Details for: CARD8

Gene ID: 22900

Symbol: CARD8

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000105483

Description: caspase recruitment domain family member 8

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Marker Scores and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: choroid plexus epithelial cell (CL0000706)
    Fold Change: 1.69
    Marker Score: 1,549
  • Cell Name: central nervous system macrophage (CL0000878)
    Fold Change: 1.34
    Marker Score: 664
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: 1.33
    Marker Score: 794
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of sinusoid (CL0002262)
    Fold Change: 1.29
    Marker Score: 314
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Marker Score: 70,889
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell (CL0000908)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Marker Score: 539
  • Cell Name: type EC enteroendocrine cell (CL0000577)
    Fold Change: 1.21
    Marker Score: 1,138
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 1.2
    Marker Score: 12,136
  • Cell Name: alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cell (CL4028003)
    Fold Change: 1.18
    Marker Score: 1,702
  • Cell Name: blood cell (CL0000081)
    Fold Change: 1.16
    Marker Score: 13,462
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell (CL0000115)
    Fold Change: 1.16
    Marker Score: 1,036
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001203)
    Fold Change: 1.15
    Marker Score: 3,237
  • Cell Name: capillary endothelial cell (CL0002144)
    Fold Change: 1.14
    Marker Score: 1,226
  • Cell Name: retinal blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0002585)
    Fold Change: 1.14
    Marker Score: 273
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002397)
    Fold Change: 1.13
    Marker Score: 2,200
  • Cell Name: vein endothelial cell (CL0002543)
    Fold Change: 1.1
    Marker Score: 993
  • Cell Name: fraction A pre-pro B cell (CL0002045)
    Fold Change: 1.1
    Marker Score: 1,107
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid (CL0019022)
    Fold Change: 1.08
    Marker Score: 1,160
  • Cell Name: mature T cell (CL0002419)
    Fold Change: 1.08
    Marker Score: 10,723
  • Cell Name: ependymal cell (CL0000065)
    Fold Change: 1.08
    Marker Score: 377
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of uterus (CL0009095)
    Fold Change: 1.07
    Marker Score: 2,144
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of vascular tree (CL0002139)
    Fold Change: 1.07
    Marker Score: 1,558
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: 1.06
    Marker Score: 2,630
  • Cell Name: DN3 thymocyte (CL0000807)
    Fold Change: 1.05
    Marker Score: 524
  • Cell Name: common lymphoid progenitor (CL0000051)
    Fold Change: 1.05
    Marker Score: 715
  • Cell Name: DN1 thymic pro-T cell (CL0000894)
    Fold Change: 1.05
    Marker Score: 325
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron (CL0010011)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 71,640
  • Cell Name: forebrain radial glial cell (CL0013000)
    Fold Change: 0.99
    Marker Score: 47,863
  • Cell Name: mature microglial cell (CL0002629)
    Fold Change: 0.99
    Marker Score: 356
  • Cell Name: erythroblast (CL0000765)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 614
  • Cell Name: absorptive cell (CL0000212)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 30,382
  • Cell Name: microglial cell (CL0000129)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 1,784
  • Cell Name: mature gamma-delta T cell (CL0000800)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 3,079
  • Cell Name: Kupffer cell (CL0000091)
    Fold Change: 0.96
    Marker Score: 961
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: 0.95
    Marker Score: 6,055
  • Cell Name: naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000900)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 1,687
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 497
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 2,385
  • Cell Name: non-classical monocyte (CL0000875)
    Fold Change: 0.93
    Marker Score: 2,249
  • Cell Name: memory regulatory T cell (CL0002678)
    Fold Change: 0.93
    Marker Score: 325
  • Cell Name: mature alpha-beta T cell (CL0000791)
    Fold Change: 0.93
    Marker Score: 49,020
  • Cell Name: Bergmann glial cell (CL0000644)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 377
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 473
  • Cell Name: large pre-B-II cell (CL0000957)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 2,493
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 2,706
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ intestinal epithelial cell, human (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 430
  • Cell Name: decidual natural killer cell, human (CL0002343)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 2,508
  • Cell Name: lung microvascular endothelial cell (CL2000016)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 192
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 2,688
  • Cell Name: late pro-B cell (CL0002048)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 1,058
  • Cell Name: endothelial tip cell (CL0000704)
    Fold Change: 0.89
    Marker Score: 208
  • Cell Name: effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0001044)
    Fold Change: 0.89
    Marker Score: 835
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: 0.89
    Marker Score: 491
  • Cell Name: PP cell (CL0000696)
    Fold Change: 0.88
    Marker Score: 198
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell (CL0000897)
    Fold Change: 0.88
    Marker Score: 515
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 5,292
  • Cell Name: alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cell (CL4028002)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 2,214
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of uterus (CL0002149)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 198
  • Cell Name: memory B cell (CL0000787)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 653
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 310
  • Cell Name: pro-B cell (CL0000826)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 831
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 3,516
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of connective tissue of prostate (CL1000299)
    Fold Change: 0.85
    Marker Score: 212
  • Cell Name: prostate stromal cell (CL0002622)
    Fold Change: 0.84
    Marker Score: 212
  • Cell Name: lung macrophage (CL1001603)
    Fold Change: 0.84
    Marker Score: 964
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas (CL0002351)
    Fold Change: 0.84
    Marker Score: 183
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal lymphangioblast (CL0005021)
    Fold Change: 0.84
    Marker Score: 187
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 199
  • Cell Name: cardiac mesenchymal cell (CL0000569)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 205
  • Cell Name: early lymphoid progenitor (CL0000936)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 408
  • Cell Name: alpha-beta T cell (CL0000789)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 630
  • Cell Name: B-1 B cell (CL0000819)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 1,450
  • Cell Name: NKp46-positive innate lymphoid cell, human (CL0001076)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 2,416
  • Cell Name: melanocyte (CL0000148)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 333
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell (CL0009010)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 4,689
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 329
  • Cell Name: granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell (CL0000557)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 520
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 367
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive helper T cell (CL0000492)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 886
  • Cell Name: kidney capillary endothelial cell (CL1000892)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 254
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 199
  • Cell Name: alveolar macrophage (CL0000583)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 20,702
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of small intestine (CL1000275)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 211
  • Cell Name: type I enteroendocrine cell (CL0002277)
    Fold Change: 0.8
    Marker Score: 199
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    Fold Change: 0.8
    Marker Score: 479
  • Cell Name: common dendritic progenitor (CL0001029)
    Fold Change: 0.8
    Marker Score: 275
  • Cell Name: T-helper 22 cell (CL0001042)
    Fold Change: 0.8
    Marker Score: 3,412
  • Cell Name: large intestine goblet cell (CL1000320)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 207
  • Cell Name: professional antigen presenting cell (CL0000145)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 403
  • Cell Name: oocyte (CL0000023)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: naive B cell (CL0000788)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 696
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel (CL0002138)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 486
  • Cell Name: promyelocyte (CL0000836)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 384
  • Cell Name: double negative T regulatory cell (CL0011024)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 750
  • Cell Name: effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0001050)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 652
  • Cell Name: mononuclear cell (CL0000842)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 249
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 1,250
  • Cell Name: neutrophil (CL0000775)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 469
  • Cell Name: T-helper 17 cell (CL0000899)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 505
  • Cell Name: muscle precursor cell (CL0000680)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 199

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Inflammasome Assembly**: CARD8 is a crucial component of the inflammasome complex, which assembles in response to various stimuli, including microbial infections and tissue damage. 2. **Caspase Activation**: CARD8 recruits and activates caspase-1, a key effector caspase involved in the cleavage and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. 3. **Apoptotic Regulation**: CARD8 also regulates apoptosis by interacting with pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, modulating the activity of caspases and other executioner caspases. 4. **Cellular Localization**: CARD8 is expressed in various cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, and immune cells, highlighting its broad functional scope. 5. **Post-Translational Modifications**: CARD8 undergoes self-proteolysis, which regulates its activity and interaction with other proteins. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Activation of Cysteine-Type Endopeptidase Activity**: CARD8 activates caspase-1, leading to the cleavage and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18. 2. **Apoptosis**: CARD8 regulates apoptosis by interacting with pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, modulating the activity of caspases and other executioner caspases. 3. **Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis**: CARD8 is involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, which is triggered by endogenous signals, such as DNA damage or oxidative stress. 4. **Negative Regulation of NF-κB Signaling**: CARD8 negatively regulates NF-κB signaling, which is a key transcription factor involved in inflammation and immune responses. 5. **Regulation of the Apoptosome Activity**: CARD8 regulates the activity of the apoptosome, a multiprotein complex that executes cell death. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Inflammatory Diseases**: CARD8 is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. 2. **Cancer**: CARD8 is overexpressed in certain types of cancer, including breast cancer and lung cancer, and is associated with poor prognosis. 3. **Neurodegenerative Diseases**: CARD8 has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where it regulates apoptosis and inflammation. 4. **Infectious Diseases**: CARD8 plays a critical role in the innate immune response to pathogens, and its dysregulation can contribute to the development of infectious diseases. In conclusion, CARD8 is a multifunctional protein that plays a critical role in regulating apoptosis and innate immune responses. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, highlighting the need for further research into its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications.

Genular Protein ID: 649389543

Symbol: CARD8_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 10231032

Title: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro.

PubMed ID: 10231032

DOI: 10.1093/dnares/6.1.63

PubMed ID: 11821383

Title: CARD-8 protein, a new CARD family member that regulates caspase-1 activation and apoptosis.

PubMed ID: 11821383

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107811200

PubMed ID: 11956601

Title: NDPP1 is a novel CARD domain containing protein which can inhibit apoptosis and suppress NF-kappaB activation.

PubMed ID: 11956601

PubMed ID: 11551959

Title: CARDINAL, a novel caspase recruitment domain protein, is an inhibitor of multiple NF-kappa B activation pathways.

PubMed ID: 11551959

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107373200

PubMed ID: 18212821

Title: Novel isoforms of the CARD8 (TUCAN) gene evade a nonsense mutation.

PubMed ID: 18212821

DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201996

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15057824

Title: The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19.

PubMed ID: 15057824

DOI: 10.1038/nature02399

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 22087307

Title: CARD8 and NLRP1 undergo autoproteolytic processing through a ZU5-like domain.

PubMed ID: 22087307

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027396

PubMed ID: 11408476

Title: TUCAN, an antiapoptotic caspase-associated recruitment domain family protein overexpressed in cancer.

PubMed ID: 11408476

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100433200

PubMed ID: 12067710

Title: TUCAN/CARDINAL and DRAL participate in a common pathway for modulation of NF-kappaB activation.

PubMed ID: 12067710

DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02869-7

PubMed ID: 15030775

Title: NALP3 forms an IL-1beta-processing inflammasome with increased activity in Muckle-Wells autoinflammatory disorder.

PubMed ID: 15030775

DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00046-9

PubMed ID: 24517500

Title: CARD8 is a negative regulator for NLRP3 inflammasome, but mutant NLRP3 in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes escapes the restriction.

PubMed ID: 24517500

DOI: 10.1186/ar4483

PubMed ID: 29967349

Title: DPP8/DPP9 inhibitor-induced pyroptosis for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

PubMed ID: 29967349

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0082-y

PubMed ID: 31525884

Title: DPP9's enzymatic activity and not its binding to CARD8 inhibits inflammasome activation.

PubMed ID: 31525884

DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00462

PubMed ID: 32796818

Title: DPP8/9 inhibitors activate the CARD8 inflammasome in resting lymphocytes.

PubMed ID: 32796818

DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02865-4

PubMed ID: 33053349

Title: Activation of the CARD8 inflammasome requires a disordered region.

PubMed ID: 33053349

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108264

PubMed ID: 32840892

Title: CARD8 inflammasome activation triggers pyroptosis in human T cells.

PubMed ID: 32840892

DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105071

PubMed ID: 32558991

Title: The NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes.

PubMed ID: 32558991

DOI: 10.1111/imr.12884

PubMed ID: 32051255

Title: Caspase-1 interdomain linker cleavage is required for pyroptosis.

PubMed ID: 32051255

DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000664

PubMed ID: 33154409

Title: Expression of CARD8 in human atherosclerosis and its regulation of inflammatory proteins in human endothelial cells.

PubMed ID: 33154409

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73600-4

PubMed ID: 33731929

Title: Structural and biochemical mechanisms of NLRP1 inhibition by DPP9.

PubMed ID: 33731929

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03320-w

PubMed ID: 33542150

Title: CARD8 is an inflammasome sensor for HIV-1 protease activity.

PubMed ID: 33542150

DOI: 10.1126/science.abe1707

PubMed ID: 35165443

Title: M24B aminopeptidase inhibitors selectively activate the CARD8 inflammasome.

PubMed ID: 35165443

DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00964-7

PubMed ID: 36357533

Title: Chemical inhibition of DPP9 sensitizes the CARD8 inflammasome in HIV-1-infected cells.

PubMed ID: 36357533

DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01182-5

PubMed ID: 23695559

Title: The structure of the CARD8 caspase-recruitment domain suggests its association with the FIIND domain and procaspases through adjacent surfaces.

PubMed ID: 23695559

DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113010075

PubMed ID: 34019797

Title: Dipeptidyl peptidase 9 sets a threshold for CARD8 inflammasome formation by sequestering its active C-terminal fragment.

PubMed ID: 34019797

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.04.024

PubMed ID: 33420028

Title: Structural basis for distinct inflammasome complex assembly by human NLRP1 and CARD8.

PubMed ID: 33420028

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20319-5

PubMed ID: 33420033

Title: Mechanism of filament formation in UPA-promoted CARD8 and NLRP1 inflammasomes.

PubMed ID: 33420033

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20320-y

PubMed ID: 17030188

Title: TUCAN (CARD8) genetic variants and inflammatory bowel disease.

PubMed ID: 17030188

DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.008

PubMed ID: 19319132

Title: Combined polymorphisms in genes encoding the inflammasome components NALP3 and CARD8 confer susceptibility to Crohn's disease in Swedish men.

PubMed ID: 19319132

DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.29

PubMed ID: 23506543

Title: The CARD8 p.C10X mutation associates with a low anti-glycans antibody response in patients with Crohn's disease.

PubMed ID: 23506543

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-35

PubMed ID: 26462578

Title: Is the CARD8 rs2043211 polymorphism associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease? A meta-analysis.

PubMed ID: 26462578

DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1045581

PubMed ID: 29408806

Title: Loss-of-function CARD8 mutation causes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and Crohn's disease.

PubMed ID: 29408806

DOI: 10.1172/jci98642

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 537
  • Mass: 60652
  • Checksum: 55775D025C5461BE
  • Sequence:
  • MEKKECPEKS SSSEEELPRR DSGSSRNIDA SKLIRLQGSR KLLVDNSIRE LQYTKTGIFF 
    QAEACVTNDT VYRELPCVSE TLCDISHFFQ EDDETEAEPL LFRAVPECQL SGGDIPSVSE 
    EQESSEGQDS GDICSEENQI VSSYASKVCF EIEEDYKNRQ FLGPEGNVDV ELIDKSTNRY 
    SVWFPTAGWY LWSATGLGFL VRDEVTVTIA FGSWSQHLAL DLQHHEQWLV GGPLFDVTAE 
    PEEAVAEIHL PHFISLQAGE VDVSWFLVAH FKNEGMVLEH PARVEPFYAV LESPSFSLMG 
    ILLRIASGTR LSIPITSNTL IYYHPHPEDI KFHLYLVPSD ALLTKAIDDE EDRFHGVRLQ 
    TSPPMEPLNF GSSYIVSNSA NLKVMPKELK LSYRSPGEIQ HFSKFYAGQM KEPIQLEITE 
    KRHGTLVWDT EVKPVDLQLV AASAPPPFSG AAFVKENHRQ LQARMGDLKG VLDDLQDNEV 
    LTENEKELVE QEKTRQSKNE ALLSMVEKKG DLALDVLFRS ISERDPYLVS YLRQQNL

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.