Details for: A2M

Gene ID: 2

Symbol: A2M

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000175899

Description: alpha-2-macroglobulin

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: fibroblast of lung (CL0002553)
    CSI Score: 19.3
  • Cell Name: blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0000071)
    CSI Score: 13.9
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell (CL0000115)
    CSI Score: 13.8
  • Cell Name: myoepithelial cell (CL0000185)
    CSI Score: 13.2
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of artery (CL1000413)
    CSI Score: 11.5
  • Cell Name: retinal blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0002585)
    CSI Score: 11.4
  • Cell Name: basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland (CL0002324)
    CSI Score: 9.5
  • Cell Name: gut endothelial cell (CL0000131)
    CSI Score: 9.1
  • Cell Name: alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell (CL4028004)
    CSI Score: 8.9
  • Cell Name: mononuclear phagocyte (CL0000113)
    CSI Score: 8.7
  • Cell Name: retina horizontal cell (CL0000745)
    CSI Score: 8.4
  • Cell Name: hepatocyte (CL0000182)
    CSI Score: 8.2
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    CSI Score: 8.1
  • Cell Name: microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell (CL0008035)
    CSI Score: 7.8
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of vascular tree (CL0002139)
    CSI Score: 7.5
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell (CL0000192)
    CSI Score: 7.3
  • Cell Name: myofibroblast cell (CL0000186)
    CSI Score: 7.2
  • Cell Name: microglial cell (CL0000129)
    CSI Score: 6.6
  • Cell Name: renal interstitial pericyte (CL1001318)
    CSI Score: 6.2
  • Cell Name: Kupffer cell (CL0000091)
    CSI Score: 6.1
  • Cell Name: muscle cell (CL0000187)
    CSI Score: 6.1
  • Cell Name: lung pericyte (CL0009089)
    CSI Score: 5.9
  • Cell Name: central nervous system macrophage (CL0000878)
    CSI Score: 5.8
  • Cell Name: capillary endothelial cell (CL0002144)
    CSI Score: 5.7
  • Cell Name: myeloid cell (CL0000763)
    CSI Score: 5.4
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    CSI Score: 5.2
  • Cell Name: exhausted T cell (CL0011025)
    CSI Score: 4.9
  • Cell Name: contractile cell (CL0000183)
    CSI Score: 4.9
  • Cell Name: regular atrial cardiac myocyte (CL0002129)
    CSI Score: 4.9
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic cell (CL0000988)
    CSI Score: 4.9
  • Cell Name: myeloid leukocyte (CL0000766)
    CSI Score: 4.8
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    CSI Score: 4.6
  • Cell Name: mural cell (CL0008034)
    CSI Score: 4.3
  • Cell Name: pericyte (CL0000669)
    CSI Score: 4.3
  • Cell Name: obsolete animal cell (CL0000548)
    CSI Score: 4.2
  • Cell Name: retinal ganglion cell (CL0000740)
    CSI Score: 4.1
  • Cell Name: chondrocyte (CL0000138)
    CSI Score: 3.9
  • Cell Name: vein endothelial cell (CL0002543)
    CSI Score: 3.9
  • Cell Name: kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage (CL1000695)
    CSI Score: 3.8
  • Cell Name: alveolar macrophage (CL0000583)
    CSI Score: 3.7
  • Cell Name: hepatic stellate cell (CL0000632)
    CSI Score: 3.7
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    CSI Score: 3.7
  • Cell Name: melanocyte of skin (CL1000458)
    CSI Score: 3.5
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal stem cell (CL0000134)
    CSI Score: 3.4
  • Cell Name: fibroblast (CL0000057)
    CSI Score: 3.4
  • Cell Name: lymphocyte (CL0000542)
    CSI Score: 3.4
  • Cell Name: malignant cell (CL0001064)
    CSI Score: 3.4
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    CSI Score: 3.2
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    CSI Score: 3.0
  • Cell Name: pulmonary artery endothelial cell (CL1001568)
    CSI Score: 3.0
  • Cell Name: kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell (CL1000838)
    CSI Score: 2.9
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    CSI Score: 2.9
  • Cell Name: enteric smooth muscle cell (CL0002504)
    CSI Score: 2.9
  • Cell Name: regular ventricular cardiac myocyte (CL0002131)
    CSI Score: 2.8
  • Cell Name: alveolar adventitial fibroblast (CL4028006)
    CSI Score: 2.8
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    CSI Score: 2.8
  • Cell Name: mature T cell (CL0002419)
    CSI Score: 2.8
  • Cell Name: stromal cell (CL0000499)
    CSI Score: 2.6
  • Cell Name: glutamatergic neuron (CL0000679)
    CSI Score: 2.6
  • Cell Name: elicited macrophage (CL0000861)
    CSI Score: 2.4
  • Cell Name: cardiac neuron (CL0010022)
    CSI Score: 2.4
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    CSI Score: 2.4
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    CSI Score: 2.4
  • Cell Name: kidney interstitial fibroblast (CL1000692)
    CSI Score: 2.4
  • Cell Name: tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell (CL0019019)
    CSI Score: 2.3
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel (CL0002138)
    CSI Score: 2.3
  • Cell Name: glial cell (CL0000125)
    CSI Score: 2.2
  • Cell Name: bronchus fibroblast of lung (CL2000093)
    CSI Score: 2.2
  • Cell Name: luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland (CL0002326)
    CSI Score: 2.1
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    CSI Score: 2.0
  • Cell Name: T cell (CL0000084)
    CSI Score: 2.0
  • Cell Name: neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) (CL0000031)
    CSI Score: 1.9
  • Cell Name: mesodermal cell (CL0000222)
    CSI Score: 1.9
  • Cell Name: CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell (CL0002399)
    CSI Score: 1.9
  • Cell Name: glioblast (CL0000030)
    CSI Score: 1.7
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001203)
    CSI Score: 1.6
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001106)
    CSI Score: 1.6
  • Cell Name: melanocyte (CL0000148)
    CSI Score: 1.6
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule (CL0002306)
    CSI Score: 1.6
  • Cell Name: neural progenitor cell (CL0011020)
    CSI Score: 1.5
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    CSI Score: 1.5
  • Cell Name: goblet cell (CL0000160)
    CSI Score: 1.4
  • Cell Name: Mueller cell (CL0000636)
    CSI Score: 1.4
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    CSI Score: 1.4
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    CSI Score: 1.4
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    CSI Score: 1.3
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell (CL0000064)
    CSI Score: 1.3
  • Cell Name: blood vessel smooth muscle cell (CL0019018)
    CSI Score: 1.3
  • Cell Name: basal cell (CL0000646)
    CSI Score: 1.3
  • Cell Name: Schwann cell (CL0002573)
    CSI Score: 1.2
  • Cell Name: monocyte (CL0000576)
    CSI Score: 1.2
  • Cell Name: lung macrophage (CL1001603)
    CSI Score: 1.2
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    CSI Score: 1.1
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000625)
    CSI Score: 1.1
  • Cell Name: mature alpha-beta T cell (CL0000791)
    CSI Score: 1.1
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    CSI Score: 1.1
  • Cell Name: retinal bipolar neuron (CL0000748)
    CSI Score: 1.1
  • Cell Name: ciliated epithelial cell (CL0000067)
    CSI Score: 1.1
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    CSI Score: 0.9
  • Cell Name: neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) (CL0000338)
    CSI Score: 0.9

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** A2M is characterized by its ability to bind to and inhibit a diverse array of proteases, including: 1. Serine proteases: A2M binds to and inhibits serine proteases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase, which are involved in inflammation and tissue remodeling. 2. Cysteine proteases: A2M also binds to and inhibits cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B and cathepsin L, which are involved in protein degradation and immune response. 3. Aspartic proteases: A2M binds to and inhibits aspartic proteases, such as papain and pepsin, which are involved in protein degradation and immune response. A2M is also characterized by its ability to regulate various inflammatory responses, including: 1. Acute-phase response: A2M is induced during acute-phase responses, such as inflammation and infection, and plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response. 2. Acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus: A2M binds to and inhibits inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, which are involved in the acute inflammatory response. 3. Negative regulation of complement activation: A2M binds to and inhibits complement components, such as C3b and C4b, which are involved in the complement cascade. **Pathways and Functions** A2M is involved in various biological pathways, including: 1. Acute-phase response: A2M regulates the acute-phase response by binding to and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. 2. Acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus: A2M regulates the acute inflammatory response by binding to and inhibiting inflammatory mediators. 3. Endopeptidase inhibitor activity: A2M inhibits endopeptidases, which are involved in protein degradation and immune response. 4. Enzyme binding: A2M binds to and inhibits enzymes, such as proteases and lipases, which are involved in inflammation and tissue remodeling. 5. Growth factor binding: A2M binds to and regulates growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), which are involved in cell growth and differentiation. **Clinical Significance** A2M has significant clinical implications in various diseases, including: 1. Inflammatory disorders: A2M regulates the acute inflammatory response and is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. 2. Cancer: A2M regulates protease activity and is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. 3. Neurodegenerative disorders: A2M regulates protease activity and is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. 4. Cardiovascular disease: A2M regulates protease activity and is involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, alpha-2-macroglobulin is a multifaceted protease inhibitor that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including inflammation, immune response, and tissue remodeling. Its clinical significance is evident in various diseases, including inflammatory disorders, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Further research on A2M is necessary to fully understand its role in human health and disease.

Genular Protein ID: 2501749604

Symbol: A2MG_HUMAN

Name: Alpha-2-macroglobulin

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2581245

Title: Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding human alpha 2-macroglobulin and assignment of the chromosomal locus.

PubMed ID: 2581245

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.8.2282

PubMed ID: 15611997

Title: Alpha(2) macroglobulin, a PSA-binding protein, is expressed in human prostate stroma.

PubMed ID: 15611997

DOI: 10.1002/pros.20183

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 16541075

Title: The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.

PubMed ID: 16541075

DOI: 10.1038/nature04569

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 1374237

Title: Structure of the human alpha-2 macroglobulin gene and its promotor.

PubMed ID: 1374237

DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90631-t

PubMed ID: 6203908

Title: Primary structure of human alpha 2-macroglobulin. V. The complete structure.

PubMed ID: 6203908

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39730-2

PubMed ID: 2430963

Title: Primary structure of human alpha 2-macroglobulin. Complete disulfide bridge assignment and localization of two interchain bridges in the dimeric proteinase binding unit.

PubMed ID: 2430963

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66643-8

PubMed ID: 1692292

Title: A genetic polymorphism in a functional domain of human pregnancy zone protein: the bait region. Genomic structure of the bait domains of human pregnancy zone protein and alpha 2 macroglobulin.

PubMed ID: 1692292

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80226-9

PubMed ID: 1370808

Title: Cloning of the human alpha 2-macroglobulin gene and detection of mutations in two functional domains: the bait region and the thiolester site.

PubMed ID: 1370808

DOI: 10.1007/bf00197266

PubMed ID: 2408344

Title: Human alpha 2-macroglobulin gene is located on chromosome 12.

PubMed ID: 2408344

DOI: 10.1007/bf01534685

PubMed ID: 6167263

Title: Proteolytic cleavage sites on alpha 2-macroglobulin resulting in proteinase binding are different for trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V-8 proteinase.

PubMed ID: 6167263

DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(81)80055-1

PubMed ID: 6165619

Title: Primary structure of the 'bait' region for proteinases in alpha 2-macroglobulin. Nature of the complex.

PubMed ID: 6165619

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80197-4

PubMed ID: 6172288

Title: Primary and secondary cleavage sites in the bait region of alpha 2-macroglobulin.

PubMed ID: 6172288

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(81)80804-6

PubMed ID: 6195065

Title: Human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G cleavage sites in the bait region of alpha 2-macroglobulin. Proposed structural limits of the bait region.

PubMed ID: 6195065

DOI: 10.1515/bchm2.1983.364.2.1297

PubMed ID: 12754519

Title: Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 12754519

DOI: 10.1038/nbt827

PubMed ID: 14760718

Title: Screening for N-glycosylated proteins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 14760718

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300556

PubMed ID: 16335952

Title: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 16335952

DOI: 10.1021/pr0502065

PubMed ID: 19159218

Title: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry.

PubMed ID: 19159218

DOI: 10.1021/pr8008012

PubMed ID: 19139490

Title: A strategy for precise and large scale identification of core fucosylated glycoproteins.

PubMed ID: 19139490

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800504-mcp200

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 9865955

Title: Localization of basic residues required for receptor binding to the single alpha-helix of the receptor binding domain of human alpha2-macroglobulin.

PubMed ID: 9865955

DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560071214

PubMed ID: 17608619

Title: Human alpha2-macroglobulin is composed of multiple domains, as predicted by homology with complement component C3.

PubMed ID: 17608619

DOI: 10.1042/bj20070764

PubMed ID: 1707161

Title: Sequence polymorphism in the human alpha2-macroglobulin (A2M) gene.

PubMed ID: 1707161

DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.1.198-a

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 1474
  • Mass: 163291
  • Checksum: 0A46DF09EFD3CF40
  • Sequence:
  • MGKNKLLHPS LVLLLLVLLP TDASVSGKPQ YMVLVPSLLH TETTEKGCVL LSYLNETVTV 
    SASLESVRGN RSLFTDLEAE NDVLHCVAFA VPKSSSNEEV MFLTVQVKGP TQEFKKRTTV 
    MVKNEDSLVF VQTDKSIYKP GQTVKFRVVS MDENFHPLNE LIPLVYIQDP KGNRIAQWQS 
    FQLEGGLKQF SFPLSSEPFQ GSYKVVVQKK SGGRTEHPFT VEEFVLPKFE VQVTVPKIIT 
    ILEEEMNVSV CGLYTYGKPV PGHVTVSICR KYSDASDCHG EDSQAFCEKF SGQLNSHGCF 
    YQQVKTKVFQ LKRKEYEMKL HTEAQIQEEG TVVELTGRQS SEITRTITKL SFVKVDSHFR 
    QGIPFFGQVR LVDGKGVPIP NKVIFIRGNE ANYYSNATTD EHGLVQFSIN TTNVMGTSLT 
    VRVNYKDRSP CYGYQWVSEE HEEAHHTAYL VFSPSKSFVH LEPMSHELPC GHTQTVQAHY 
    ILNGGTLLGL KKLSFYYLIM AKGGIVRTGT HGLLVKQEDM KGHFSISIPV KSDIAPVARL 
    LIYAVLPTGD VIGDSAKYDV ENCLANKVDL SFSPSQSLPA SHAHLRVTAA PQSVCALRAV 
    DQSVLLMKPD AELSASSVYN LLPEKDLTGF PGPLNDQDNE DCINRHNVYI NGITYTPVSS 
    TNEKDMYSFL EDMGLKAFTN SKIRKPKMCP QLQQYEMHGP EGLRVGFYES DVMGRGHARL 
    VHVEEPHTET VRKYFPETWI WDLVVVNSAG VAEVGVTVPD TITEWKAGAF CLSEDAGLGI 
    SSTASLRAFQ PFFVELTMPY SVIRGEAFTL KATVLNYLPK CIRVSVQLEA SPAFLAVPVE 
    KEQAPHCICA NGRQTVSWAV TPKSLGNVNF TVSAEALESQ ELCGTEVPSV PEHGRKDTVI 
    KPLLVEPEGL EKETTFNSLL CPSGGEVSEE LSLKLPPNVV EESARASVSV LGDILGSAMQ 
    NTQNLLQMPY GCGEQNMVLF APNIYVLDYL NETQQLTPEI KSKAIGYLNT GYQRQLNYKH 
    YDGSYSTFGE RYGRNQGNTW LTAFVLKTFA QARAYIFIDE AHITQALIWL SQRQKDNGCF 
    RSSGSLLNNA IKGGVEDEVT LSAYITIALL EIPLTVTHPV VRNALFCLES AWKTAQEGDH 
    GSHVYTKALL AYAFALAGNQ DKRKEVLKSL NEEAVKKDNS VHWERPQKPK APVGHFYEPQ 
    APSAEVEMTS YVLLAYLTAQ PAPTSEDLTS ATNIVKWITK QQNAQGGFSS TQDTVVALHA 
    LSKYGAATFT RTGKAAQVTI QSSGTFSSKF QVDNNNRLLL QQVSLPELPG EYSMKVTGEG 
    CVYLQTSLKY NILPEKEEFP FALGVQTLPQ TCDEPKAHTS FQISLSVSYT GSRSASNMAI 
    VDVKMVSGFI PLKPTVKMLE RSNHVSRTEV SSNHVLIYLD KVSNQTLSLF FTVLQDVPVR 
    DLKPAIVKVY DYYETDEFAI AEYNAPCSKD LGNA

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.