Details for: CREM

Gene ID: 1390

Symbol: CREM

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000095794

Description: cAMP responsive element modulator

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 360.4739
    Cell Significance Index: -56.0700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 218.6140
    Cell Significance Index: -55.4500
  • Cell Name: embryonic stem cell (CL0002322)
    Fold Change: 148.3441
    Cell Significance Index: -61.1100
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 134.7423
    Cell Significance Index: -54.7400
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 128.9072
    Cell Significance Index: -60.8600
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 116.3914
    Cell Significance Index: -59.8700
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 58.3822
    Cell Significance Index: -55.7400
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 46.4818
    Cell Significance Index: -57.3100
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 19.0827
    Cell Significance Index: -51.1200
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 14.8562
    Cell Significance Index: -45.6300
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 14.6982
    Cell Significance Index: -58.0000
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 11.0299
    Cell Significance Index: -24.1400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 10.8037
    Cell Significance Index: 178.0300
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 3.7583
    Cell Significance Index: 100.7100
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: 3.1358
    Cell Significance Index: 83.7300
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 1.8975
    Cell Significance Index: 54.6700
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.2615
    Cell Significance Index: 253.0500
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 1.1046
    Cell Significance Index: 84.7700
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: 1.0387
    Cell Significance Index: 8.4700
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.8593
    Cell Significance Index: 38.0100
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of placenta (CL0009092)
    Fold Change: 0.8441
    Cell Significance Index: 5.1000
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: 0.8267
    Cell Significance Index: 24.2800
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.7454
    Cell Significance Index: 28.2300
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.7376
    Cell Significance Index: 146.3800
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.6787
    Cell Significance Index: 67.1400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.6353
    Cell Significance Index: 74.0400
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 0.6196
    Cell Significance Index: 34.7700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.4558
    Cell Significance Index: 74.1400
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.4440
    Cell Significance Index: 307.1100
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.4131
    Cell Significance Index: 262.3800
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: 0.3993
    Cell Significance Index: 8.5400
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.3974
    Cell Significance Index: 142.5400
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.3785
    Cell Significance Index: 46.5500
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.3725
    Cell Significance Index: 51.1600
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.3669
    Cell Significance Index: 690.8000
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.3282
    Cell Significance Index: 59.1700
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: 0.3016
    Cell Significance Index: 35.5700
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.2394
    Cell Significance Index: 130.7500
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 0.2289
    Cell Significance Index: 4.0500
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: 0.2277
    Cell Significance Index: 11.8600
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.2221
    Cell Significance Index: 28.4700
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.2122
    Cell Significance Index: 93.8400
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.1322
    Cell Significance Index: 7.9400
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: 0.1309
    Cell Significance Index: 8.8000
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.1033
    Cell Significance Index: 159.0500
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0999
    Cell Significance Index: 184.3300
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: 0.0801
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3400
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.0738
    Cell Significance Index: 3.4700
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.0701
    Cell Significance Index: 13.3400
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 0.0530
    Cell Significance Index: 24.0500
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 0.0433
    Cell Significance Index: 3.2300
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0049
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0320
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0349
    Cell Significance Index: -25.8800
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0386
    Cell Significance Index: -29.2100
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0401
    Cell Significance Index: -29.3700
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0403
    Cell Significance Index: -5.8600
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0674
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0676
    Cell Significance Index: -42.2000
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0714
    Cell Significance Index: -40.2900
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.1251
    Cell Significance Index: -12.7800
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.1286
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6200
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.1330
    Cell Significance Index: -3.4200
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.1341
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9800
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.1463
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1673
    Cell Significance Index: -35.2300
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.1806
    Cell Significance Index: -51.9700
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.2820
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0500
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.2952
    Cell Significance Index: -20.8800
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.3031
    Cell Significance Index: -8.4700
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.3079
    Cell Significance Index: -10.7000
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.3327
    Cell Significance Index: -20.4500
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.3385
    Cell Significance Index: -8.9000
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.3478
    Cell Significance Index: -22.4400
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.3759
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.3785
    Cell Significance Index: -43.3600
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.4292
    Cell Significance Index: -44.6900
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.4301
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3400
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.4664
    Cell Significance Index: -24.4900
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.4873
    Cell Significance Index: -13.9700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.5314
    Cell Significance Index: -60.6600
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: -0.5396
    Cell Significance Index: -9.0900
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.5870
    Cell Significance Index: -27.3700
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.6040
    Cell Significance Index: -16.4400
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.6223
    Cell Significance Index: -39.2200
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.6475
    Cell Significance Index: -51.2800
  • Cell Name: prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell (CL2000059)
    Fold Change: -0.7004
    Cell Significance Index: -5.0300
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.7240
    Cell Significance Index: -20.6600
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.7666
    Cell Significance Index: -47.0000
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.8149
    Cell Significance Index: -36.9400
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: -0.8431
    Cell Significance Index: -10.0500
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.9148
    Cell Significance Index: -24.4700
  • Cell Name: monocyte-derived dendritic cell (CL0011031)
    Fold Change: -0.9255
    Cell Significance Index: -15.9000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.9870
    Cell Significance Index: -20.6600
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -1.0881
    Cell Significance Index: -34.8500
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -1.2762
    Cell Significance Index: -21.8700
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -1.2895
    Cell Significance Index: -41.0700
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -1.3024
    Cell Significance Index: -38.3600
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -1.3376
    Cell Significance Index: -46.8600
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -1.3801
    Cell Significance Index: -20.3700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** CREM is a transcriptional regulator that responds to cAMP signaling. It contains a high degree of sequence homology with the CREB (cAMP Response Element Binding) protein and shares similar binding properties to the CRE (cAMP Response Element). CREM is primarily expressed in cells of the immune system, including T cells, natural T-regulatory cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Its expression is also observed in other cell types, such as fibroblasts, cortical cells of the adrenal gland, and eurydendroid cells. **Pathways and Functions:** CREM is involved in various signaling pathways, including the Atf4-Creb1 transcription factor complex, which regulates the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation and survival. CREM also interacts with RNA polymerase II, modulating the transcription of genes in different cell types. Its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences makes it a key regulator of gene expression, particularly in the context of immune responses. CREM has been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation, survival, and function, including those involved in the development and function of T cells and natural T-regulatory cells. **Clinical Significance:** The dysregulation of CREM has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. For example, CREM has been shown to play a role in the regulation of the immune response in patients with multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. Additionally, CREM has been implicated in the development and progression of certain types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma, where it is thought to regulate the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival. In conclusion, CREM is a key regulator of gene expression in the immune system, playing a crucial role in the regulation of cell differentiation, survival, and function. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, highlighting the importance of further research into the role of CREM in immune regulation. **Implications for Immunological Research:** 1. **Understanding the role of CREM in immune cell development and function**: Further research is needed to elucidate the specific role of CREM in the development and function of immune cells, including T cells and natural T-regulatory cells. 2. **Investigating the relationship between CREM and autoimmune diseases**: The dysregulation of CREM has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms by which CREM contributes to the development and progression of these diseases. 3. **Exploring the therapeutic potential of CREM**: The dysregulation of CREM has been implicated in various cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma. Further research is needed to understand the specific role of CREM in cancer development and progression, and to explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting CREM. **Future Directions:** 1. **Investigating the role of CREM in other cell types**: While CREM has been primarily studied in the context of immune cells, further research is needed to understand its role in other cell types, including fibroblasts and cortical cells of the adrenal gland. 2. **Elucidating the mechanisms by which CREM regulates gene expression**: Further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms by which CREM regulates gene expression, including its interaction with RNA polymerase II and its binding properties to specific DNA sequences. 3. **Developing therapeutic strategies targeting CREM**: The dysregulation of CREM has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Further research is needed to understand the specific role of CREM in these disorders, and to develop potential therapeutic strategies targeting CREM.

Genular Protein ID: 3920522282

Symbol: CREM_HUMAN

Name: Inducible cAMP early repressor

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q03060 A8K014 A8K3J7 A8K6A1 A8MPQ2 B4DXC1 C9J785 C9JZ10 E9PAR4 E9PHM1 O75519 Q14501 Q14503 Q14504 Q14505 Q14506 Q15731 Q16114 Q16116 Q5T9H7 Q5W1A6 Q5W1A7 Q5W1A8 Q5W1A9 Q5W1B0 Q5W1B2 Q7Z2Q6 Q8IVD4 Q96AG7 Q9NZ98 Q9NZ99 Q9NZB9

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 18 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 31 Ensembl 24 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 20 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 4 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PIR 4 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 3 PathwayCommons 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 29 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 28 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7916662

Title: Human CREM gene: evolutionary conservation, chromosomal localization, and inducibility of the transcript.

PubMed ID: 7916662

PubMed ID: 8206879

Title: Novel isoforms of human cyclic AMP-responsive element modulator (hCREM) mRNA.

PubMed ID: 8206879

DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124332

PubMed ID: 8622971

Title: cAMP inducibility of transcriptional repressor ICER in developing and mature human T lymphocytes.

PubMed ID: 8622971

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3536

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 12397208

Title: Novel leader exons of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element modulator (CREM) gene, transcribed from promoters P3 and P4, are highly testis-specific in primates.

PubMed ID: 12397208

DOI: 10.1093/molehr/8.11.965

PubMed ID: 1461747

Title: Cyclic AMP response element binding protein CREB and modulator protein CREM are products of distinct genes.

PubMed ID: 1461747

DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.22.6106

PubMed ID: 16143638

Title: Combinations of genetic changes in the human cAMP-responsive element modulator gene: a clue towards understanding some forms of male infertility?

PubMed ID: 16143638

DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah209

PubMed ID: 10373550

Title: Human Cdc34 and Rad6B ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes target repressors of cyclic AMP-induced transcription for proteolysis.

PubMed ID: 10373550

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.7.5001

PubMed ID: 11044457

Title: CREM activator and repressor isoforms in human testis: sequence variations and inaccurate splicing during impaired spermatogenesis.

PubMed ID: 11044457

DOI: 10.1093/molehr/6.11.967

PubMed ID: 14511788

Title: Different CREM-isoform gene expression between equine and human normal and impaired spermatogenesis.

PubMed ID: 14511788

DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00142-0

PubMed ID: 18220336

Title: Combining protein-based IMAC, peptide-based IMAC, and MudPIT for efficient phosphoproteomic analysis.

PubMed ID: 18220336

DOI: 10.1021/pr0705441

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 20068231

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.

PubMed ID: 20068231

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000475

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 345
  • Mass: 37006
  • Checksum: 4DDEE62904CDD0E6
  • Sequence:
    • MTMETVESQH DGSITASLTE SKSAHVQTQT GQNSIPALAQ VSVAGSGTRR GSPAVTLVQL 
PSGQTIHVQG VIQTPQPWVI QSSEIHTVQV AAIAETDESA ESEGVIDSHK RREILSRRPS 
YRKILNELSS DVPGVPKIEE ERSEEEGTPP SIATMAVPTS IYQTSTGQYI AIAQGGTIQI 
SNPGSDGVQG LQALTMTNSG APPPGATIVQ YAAQSADGTQ QFFVPGSQVV VQDEETELAP 
SHMAAATGDM PTYQIRAPTA ALPQGVVMAA SPGSLHSPQQ LAEEATRKRE LRLMKNREAA 
KECRRRKKEY VKCLESRVAV LEVQNKKLIE ELETLKDICS PKTDY

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.