Details for: CTSL

Gene ID: 1514

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: CTSL

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135047

Description: cathepsin L

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 73.88
    rCSI 67.84%
    PRS 87.31
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 58.7
    rCSI 72.61%
    PRS 77.8
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 47.19
    rCSI 59.32%
    PRS 88.72
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 45.92
    rCSI 70.95%
    PRS 79.01
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 38
    rCSI 71.73%
    PRS 87.68
  • endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid CL0019022
    CSI 32.45
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 84.22
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 30.22
    rCSI 49.78%
    PRS 83.74
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 28.49
    rCSI 26.28%
    PRS 81.43
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 23.97
    rCSI 25.11%
    PRS 83.16
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 23.93
    rCSI 33.92%
    PRS 76.67
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 22.96
    rCSI 66.13%
    PRS 86.12
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 21.08
    rCSI 26.22%
    PRS 59.95
  • macrophage CL0000235
    CSI 20.26
    rCSI 36.86%
    PRS 86.77
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 18.32
    rCSI 17.67%
    PRS 73.19
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 18.28
    rCSI 36.69%
    PRS 70.16
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 17.97
    rCSI 15.49%
    PRS 80.9
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 17.64
    rCSI 17.35%
    PRS 82.5
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 17.22
    rCSI 38.45%
    PRS 86.77
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 16.73
    rCSI 38.26%
    PRS 80.69
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 16.54
    rCSI 40.95%
    PRS 79.63
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 15.97
    rCSI 14.04%
    PRS 69.17
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 15.87
    rCSI 19.76%
    PRS 88.62
  • lung interstitial macrophage CL4033043
    CSI 15.78
    rCSI 35.43%
    PRS 91.32
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 15.51
    rCSI 11.95%
    PRS 82.67
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 14.95
    rCSI 12.15%
    PRS 79.27
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 14.64
    rCSI 23.12%
    PRS 81.44
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 12.43
    rCSI 36%
    PRS 79.4
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 12.16
    rCSI 23.19%
    PRS 89.24
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI 11.65
    rCSI 37.27%
    PRS 77.27
  • tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019
    CSI 11.48
    rCSI 20.25%
    PRS 85.01
  • stromal cell of ovary CL0002132
    CSI 10.9
    rCSI 29.95%
    PRS 86.63
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 10.86
    rCSI 11.33%
    PRS 79.34
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 10.49
    rCSI 25.06%
    PRS 84.02
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 10.45
    rCSI 8.26%
    PRS 68.69
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 10.42
    rCSI 21.62%
    PRS 76.71
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 9.96
    rCSI 9.27%
    PRS 80.73
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 9.85
    rCSI 12.9%
    PRS 90
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 9.82
    rCSI 13.6%
    PRS 77.24
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 9.67
    rCSI 56.24%
    PRS 83.84
  • ciliated cell CL0000064
    CSI 9.08
    rCSI 14.71%
    PRS 74.94
  • monocyte CL0000576
    CSI 9.01
    rCSI 16.28%
    PRS 85.12
  • mature NK T cell CL0000814
    CSI 8.6
    rCSI 11%
    PRS 89.58
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 8.32
    rCSI 11.06%
    PRS 85.36
  • non-classical monocyte CL0000875
    CSI 7.92
    rCSI 12.69%
    PRS 90.42
  • keratocyte CL0002363
    CSI 7.88
    rCSI 18.95%
    PRS 83.16
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 7.74
    rCSI 17.67%
    PRS 71.48
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 7.74
    rCSI 10.58%
    PRS 84.25
  • microglial cell CL0000129
    CSI 7.41
    rCSI 29.84%
    PRS 81.55
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 6.95
    rCSI 15.57%
    PRS 62.77
  • colon macrophage CL0009038
    CSI 6.94
    rCSI 32.08%
    PRS 91.44
  • mononuclear phagocyte CL0000113
    CSI 6.85
    rCSI 15.07%
    PRS 83.62
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 6.84
    rCSI 15.51%
    PRS 80.44
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 6.66
    rCSI 6.89%
    PRS 84.02
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 6.51
    rCSI 15.91%
    PRS 72.38
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 6.51
    rCSI 6.27%
    PRS 79.27
  • fibroblast of breast CL4006000
    CSI 6.51
    rCSI 27.37%
    PRS 85.46
  • lung pericyte CL0009089
    CSI 6.36
    rCSI 16.79%
    PRS 86.38
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 6.32
    rCSI 6.92%
    PRS 81.75
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 6.31
    rCSI 4.68%
    PRS 73.52
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 6.26
    rCSI 9.57%
    PRS 87.04
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 6.2
    rCSI 13.72%
    PRS 79.29
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 6.03
    rCSI 26.78%
    PRS 80.44
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 5.94
    rCSI 9.48%
    PRS 71.56
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 5.9
    rCSI 19.12%
    PRS 78.05
  • metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage CL4033042
    CSI 5.87
    rCSI 63.85%
    PRS 90.01
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 5.68
    rCSI 6.09%
    PRS 81.21
  • endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel CL0002138
    CSI 5.62
    rCSI 11.14%
    PRS 85.39
  • inflammatory macrophage CL0000863
    CSI 5.58
    rCSI 9.54%
    PRS 93.82
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 5.58
    rCSI 9.13%
    PRS 69.5
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 5.54
    rCSI 7.7%
    PRS 78.44
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 5.51
    rCSI 8.32%
    PRS 85.05
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 5.47
    rCSI 7.47%
    PRS 79.71
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI 5.44
    rCSI 6.99%
    PRS 70.22
  • luminal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002340
    CSI 5.44
    rCSI 29.27%
    PRS 87.61
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 5.32
    rCSI 7.68%
    PRS 85.43
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 5.29
    rCSI 8.52%
    PRS 69.98
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 5.23
    rCSI 7.13%
    PRS 71.57
  • smooth muscle cell of prostate CL1000487
    CSI 5.2
    rCSI 30.57%
    PRS 86.36
  • interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088
    CSI 5.14
    rCSI 6.54%
    PRS 84.78
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 5.12
    rCSI 5.11%
    PRS 73.78
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 5.05
    rCSI 11.85%
    PRS 79.99
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 5.02
    rCSI 7.16%
    PRS 80.74
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 4.88
    rCSI 9.48%
    PRS 82.86
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 4.82
    rCSI 18.06%
    PRS 72.37
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI 4.57
    rCSI 29.39%
    PRS 88.62
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 4.34
    rCSI 12.21%
    PRS 74.97
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 4.34
    rCSI 17.26%
    PRS 86.99
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI 4.29
    rCSI 20.54%
    PRS 79.82
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 4.23
    rCSI 10.75%
    PRS 73.22
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 4.21
    rCSI 6.69%
    PRS 88.37
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 4.11
    rCSI 5%
    PRS 86.32
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 4.11
    rCSI 4.29%
    PRS 77.57
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 4.01
    rCSI 25.07%
    PRS 71.53
  • mature T cell CL0002419
    CSI 3.86
    rCSI 3%
    PRS 92.65
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 3.83
    rCSI 2.75%
    PRS 91.43
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 3.81
    rCSI 4.4%
    PRS 72.3
  • renal alpha-intercalated cell CL0005011
    CSI 3.72
    rCSI 4.97%
    PRS 86.02
  • endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid CL0019021
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 16.99%
    PRS 84.42
  • mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570
    CSI 3.65
    rCSI 20.34%
    PRS 83.27
  • kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000849
    CSI 3.63
    rCSI 38.45%
    PRS 76.42
  • odontoblast CL0000060
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 90.2%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 90.6%
  • mesenchymal lymphangioblast CL0005021
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 12.3%
    PRS 88.5%
  • prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell CL2000059
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 11.4%
    PRS 88.5%
  • epithelial cell of nephron CL1000449
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 95.3%
  • erythroid progenitor cell CL0000038
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 84.9%
  • vein endothelial cell of respiratory system CL4033008
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 86.6%
  • vasa recta descending limb cell CL1001285
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 5.7%
    PRS 88.6%
  • erythroblast CL0000765
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 85.5%
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 87.8%
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 70.4%
  • pancreatic epsilon cell CL0005019
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 88.2%
  • endothelial cell of uterus CL0009095
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 6.5%
    PRS 88.1%
  • corneal epithelial cell CL0000575
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 86.7%
  • tissue-resident macrophage CL0000864
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 90.7%
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 62.0%
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 10.2%
    PRS 74.1%
  • skeletal muscle satellite stem cell CL0008011
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 5.9%
    PRS 89.3%
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 63.7%
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 63.1%
  • vasa recta ascending limb cell CL1001131
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 6.2%
    PRS 87.9%
  • renal beta-intercalated cell CL0002201
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 80.2%
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 61.4%
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 83.6%
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 91.8%
  • periportal region hepatocyte CL0019026
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 79.6%
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 72.9%
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 68.4%
  • centrilobular region hepatocyte CL0019029
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 78.6%
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 65.7%
  • myoepithelial cell CL0000185
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 85.0%
  • forebrain radial glial cell CL0013000
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 81.9%
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 76.8%
  • kidney epithelial cell CL0002518
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 92.8%
  • OFF-bipolar cell CL0000750
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 82.0%
  • acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 45.7%
    PRS 91.4%
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 76.7%
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 80.6%
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 77.6%
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 79.1%
  • intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 83.8%
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 77.4%
  • muscle cell CL0000187
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 4.5%
    PRS 89.1%
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 71.6%
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 73.8%
  • epicardial adipocyte CL1000309
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 77.7%
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 5.4%
    PRS 80.3%
  • tendon cell CL0000388
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 5.9%
    PRS 87.0%
  • uterine smooth muscle cell CL0002601
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 15.0%
    PRS 86.9%
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 6.0%
    PRS 75.4%
  • lung endothelial cell CL1001567
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 90.2%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 84.6%
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 83.8%
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 9.1%
    PRS 59.9%
  • lung neuroendocrine cell CL1000223
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 83.7%
  • mesenchymal stem cell CL0000134
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 28.1%
    PRS 85.3%
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 6.7%
    PRS 81.1%
  • endothelial cell of arteriole CL1000412
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 14.6%
    PRS 88.8%
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 75.7%
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 95.0%
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 83.6%
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 83.7%
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 6.5%
    PRS 60.0%
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 87.3%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 12.1%
    PRS 68.5%
  • ON-bipolar cell CL0000749
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 80.0%
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 80.2%
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 8.9%
    PRS 66.0%
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 10.8%
    PRS 62.5%
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 88.9%
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 11.8%
    PRS 79.6%
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 71.6%
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 77.6%
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 18.1%
    PRS 62.7%
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 5.6%
    PRS 73.8%
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 3.3
    rCSI 5.4%
    PRS 63.6%
  • primitive red blood cell CL0002355
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 19.0%
    PRS 85.8%
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 74.6%
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 6.4%
    PRS 73.3%
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 17.7%
    PRS 87.4%
  • kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000849
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 38.5%
    PRS 76.4%
  • mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 20.3%
    PRS 83.3%
  • endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid CL0019021
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 17.0%
    PRS 84.4%
  • renal alpha-intercalated cell CL0005011
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 5.0%
    PRS 86.0%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 4.4%
    PRS 72.3%
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 91.4%
  • mature T cell CL0002419
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 92.7%
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 25.1%
    PRS 71.5%
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 77.6%
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 5.0%
    PRS 86.3%
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 6.7%
    PRS 88.4%
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 10.8%
    PRS 73.2%
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 20.5%
    PRS 79.8%
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 17.3%
    PRS 87.0%
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 12.2%
    PRS 75.0%
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 29.4%
    PRS 88.6%
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 4.8
    rCSI 18.1%
    PRS 72.4%
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 9.5%
    PRS 82.9%
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 80.7%
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 5.1
    rCSI 11.9%
    PRS 80.0%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) encodes cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine protease with diverse and critical roles in protein turnover, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune system function. **Overall**, its expression is most significant in phagocytic and invasive cell types, particularly various macrophage populations including [elicited macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000861)s and [alternatively activated macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000890)s, as well as placental cells like [extravillous trophoblast](/details-cell/CL0008036)s. Functionally, [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) is integral to antigen processing and presentation via MHC class II, collagen degradation, and cellular entry of certain viruses, such as SARS-CoV. Its broad substrate specificity and presence in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus and extracellular space, underscore its multifaceted role in both physiological and pathological processes. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) highlights its central role in cells defined by high proteolytic and remodeling activity. The gene's highest significance scores are consistently observed in myeloid and placental lineages. * **Myeloid and Phagocytic Cells:** [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) is a dominant marker in multiple macrophage subtypes, including [elicited macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000861) (CSI: 73.88), [alternatively activated macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000890) (CSI: 47.19), the placenta-resident [Hofbauer cell](/details-cell/CL3000001) (CSI: 38.00), and [alveolar macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000583) (CSI: 30.22). This strong and widespread expression in macrophages is consistent with its crucial function in phagolysosomal protein degradation and the processing of foreign antigens for presentation to the adaptive immune system. * **Placental and Trophoblastic Cells:** The gene shows profound significance in cells critical for placental development and uterine invasion, such as [extravillous trophoblast](/details-cell/CL0008036) (CSI: 58.70), [placental villous trophoblast](/details-cell/CL2000060) (CSI: 45.92), and [syncytiotrophoblast cell](/details-cell/CL0000525) (CSI: 22.96). This suggests a key role in the extensive tissue remodeling required for embryonic implantation and placentation. * **Other Specialized Tissues:** Beyond these primary contexts, [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) also demonstrates notable expression in specialized epithelial and endocrine cells, including [endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid](/details-cell/CL0019022), [pancreatic A cell](/details-cell/CL0000171), and [kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL1001111). This broader pattern indicates its involvement in tissue-specific protein turnover and homeostasis. A nuclear isoform has also been described that processes the CDP/Cux transcription factor, suggesting roles beyond lysosomal degradation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00209-6)). ## Pathways and Molecular Function Functional annotations for [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) reveal its participation in fundamental immunological processes, tissue maintenance, and host-pathogen interactions. * **Immune System Modulation:** [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) is a key component of the '[Adaptive immune system](/details-gene/1514)' ([R-HSA-1280218](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-1280218)). Its '[Cysteine-type endopeptidase activity](/details-gene/1514)' ([GO:0004197](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0004197)) is essential for '[Antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via mhc class ii](/details-gene/1514)' ([GO:0019886](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0019886)), where it degrades the invariant chain (Ii) to allow peptide loading onto MHC class II molecules in antigen-presenting cells like macrophages. * **Extracellular Matrix Dynamics:** The protease plays a direct role in '[Degradation of the extracellular matrix](/details-gene/1514)' ([R-HSA-1474228](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-1474228)), with the ability to catabolize structural proteins like collagen and elastin ([GO:0030574](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0030574), [GO:0060309](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0060309)). Research has shown it can generate the anti-angiogenic fragment endostatin from collagen XVIII, linking its activity to the regulation of blood vessel formation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.6.1187)). This function is particularly relevant for the invasive phenotype of trophoblasts during pregnancy and potentially for tumor metastasis. * **Infectious Disease and Viral Entry:** [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) is implicated in multiple pathways related to '[Infectious disease](/details-gene/1514)' ([R-HSA-5663205](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5663205)). Critically, it is involved in '[Fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane](/details-gene/1514)' ([GO:0039654](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0039654)) and is exploited by several coronaviruses for cellular entry. Studies have demonstrated that [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) is required to proteolytically cleave and activate the spike protein of SARS-CoV, facilitating viral fusion and infection, and its inhibition can prevent viral entry ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0505577102), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m508381200)). ## Research Directions The diverse functions and cell-specific expression of [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) suggest several avenues for future investigation, particularly regarding its roles in tissue remodeling, immunity, and disease. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its high expression in both pro-inflammatory ([elicited macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000861)) and anti-inflammatory ([alternatively activated macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000890)) macrophage subtypes, [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) activity may be a critical regulator of macrophage polarization by differentially processing key signaling molecules or transcription factors within the endolysosomal system, thereby shaping the inflammatory environment. 2. The exceptional significance of [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) in [extravillous trophoblast](/details-cell/CL0008036)s suggests that its proteolytic activity is indispensable for controlled uterine invasion during placentation. Dysregulation of [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) expression or activity at the maternal-fetal interface could be a contributing factor to pathologies such as pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. 3. Based on its established role in SARS-CoV entry and its high expression in [alveolar macrophage](/details-cell/CL0000583)s, variations in [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) activity in these lung-resident phagocytes could influence an individual's susceptibility to respiratory viruses and modulate the severity of the subsequent inflammatory response. **Key Experimental Approach:** To test the hypothesis that [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) regulates macrophage polarization (Hypothesis 1), a compelling experiment would involve the use of CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) in primary human CD14+ monocytes. These modified monocytes, alongside wild-type controls, would be differentiated into M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages using standard cytokine cocktails (e.g., IFN-gamma/LPS for M1, IL-4/IL-13 for M2). The impact of [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) deletion on polarization could be assessed by a multi-omics approach, including RNA-sequencing to measure the expression of canonical M1/M2 marker genes, and mass spectrometry-based proteomics of the secretome to identify changes in cleaved protein substrates that mediate intercellular communication. **Therapeutic Potential:** [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) presents a complex but promising therapeutic target. As a protease, it is highly druggable, and its **inhibition** is a viable strategy. Potent and specific [CTSL](/details-gene/1514) inhibitors have clear potential as broad-spectrum antiviral agents against pathogens that depend on it for entry, such as SARS-coronaviruses. Furthermore, inhibiting its activity could be beneficial in pathological contexts driven by excessive tissue degradation, such as cancer metastasis or certain inflammatory disorders. However, its widespread physiological roles, particularly in immune surveillance, necessitate the development of highly specific inhibitors or targeted delivery systems to minimize off-target effects.

Genular Protein ID: 1142374600

Symbol: CATL1_HUMAN

Name: Major excreted protein

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3421948

Title: Isolation and sequence of a cDNA for human pro-(cathepsin L).

PubMed ID: 3421948

DOI: 10.1042/bj2530303

PubMed ID: 2835398

Title: Complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of human and murine preprocathepsin L. An abundant transcript induced by transformation of fibroblasts.

PubMed ID: 2835398

DOI: 10.1172/jci113497

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 15164053

Title: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9.

PubMed ID: 15164053

DOI: 10.1038/nature02465

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 3342889

Title: Amino acid sequences of the human kidney cathepsins H and L.

PubMed ID: 3342889

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80028-0

PubMed ID: 3550705

Title: The major ras induced protein in NIH3T3 cells is cathepsin L.

PubMed ID: 3550705

DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.7.3186

PubMed ID: 3545185

Title: The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chains of human cathepsin L. Relationship to a cDNA clone for a major cysteine proteinase from a mouse macrophage cell line.

PubMed ID: 3545185

DOI: 10.1042/bj2400373

PubMed ID: 9468501

Title: Autocatalytic processing of recombinant human procathepsin L. Contribution of both intermolecular and unimolecular events in the processing of procathepsin L in vitro.

PubMed ID: 9468501

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.8.4478

PubMed ID: 10716919

Title: Secreted cathepsin L generates endostatin from collagen XVIII.

PubMed ID: 10716919

DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.6.1187

PubMed ID: 12754519

Title: Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 12754519

DOI: 10.1038/nbt827

PubMed ID: 15099520

Title: A cathepsin L isoform that is devoid of a signal peptide localizes to the nucleus in S phase and processes the CDP/Cux transcription factor.

PubMed ID: 15099520

DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00209-6

PubMed ID: 16335952

Title: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 16335952

DOI: 10.1021/pr0502065

PubMed ID: 16081529

Title: Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry.

PubMed ID: 16081529

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505577102

PubMed ID: 16339146

Title: SARS coronavirus, but not human coronavirus NL63, utilizes cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells.

PubMed ID: 16339146

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508381200

PubMed ID: 18562523

Title: Cathepsin L functionally cleaves the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus class I fusion protein upstream of rather than adjacent to the fusion peptide.

PubMed ID: 18562523

DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-08

PubMed ID: 19159218

Title: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry.

PubMed ID: 19159218

DOI: 10.1021/pr8008012

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 22905912

Title: Resveratrol-induced changes of the human adipocyte secretion profile.

PubMed ID: 22905912

DOI: 10.1021/pr300539b

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 26953343

Title: Glycopeptide Antibiotics Potently Inhibit Cathepsin L in the Late Endosome/Lysosome and Block the Entry of Ebola Virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

PubMed ID: 26953343

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.716100

PubMed ID: 30425301

Title: Deficiency of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E causes hypotrichosis and dry skin.

PubMed ID: 30425301

DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0355-3

PubMed ID: 32142651

Title: SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor.

PubMed ID: 32142651

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052

PubMed ID: 32361028

Title: Amantadine disrupts lysosomal gene expression: A hypothesis for COVID19 treatment.

PubMed ID: 32361028

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106004

PubMed ID: 32221306

Title: Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV.

PubMed ID: 32221306

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9

PubMed ID: 32855215

Title: MHC class II transactivator CIITA induces cell resistance to Ebola virus and SARS-like coronaviruses.

PubMed ID: 32855215

DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3753

PubMed ID: 34159616

Title: TMPRSS2 expression dictates the entry route used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect host cells.

PubMed ID: 34159616

DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021107821

PubMed ID: 8896443

Title: Structure of human procathepsin L reveals the molecular basis of inhibition by the prosegment.

PubMed ID: 8896443

DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00934.x

PubMed ID: 9141479

Title: The crystal structure of human cathepsin L complexed with E-64.

PubMed ID: 9141479

DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00216-0

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 333
  • Mass: 37564
  • Checksum: 8CD17D00EF859D85
  • Sequence:
  • MNPTLILAAF CLGIASATLT FDHSLEAQWT KWKAMHNRLY GMNEEGWRRA VWEKNMKMIE 
    LHNQEYREGK HSFTMAMNAF GDMTSEEFRQ VMNGFQNRKP RKGKVFQEPL FYEAPRSVDW 
    REKGYVTPVK NQGQCGSCWA FSATGALEGQ MFRKTGRLIS LSEQNLVDCS GPQGNEGCNG 
    GLMDYAFQYV QDNGGLDSEE SYPYEATEES CKYNPKYSVA NDTGFVDIPK QEKALMKAVA 
    TVGPISVAID AGHESFLFYK EGIYFEPDCS SEDMDHGVLV VGYGFESTES DNNKYWLVKN 
    SWGEEWGMGG YVKMAKDRRN HCGIASAASY PTV

Genular Protein ID: 178632525

Symbol: Q9HBQ7_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11181995

Title: The sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11181995

DOI: 10.1126/science.1058040

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 151
  • Mass: 16839
  • Checksum: 539C686EE95C80B3
  • Sequence:
  • MDYAFQYVQD NGGLDSEESY PYEATEESCK YNPKYSVAND TGFVDIPKQE KALMKAVATV 
    GPISVAIDAG HESFLFYKEG IYFEPDCSSE DMDHGVLVVG YGFESTESDN NKYWLVKNSW 
    GEEWGMGGYV KMAKDRRNHC GIASAASYPT V