.97%
    PRS 26.08
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 13.49
    rCSI 10.66%
    PRS 8.65
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 13.32
    rCSI 80.59%
    PRS 28
  • colonocyte CL1000347
    CSI 12.8
    rCSI 18.35%
    PRS 17.3
  • fraction A pre-pro B cell CL0002045
    CSI 12.21
    rCSI 13.97%
    PRS 25.86
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 12.11
    rCSI 21.6%
    PRS 21.36
  • macrophage CL0000235
    CSI 12.02
    rCSI 21.86%
    PRS 48.23
  • myeloid dendritic cell, human CL0001057
    CSI 12
    rCSI 67.5%
    PRS 39.42
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 11.94
    rCSI 17.63%
    PRS 19.85
  • large pre-B-II cell CL0000957
    CSI 11.88
    rCSI 33.93%
    PRS 21.76
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 11.81
    rCSI 8.25%
    PRS 13.21
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 11.8
    rCSI 22.95%
    PRS 12.88
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 11.77
    rCSI 68.49%
    PRS 18.95
  • lung interstitial macrophage CL4033043
    CSI 11.49
    rCSI 25.8%
    PRS 26.07
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 11.05
    rCSI 44%
    PRS 22.15
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 10.96
    rCSI 16.73%
    PRS 21.95
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 10.79
    rCSI 13.84%
    PRS 14.57
  • type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577
    CSI 10.68
    rCSI 37.91%
    PRS 20.7
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 10.61
    rCSI 12.73%
    PRS 12.46
  • transit amplifying cell of small intestine CL0009012
    CSI 10.6
    rCSI 46.52%
    PRS 23.49
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 10
    rCSI 15.88%
    PRS 16.27
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 9.8
    rCSI 28.22%
    PRS 24.5
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 9.58
    rCSI 9.56%
    PRS 10.78
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 9.54
    rCSI 21.09%
    PRS 9.07
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 9.39
    rCSI 7.78%
    PRS 12.6
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 9.19
    rCSI 27.12%
    PRS 15.39
  • myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000839
    CSI 8.93
    rCSI 46.13%
    PRS 24.77
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 8.84
    rCSI 12.28%
    PRS 12.96
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 8.78
    rCSI 7.13%
    PRS 13.32
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 8.77
    rCSI 12.86%
    PRS 16.54
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 8.63
    rCSI 11.95%
    PRS 18.15
  • forebrain radial glial cell CL0013000
    CSI 8.57
    rCSI 27.51%
    PRS 18.47
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 8.49
    rCSI 6.29%
    PRS 11.19
  • colon goblet cell CL0009039
    CSI 8.49
    rCSI 20.17%
    PRS 19
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000810
    CSI 8.28
    rCSI 6.64%
    PRS 22.86
  • inflammatory macrophage CL0000863
    CSI 8.21
    rCSI 14.03%
    PRS 25.33
  • deuterosomal cell CL4033044
    CSI 8.18
    rCSI 27.67%
    PRS 21.22
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 7.97
    rCSI 12.16%
    PRS 11.78
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 7.83
    rCSI 9.05%
    PRS 11.06
  • pancreatic epsilon cell CL0005019
    CSI 7.81
    rCSI 36.41%
    PRS 30.02
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 7.8
    rCSI 16.19%
    PRS 12.58
  • double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000809
    CSI 7.72
    rCSI 7.87%
    PRS 18.01
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 7.72
    rCSI 6.79%
    PRS 9.15
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 7.71
    rCSI 9.89%
    PRS 12.26
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 7.62
    rCSI 22.09%
    PRS 9.79
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI -14.0
    rCSI -10.5%
    PRS 13.1%
  • lung neuroendocrine cell CL1000223
    CSI -6.5
    rCSI -9.6%
    PRS 14.5%
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI -6.0
    rCSI -15.3%
    PRS 9.6%
  • enteroglial cell CL4040002
    CSI -2.2
    rCSI -11.3%
    PRS 23.0%
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI -2.0
    rCSI -5.8%
    PRS 18.3%
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI -2.0
    rCSI -4.4%
    PRS 7.7%
  • serous secreting cell CL0000313
    CSI -1.3
    rCSI -6.4%
    PRS 49.6%
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI -0.8
    rCSI -1.0%
    PRS 6.9%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI -0.7
    rCSI -0.6%
    PRS 19.0%
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI -0.7
    rCSI -2.1%
    PRS 7.9%
  • centrilobular region hepatocyte CL0019029
    CSI -0.6
    rCSI -1.6%
    PRS 20.2%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI -0.5
    rCSI -0.6%
    PRS 21.8%
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI -0.4
    rCSI -2.3%
    PRS 7.7%
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI -0.3
    rCSI -1.0%
    PRS 6.8%
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI -0.3
    rCSI -0.6%
    PRS 7.2%
  • late pro-B cell CL0002048
    CSI -0.1
    rCSI -0.2%
    PRS 36.5%
  • osteoblast CL0000062
    CSI 0.1
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 74.6%
  • CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive common innate lymphoid precursor, human CL0001074
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 47.2%
  • vasa recta descending limb cell CL1001285
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 49.5%
  • megakaryocyte progenitor cell CL0000553
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 35.9%
  • mesenchymal lymphangioblast CL0005021
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 55.1%
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 18.4%
  • parietal cell CL0000162
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 60.4%
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 7.5%
  • Schwann cell CL0002573
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 15.2%
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 8.1%
  • IgM plasma cell CL0000986
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 55.4%
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 10.7%
  • epithelial cell of urethra CL1000296
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 12.1%
    PRS 39.9%
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.5%
    PRS 14.4%
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 7.4%
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 8.5%
  • helper T cell CL0000912
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 17.7%
  • stromal cell of ovary CL0002132
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 20.8%
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 11.5%
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 12.4%
  • small pre-B-II cell CL0000954
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 0.6%
    PRS 26.0%
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 21.6%
  • mature alpha-beta T cell CL0000791
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 21.7%
  • antibody secreting cell CL0000946
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 49.2%
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 11.8%
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 10.8%
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 9.7%
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 5.3%
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 19.9%
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 19.4%
  • Merkel cell CL0000242
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 18.3%
    PRS 70.9%
  • OFF-bipolar cell CL0000750
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 20.5%
  • luminal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002340
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 22.7%
  • group 2 innate lymphoid cell CL0001069
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 42.1%
  • tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 16.7%
  • lung pericyte CL0009089
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 15.1%
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 15.6%
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 11.6%
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 21.1%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 13.3%
  • small intestine goblet cell CL1000495
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 16.8%
  • ventricular cardiac muscle cell CL2000046
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 48.2%
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 8.8%
    PRS 13.0%
  • transitional stage B cell CL0000818
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 35.2%
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 11.7%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 5.6%
    PRS 16.4%
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 26.0%
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 15.9%
  • eosinophil CL0000771
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 32.5%
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 9.6%
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 13.8%
  • pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell CL0002062
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 6.8%
    PRS 16.8%
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 7.7%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 12.3%
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 24.9%
  • lung microvascular endothelial cell CL2000016
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 24.8%
    PRS 39.4%
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 18.0%
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 4.4%
    PRS 15.4%
  • B-1 B cell CL0000819
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 37.3%
    PRS 57.0%
  • bronchiolar smooth muscle cell CL4033017
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 22.2%
    PRS 39.3%
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 15.1%
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 13.2%
  • common lymphoid progenitor CL0000051
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 24.0%
  • hair follicular keratinocyte CL2000092
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 26.2%
    PRS 49.0%
  • glial cell CL0000125
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 12.9%
  • enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine CL1000334
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 23.8%
    PRS 31.1%
  • endothelial cell of vascular tree CL0002139
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 8.6%
    PRS 21.7%
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 7.4%
  • lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000838
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 20.7%
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 7.3%
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 22.3%
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 12.8%
  • IgA plasma cell CL0000987
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 23.4%
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 10.5%
  • muscle cell CL0000187
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 29.4%
  • tuft cell of colon CL0009041
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 26.7%
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 9.1%
  • endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid CL0019022
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 5.7%
    PRS 19.6%
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 14.8%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 9.2%
  • CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell CL0000915
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 8.9%
    PRS 43.4%
  • hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell CL0000837
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 19.9%
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 12.6%
  • renal intercalated cell CL0005010
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 17.9%
    PRS 73.4%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) (adaptor related protein complex 2 subunit sigma 1) encodes a key component of the Adaptor Protein 2 (AP-2) complex. This complex is a central player in the cellular machinery of [clathrin-mediated endocytosis](/details-pathway/R-HSA-8856828), a fundamental process for internalizing molecules from the cell surface. Expression data suggests that [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) is a highly active and significant gene in cells with high endocytic and phagocytic activity, particularly those of the myeloid lineage, such as [elicited macrophages](/details-cell/CL0000861) and [myeloid progenitors](/details-cell/CL0000557). Clinically, mutations in [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) are associated with Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia, type 3 ([602242](https://omim.org/entry/602242)), highlighting its critical role in regulating receptor trafficking and calcium homeostasis ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2492)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape **Overall**, the expression profile of [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) underscores its role as a ubiquitous and essential component of the endocytic machinery, with its significance being most pronounced in cell types characterized by high membrane turnover and internalization processes. The gene shows its highest significance in cells of the myeloid lineage, including [elicited macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000861) (CSI: 83.71), [granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0000557) (CSI: 82.85), and [myeloid leukocyte](/details-cell/CL0000766) (CSI: 72.31). This strong association with macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells is consistent with their professional roles in phagocytosis, antigen uptake, and clearance of cellular debris, all of which are heavily dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, high significance in progenitor and rapidly dividing cells, such as [transit amplifying cell of colon](/details-cell/CL0009011) (CSI: 58.16) and [stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000034) (CSI: 55.78), suggests a vital function in nutrient uptake and receptor turnover necessary to support proliferation and differentiation. Conversely, [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) shows low or negative significance in several terminally differentiated cell types with more specialized functions. Notably, its low significance in various lymphocyte populations, such as [group 3 innate lymphoid cell](/details-cell/CL0001071) (CSI: -13.98) and multiple T cell subsets, suggests a more specific role in the myeloid compartment of the immune system. Similarly, its low expression in multiple subtypes of mature neurons and glial cells ([astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605), CSI: -1.97) indicates that while endocytosis is critical in synapses, the overall abundance or specific requirement for [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) may be lower in these cells compared to the highly active myeloid and epithelial lineages. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The functional annotations for [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) firmly place it within the core machinery of vesicle-mediated transport. As a subunit of the [AP-2 adaptor complex](/details-go/GO:0030122), its primary molecular function is [clathrin adaptor activity](/details-go/GO:0035615), which is essential for the assembly of [clathrin coats](/details-go/GO:0048268) at the plasma membrane during endocytosis ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.104543)). This role is central to numerous biological processes, including [intracellular protein transport](/details-go/GO:0006886) and the internalization of cell surface receptors. Its involvement in the [MHC class II antigen presentation](/details-pathway/R-HSA-2132295) pathway provides a direct molecular explanation for its high expression in antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells. The internalization of antigens is a prerequisite for their processing and presentation to T cells. The gene's role is also highlighted in diverse signaling pathways that depend on receptor internalization for signal modulation, such as [Signaling by Wnt](/details-pathway/R-HSA-195721) and [Signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9006934). Furthermore, the Reactome annotations reveal a broad impact on physiological and pathological processes. [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) is implicated in [neuronal system](/details-pathway/R-HSA-112316) processes like [synaptic vesicle endocytosis](/details-go/GO:0048488) and [trafficking of AMPA receptors](/details-pathway/R-HSA-399719), which are critical for synaptic plasticity. Its connection to infectious diseases, particularly [HIV infection](/details-pathway/R-HSA-162906), underscores how viruses can co-opt this fundamental cellular machinery for their own life cycles, for example, in the Nef-mediated downregulation of surface receptors. ## Research Directions The function of [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) as a core component of the endocytic machinery is well-established, but its specific roles in complex disease states and cell-type-specific processes warrant further investigation. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given that mutations in [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) cause Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia, it is hypothesized that these mutations specifically impair the clathrin-mediated internalization of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in parathyroid and kidney tubule cells. This disruption would lead to a state of perceived hypocalcemia by the cell, causing reduced urinary calcium excretion and increased parathyroid hormone secretion, consistent with the clinical phenotype ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2571)). 2. Based on its high significance in myeloid progenitors and its role in antigen presentation pathways, we hypothesize that the level of [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) expression is a critical determinant of myeloid cell fate and function. Specifically, downregulation of [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) during myelopoiesis could impair the development of professional antigen-presenting cells, leading to a reduced capacity for initiating adaptive immune responses. **Key Experimental Approach:** To test the second hypothesis regarding myeloid cell function, a robust experimental approach would involve using a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system to achieve tunable knockdown of [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) in primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. These modified cells would then be cultured in vitro with cytokine cocktails that promote differentiation towards macrophages and conventional dendritic cells. The impact of [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) knockdown could be assessed by: * **Flow cytometry:** to quantify the efficiency of differentiation by measuring key cell surface markers (e.g., CD14, CD11c, HLA-DR). * **Functional assays:** to measure the rate of fluorescently-labeled antigen uptake (endocytic capacity) and to perform co-culture experiments with T cells to quantify the ability to present antigen and activate an immune response. * **Transcriptomics (RNA-seq):** to determine how reduced [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) function alters the gene expression programs governing myeloid differentiation and immune activation. **Therapeutic Potential:** As [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) is a ubiquitously expressed gene essential for a core cellular process, it is a challenging therapeutic target for systemic inhibition due to the high likelihood of off-target toxicity. However, its role in mediating the entry of pathogens like HIV suggests that it could be a target for antiviral therapies. A potential strategy would be to develop small molecules or peptidomimetics that specifically block the interaction between [AP2S1](/details-gene/1175) and viral proteins (e.g., HIV Nef), thereby preventing the virus from hijacking the host's endocytic machinery without causing broad inhibition of normal cellular function. Such an approach would require a deep structural understanding of the specific protein-protein interaction interface.

Genular Protein ID: 2507034195

Symbol: AP2S1_HUMAN

Name: AP-2 complex subunit sigma

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9040778

Title: Human CLAPS2 encoding AP17, a small chain of the clathrin-associated protein complex: cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment to 19q13.2-->q13.3.

PubMed ID: 9040778

DOI: 10.1159/000134463

PubMed ID: 9767099

Title: A novel spliced transcript of human CLAPS2 encoding a protein alternative to clathrin adaptor protein AP17.

PubMed ID: 9767099

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00406-5

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 14745134

Title: Adaptor protein complexes as the key regulators of protein sorting in the post-Golgi network.

PubMed ID: 14745134

DOI: 10.1247/csf.28.419

PubMed ID: 15473838

Title: Adaptors for clathrin coats: structure and function.

PubMed ID: 15473838

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.104543

PubMed ID: 19033387

Title: The adaptor complex AP-2 regulates post-endocytic trafficking through the non-clathrin Arf6-dependent endocytic pathway.

PubMed ID: 19033387

DOI: 10.1242/jcs.033522

PubMed ID: 18691976

Title: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.

PubMed ID: 18691976

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23222959

Title: Mutations in AP2S1 cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 3.

PubMed ID: 23222959

DOI: 10.1038/ng.2492

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 33859415

Title: A genome-wide atlas of co-essential modules assigns function to uncharacterized genes.

PubMed ID: 33859415

DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00840-z

PubMed ID: 24081735

Title: Identification of AP2S1 mutation and effects of low calcium formula in an infant with hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.

PubMed ID: 24081735

DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2571

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 142
  • Mass: 17018
  • Checksum: CA3FD868C65AEDF6
  • Sequence:
  • MIRFILIQNR AGKTRLAKWY MQFDDDEKQK LIEEVHAVVT VRDAKHTNFV EFRNFKIIYR 
    RYAGLYFCIC VDVNDNNLAY LEAIHNFVEV LNEYFHNVCE LDLVFNFYKV YTVVDEMFLA 
    GEIRETSQTK VLKQLLMLQS LE

Genular Protein ID: 3944296357

Symbol: M0R0N4_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15057824

Title: The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19.

PubMed ID: 15057824

DOI: 10.1038/nature02399

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 18691976

Title: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.

PubMed ID: 18691976

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 144
  • Mass: 17303
  • Checksum: DC3C494873F879A5
  • Sequence:
  • MVWIRFILIQ NRAGKTRLAK WYMQFDDDEK QKLIEEVHAV VTVRDAKHTN FVEFRNFKII 
    YRRYAGLYFC ICVDVNDNNL AYLEAIHNFV EVLNEYFHNV CELDLVFNFY KVYTVVDEMF 
    LAGEIRETSQ TKVLKQLLML QSLE

Genular Protein ID: 2145304583

Symbol: M0QYZ2_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15057824

Title: The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19.

PubMed ID: 15057824

DOI: 10.1038/nature02399

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 18691976

Title: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.

PubMed ID: 18691976

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 158
  • Mass: 18929
  • Checksum: 685BDAF358F5893D
  • Sequence:
  • MKLKGLGKRC KRREDLEIRF ILIQNRAGKT RLAKWYMQFD DDEKQKLIEE VHAVVTVRDA 
    KHTNFVEFRN FKIIYRRYAG LYFCICVDVN DNNLAYLEAI HNFVEVLNEY FHNVCELDLV 
    FNFYKVYTVV DEMFLAGEIR ETSQTKVLKQ LLMLQSLE

Genular Protein ID: 1402327176

Symbol: X6R390_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15057824

Title: The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19.

PubMed ID: 15057824

DOI: 10.1038/nature02399

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 18691976

Title: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.

PubMed ID: 18691976

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 156
  • Mass: 18414
  • Checksum: 068FA6AE5AC56109
  • Sequence:
  • MIRFILIQNR AGKTRLAKWY MQFDDDEKQK LIEEVHAVVT VRDAKHTNFV EVLAISVADS 
    LSVLQFRNFK IIYRRYAGLY FCICVDVNDN NLAYLEAIHN FVEVLNEYFH NVCELDLVFN 
    FYKVYTVVDE MFLAGEIRET SQTKVLKQLL MLQSLE