Details for: GRK2

Gene ID: 156

Symbol: GRK2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000173020

Description: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 63.2604
    Cell Significance Index: -25.7000
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 60.4716
    Cell Significance Index: -28.5500
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 56.7279
    Cell Significance Index: -29.1800
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 42.6364
    Cell Significance Index: -28.6100
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 27.8504
    Cell Significance Index: -26.5900
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 9.2577
    Cell Significance Index: -24.8000
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 7.6478
    Cell Significance Index: -23.4900
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 4.3087
    Cell Significance Index: -9.4300
  • Cell Name: late promyelocyte (CL0002151)
    Fold Change: 2.8843
    Cell Significance Index: 19.1400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 2.7642
    Cell Significance Index: 45.5500
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 2.4840
    Cell Significance Index: 160.2600
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 1.6743
    Cell Significance Index: 30.9500
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 1.5827
    Cell Significance Index: 172.1600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 1.5170
    Cell Significance Index: 246.7300
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 1.3372
    Cell Significance Index: 80.2800
  • Cell Name: early promyelocyte (CL0002154)
    Fold Change: 1.3253
    Cell Significance Index: 8.4600
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: 1.0649
    Cell Significance Index: 55.4700
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 1.0027
    Cell Significance Index: 905.3700
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: 0.7811
    Cell Significance Index: 92.1100
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.7643
    Cell Significance Index: 153.3100
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: 0.5364
    Cell Significance Index: 14.9900
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.5109
    Cell Significance Index: 92.1000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.5000
    Cell Significance Index: 61.4900
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.4238
    Cell Significance Index: 41.9200
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.4093
    Cell Significance Index: 19.2400
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.3528
    Cell Significance Index: 126.5500
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.3136
    Cell Significance Index: 171.2600
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.3136
    Cell Significance Index: 14.6200
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.3118
    Cell Significance Index: 8.9900
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 0.3112
    Cell Significance Index: 7.7800
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.2892
    Cell Significance Index: 57.3900
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.2699
    Cell Significance Index: 119.3100
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.2593
    Cell Significance Index: 13.4700
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.2323
    Cell Significance Index: 5.0300
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.2200
    Cell Significance Index: 41.8700
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.2133
    Cell Significance Index: 9.6700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.2078
    Cell Significance Index: 28.5300
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid (CL0019022)
    Fold Change: 0.1701
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3400
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.0943
    Cell Significance Index: 65.2300
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0018
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3600
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.0099
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2100
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0102
    Cell Significance Index: -18.7500
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0113
    Cell Significance Index: -17.3200
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0149
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9100
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0155
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7800
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.0158
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0172
    Cell Significance Index: -23.4300
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0221
    Cell Significance Index: -16.7300
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0237
    Cell Significance Index: -15.0400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0249
    Cell Significance Index: -18.2400
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -0.0310
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0321
    Cell Significance Index: -23.7600
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0442
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5100
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0450
    Cell Significance Index: -20.4500
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0454
    Cell Significance Index: -25.6000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0488
    Cell Significance Index: -30.5000
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: -0.0565
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0606
    Cell Significance Index: -10.3400
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0734
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9600
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0792
    Cell Significance Index: -22.7900
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.1054
    Cell Significance Index: -13.6200
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.1088
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6900
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1113
    Cell Significance Index: -16.1900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1164
    Cell Significance Index: -13.3400
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.1325
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1397
    Cell Significance Index: -29.4200
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.1561
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2500
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.1784
    Cell Significance Index: -13.6900
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.1850
    Cell Significance Index: -21.5600
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.1861
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8600
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.1994
    Cell Significance Index: -12.5700
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.2115
    Cell Significance Index: -15.7600
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.2439
    Cell Significance Index: -25.4000
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.2767
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0700
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.2899
    Cell Significance Index: -11.8800
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -0.2985
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0900
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.3279
    Cell Significance Index: -25.9700
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.3364
    Cell Significance Index: -5.0700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.3461
    Cell Significance Index: -9.9200
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.3621
    Cell Significance Index: -20.3200
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.3733
    Cell Significance Index: -19.6000
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of esophagus (CL0002252)
    Fold Change: -0.3736
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4800
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.4571
    Cell Significance Index: -14.6400
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.4596
    Cell Significance Index: -28.1800
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.4812
    Cell Significance Index: -21.2800
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.4911
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7000
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.4913
    Cell Significance Index: -12.9200
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.5662
    Cell Significance Index: -13.5800
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.5682
    Cell Significance Index: -19.9700
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.5712
    Cell Significance Index: -21.6300
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.5787
    Cell Significance Index: -18.4300
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.5861
    Cell Significance Index: -19.1900
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.5952
    Cell Significance Index: -21.8500
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.6063
    Cell Significance Index: -21.2400
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.6078
    Cell Significance Index: -12.9000
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: -0.6159
    Cell Significance Index: -14.2300
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.7191
    Cell Significance Index: -31.2700
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.7217
    Cell Significance Index: -14.4900
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.7279
    Cell Significance Index: -18.7100
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.7324
    Cell Significance Index: -25.4500

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Phosphorylation activity**: GRK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates and desensitizes GPCRs, leading to their internalization and regulation of downstream signaling pathways. 2. **Ubiquitous expression**: GRK2 is expressed in various cell types, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and neurons, making it a key regulator of immune response and cellular signaling. 3. **Diverse ligands**: GRK2 interacts with a wide range of ligands, including GPCRs, adrenergic receptors, and other receptors, allowing it to regulate multiple signaling pathways. 4. **Regulation of immune response**: GRK2 plays a critical role in regulating immune response by modulating the activity of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway**: GRK2 phosphorylates and desensitizes GPCRs, leading to their internalization and regulation of downstream signaling pathways. 2. **Adrenergic receptor signaling pathway**: GRK2 phosphorylates and desensitizes beta-adrenergic receptors, regulating their signaling activity and modulating the response to catecholamines. 3. **Ca-dependent events**: GRK2 interacts with calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein, to regulate calcium-dependent signaling pathways. 4. **Cytoskeletal organization**: GRK2 regulates the organization of the cytoskeleton by interacting with proteins involved in actin filament dynamics. 5. **Immune response regulation**: GRK2 modulates the activity of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, by regulating the expression of surface receptors and cytokine production. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Cancer**: GRK2 has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. 2. **Cardiovascular disease**: GRK2 dysregulation has been linked to cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. 3. **Autoimmune disorders**: GRK2 has been implicated in the regulation of immune responses in autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. 4. **Neurological disorders**: GRK2 has been linked to the regulation of neuronal signaling pathways, making it a potential target for the treatment of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, GRK2 is a multifunctional protein kinase that plays a critical role in regulating immune response and cellular signaling pathways. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, making it a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Genular Protein ID: 1193992578

Symbol: ARBK1_HUMAN

Name: Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P25098 B0ZBE1 Q13837 Q6GTT3

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 3 CTD 1 ChEBI 7 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DIP 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 1 DrugCentral 1 EC 1 EMBL 9 Ensembl 1 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 29 Gene3D 3 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GuidetoPHARMACOLOGY 1 HGNC 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 11 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 20 PDBsum 20 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 6 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 3 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 5 RefSeq 1 Rhea 4 SIGNOR 1 SMART 4 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 3 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2037065

Title: cDNA cloning and chromosomal localization of the human beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.

PubMed ID: 2037065

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80568-n

PubMed ID: 1339451

Title: High expression of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase in human peripheral blood leukocytes. Isoproterenol and platelet activating factor can induce kinase translocation.

PubMed ID: 1339451

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50511-7

PubMed ID: 8195124

Title: Structure of the human gene encoding the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.

PubMed ID: 8195124

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36554-7

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 9501202

Title: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced CCR2B receptor desensitization mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2.

PubMed ID: 9501202

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2985

PubMed ID: 10085131

Title: Differential effects of CC chemokines on CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) phosphorylation and identification of phosphorylation sites on the CCR5 carboxyl terminus.

PubMed ID: 10085131

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.13.8875

PubMed ID: 18088087

Title: Phosphoproteome of resting human platelets.

PubMed ID: 18088087

DOI: 10.1021/pr0704130

PubMed ID: 19715378

Title: Role of the amino terminus of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in receptor phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 19715378

DOI: 10.1021/bi900408g

PubMed ID: 19306925

Title: Dual regulation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA1) receptor signalling by Ral and GRK.

PubMed ID: 19306925

DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.03.011

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 30284927

Title: Airway smooth muscle photorelaxation via opsin receptor activation.

PubMed ID: 30284927

DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2018

PubMed ID: 9446593

Title: The solution structure and dynamics of the pleckstrin homology domain of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1). A binding partner of Gbetagamma subunits.

PubMed ID: 9446593

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.5.2835

PubMed ID: 17344846

Title: Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes.

PubMed ID: 17344846

DOI: 10.1038/nature05610

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 689
  • Mass: 79574
  • Checksum: 4DB68F62841AFA7D
  • Sequence:
    • MADLEAVLAD VSYLMAMEKS KATPAARASK KILLPEPSIR SVMQKYLEDR GEVTFEKIFS 
QKLGYLLFRD FCLNHLEEAR PLVEFYEEIK KYEKLETEEE RVARSREIFD SYIMKELLAC 
SHPFSKSATE HVQGHLGKKQ VPPDLFQPYI EEICQNLRGD VFQKFIESDK FTRFCQWKNV 
ELNIHLTMND FSVHRIIGRG GFGEVYGCRK ADTGKMYAMK CLDKKRIKMK QGETLALNER 
IMLSLVSTGD CPFIVCMSYA FHTPDKLSFI LDLMNGGDLH YHLSQHGVFS EADMRFYAAE 
IILGLEHMHN RFVVYRDLKP ANILLDEHGH VRISDLGLAC DFSKKKPHAS VGTHGYMAPE 
VLQKGVAYDS SADWFSLGCM LFKLLRGHSP FRQHKTKDKH EIDRMTLTMA VELPDSFSPE 
LRSLLEGLLQ RDVNRRLGCL GRGAQEVKES PFFRSLDWQM VFLQKYPPPL IPPRGEVNAA 
DAFDIGSFDE EDTKGIKLLD SDQELYRNFP LTISERWQQE VAETVFDTIN AETDRLEARK 
KAKNKQLGHE EDYALGKDCI MHGYMSKMGN PFLTQWQRRY FYLFPNRLEW RGEGEAPQSL 
LTMEEIQSVE ETQIKERKCL LLKIRGGKQF ILQCDSDPEL VQWKKELRDA YREAQQLVQR 
VPKMKNKPRS PVVELSKVPL VQRGSANGL

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.