Details for: APOD

Gene ID: 347

Symbol: APOD

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000189058

Description: apolipoprotein D

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Marker Scores and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: 7.04
    Marker Score: 4,635
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 3.94
    Marker Score: 134,114
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    Fold Change: 3.36
    Marker Score: 8,040
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of breast (CL4006000)
    Fold Change: 3.29
    Marker Score: 1,875
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of connective tissue of glandular part of prostate (CL1000305)
    Fold Change: 3.18
    Marker Score: 1,324
  • Cell Name: inflammatory cell (CL0009002)
    Fold Change: 2.97
    Marker Score: 1,279
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 2.97
    Marker Score: 12,796
  • Cell Name: vascular leptomeningeal cell (CL4023051)
    Fold Change: 2.84
    Marker Score: 3,273
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate (CL1000304)
    Fold Change: 2.47
    Marker Score: 2,109
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of connective tissue of prostate (CL1000299)
    Fold Change: 2.46
    Marker Score: 612
  • Cell Name: prostate stromal cell (CL0002622)
    Fold Change: 2.44
    Marker Score: 612
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: 2.39
    Marker Score: 1,182
  • Cell Name: keratocyte (CL0002363)
    Fold Change: 2.36
    Marker Score: 542
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 2.35
    Marker Score: 26,489
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of lung (CL0002553)
    Fold Change: 2.3
    Marker Score: 6,030
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 2.02
    Marker Score: 4,428
  • Cell Name: transitional stage B cell (CL0000818)
    Fold Change: 1.99
    Marker Score: 703
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte precursor cell (CL0002453)
    Fold Change: 1.8
    Marker Score: 2,226
  • Cell Name: pancreatic stellate cell (CL0002410)
    Fold Change: 1.78
    Marker Score: 1,122
  • Cell Name: adventitial cell (CL0002503)
    Fold Change: 1.73
    Marker Score: 427
  • Cell Name: ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002145)
    Fold Change: 1.69
    Marker Score: 14,697
  • Cell Name: skin fibroblast (CL0002620)
    Fold Change: 1.67
    Marker Score: 434
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 1.48
    Marker Score: 2,507
  • Cell Name: mural cell (CL0008034)
    Fold Change: 1.47
    Marker Score: 168,110
  • Cell Name: epicardial adipocyte (CL1000309)
    Fold Change: 1.44
    Marker Score: 700
  • Cell Name: multi-ciliated epithelial cell (CL0005012)
    Fold Change: 1.43
    Marker Score: 2,718
  • Cell Name: fibroblast (CL0000057)
    Fold Change: 1.41
    Marker Score: 1,365
  • Cell Name: granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell (CL0000557)
    Fold Change: 1.35
    Marker Score: 859
  • Cell Name: bronchus fibroblast of lung (CL2000093)
    Fold Change: 1.34
    Marker Score: 1,848
  • Cell Name: Bergmann glial cell (CL0000644)
    Fold Change: 1.34
    Marker Score: 546
  • Cell Name: mucus secreting cell (CL0000319)
    Fold Change: 1.3
    Marker Score: 330
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 1.28
    Marker Score: 5,359
  • Cell Name: theca cell (CL0000503)
    Fold Change: 1.28
    Marker Score: 915
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Marker Score: 400
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 1.26
    Marker Score: 915
  • Cell Name: retinal blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0002585)
    Fold Change: 1.21
    Marker Score: 292
  • Cell Name: mammary gland epithelial cell (CL0002327)
    Fold Change: 1.2
    Marker Score: 425
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 1.14
    Marker Score: 4,784
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 1.14
    Marker Score: 4,381
  • Cell Name: stem cell of epidermis (CL1000428)
    Fold Change: 1.12
    Marker Score: 380
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of colon (CL1000347)
    Fold Change: 1.07
    Marker Score: 1,648
  • Cell Name: reticular cell (CL0000432)
    Fold Change: 1.05
    Marker Score: 382
  • Cell Name: lymphocyte (CL0000542)
    Fold Change: 1.04
    Marker Score: 525
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 1.03
    Marker Score: 786
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron (CL0010011)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 71,784
  • Cell Name: forebrain radial glial cell (CL0013000)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 48,009
  • Cell Name: absorptive cell (CL0000212)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 30,406
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.97
    Marker Score: 502
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ intestinal epithelial cell, human (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 0.97
    Marker Score: 456
  • Cell Name: fat cell (CL0000136)
    Fold Change: 0.96
    Marker Score: 534
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.95
    Marker Score: 2,411
  • Cell Name: choroid plexus epithelial cell (CL0000706)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 863
  • Cell Name: regular ventricular cardiac myocyte (CL0002131)
    Fold Change: 0.93
    Marker Score: 20,690
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 369
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell (CL0009010)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 5,250
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell (CL0000064)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 3,161
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 2,738
  • Cell Name: alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cell (CL4028003)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 1,297
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.89
    Marker Score: 321
  • Cell Name: stromal cell (CL0000499)
    Fold Change: 0.88
    Marker Score: 1,035
  • Cell Name: melanocyte (CL0000148)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 354
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 5,275
  • Cell Name: cardiac neuron (CL0010022)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 1,077
  • Cell Name: myofibroblast cell (CL0000186)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 1,030
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 199
  • Cell Name: club cell (CL0000158)
    Fold Change: 0.8
    Marker Score: 936
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 1,253
  • Cell Name: brush cell (CL0002204)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 701
  • Cell Name: Cajal-Retzius cell (CL0000695)
    Fold Change: 0.76
    Marker Score: 392
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lung (CL0000082)
    Fold Change: 0.75
    Marker Score: 3,936
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    Fold Change: 0.73
    Marker Score: 441
  • Cell Name: microglial cell (CL0000129)
    Fold Change: 0.72
    Marker Score: 1,311
  • Cell Name: luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland (CL0002326)
    Fold Change: 0.72
    Marker Score: 1,270
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.71
    Marker Score: 1,608
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 0.69
    Marker Score: 178
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    Fold Change: 0.67
    Marker Score: 1,274
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: 0.64
    Marker Score: 165
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel (CL0002138)
    Fold Change: 0.62
    Marker Score: 386
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: 0.61
    Marker Score: 316
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: 0.61
    Marker Score: 252
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epithelium of trachea (CL1000348)
    Fold Change: 0.61
    Marker Score: 4,522
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: 0.6
    Marker Score: 5,148
  • Cell Name: lung goblet cell (CL1000143)
    Fold Change: 0.6
    Marker Score: 172
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.59
    Marker Score: 380
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    Fold Change: 0.59
    Marker Score: 3,528
  • Cell Name: central nervous system macrophage (CL0000878)
    Fold Change: 0.57
    Marker Score: 283
  • Cell Name: medullary thymic epithelial cell (CL0002365)
    Fold Change: 0.56
    Marker Score: 922
  • Cell Name: common myeloid progenitor (CL0000049)
    Fold Change: 0.56
    Marker Score: 148
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.55
    Marker Score: 8,661
  • Cell Name: intestinal enteroendocrine cell (CL1001516)
    Fold Change: 0.55
    Marker Score: 441
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of uterus (CL0009095)
    Fold Change: 0.55
    Marker Score: 1,102
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: 0.55
    Marker Score: 173
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: 0.54
    Marker Score: 250
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: 0.54
    Marker Score: 1,093
  • Cell Name: corneal endothelial cell (CL0000132)
    Fold Change: 0.53
    Marker Score: 307
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.52
    Marker Score: 354
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 0.52
    Marker Score: 548
  • Cell Name: interstitial cell of ovary (CL0002094)
    Fold Change: 0.51
    Marker Score: 3,311
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.51
    Marker Score: 31,289
  • Cell Name: adipose microvascular endothelial cell (CL2000072)
    Fold Change: 0.51
    Marker Score: 151

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** APOD exhibits a range of functional characteristics that distinguish it from other apolipoproteins. Some of its key characteristics include: 1. **Lipid binding**: APOD has a high affinity for cholesterol and phospholipids, which enables it to participate in lipid metabolism and transport. 2. **Cell signaling**: APOD interacts with various signaling pathways, including those mediated by nuclear receptors, such as NR1H2 and NR1H3, which regulate gene expression linked to cholesterol transport and efflux. 3. **Immune regulation**: APOD has anti-inflammatory properties, as it negatively regulates cytokine production, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway. 4. **Cell proliferation and migration**: APOD inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, as well as T cell migration, suggesting its role in tissue regeneration and immune modulation. 5. **Neuroregeneration**: APOD is involved in peripheral nervous system axon regeneration, highlighting its potential in neurotherapeutics. **Pathways and Functions** APOD participates in various cellular pathways, including: 1. **Lipid metabolism**: APOD is involved in the transport and metabolism of lipids, particularly cholesterol, which is essential for energy storage, cell signaling, and membrane structure. 2. **Cholesterol efflux**: APOD facilitates the efflux of cholesterol from cells to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, which helps to maintain cholesterol homeostasis. 3. **Immune regulation**: APOD negatively regulates inflammatory responses by inhibiting cytokine production, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway. 4. **Cell signaling**: APOD interacts with nuclear receptors, such as NR1H2 and NR1H3, which regulate gene expression linked to cholesterol transport and efflux. 5. **Neuroregeneration**: APOD is involved in peripheral nervous system axon regeneration, which is essential for nerve repair and recovery. **Clinical Significance** The clinical significance of APOD is multifaceted: 1. **Atherosclerosis**: APOD may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, as it is involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol efflux. 2. **Neurodegenerative diseases**: APOD's involvement in neuroregeneration and immune regulation makes it a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 3. **Inflammatory disorders**: APOD's anti-inflammatory properties may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. 4. **Cancer**: APOD's role in cell proliferation and migration suggests its potential as a biomarker or therapeutic target in cancer. 5. **Regenerative medicine**: APOD's involvement in tissue regeneration and immune modulation makes it a promising candidate for regenerative therapies. In conclusion, APOD is a multifunctional protein that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and immune regulation. Its clinical significance extends to atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders, cancer, and regenerative medicine, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target or biomarker. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms of APOD and its clinical applications.

Genular Protein ID: 1287761366

Symbol: APOD_HUMAN

Name: Apolipoprotein D

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P05090 B2R579 D3DNW6 Q6IBG6

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CPTAC 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 4 EMBL 11 Ensembl 1 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 28 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 Genevisible 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyConnect 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 6 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 MaxQB 1 MetOSite 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 3 PDBsum 2 PIR 1 PIRSF 1 PRINTS 3 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 1 SASBDB 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SWISS-2DPAGE 1 SignaLink 1 SwissLipids 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3453108

Title: Cloning and expression of human apolipoprotein D cDNA.

PubMed ID: 3453108

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66599-8

PubMed ID: 2439269

Title: Human apolipoprotein D gene: gene sequence, chromosome localization, and homology to the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily.

PubMed ID: 2439269

DOI: 10.1089/dna.1987.6.199

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 7918467

Title: Structure of human apolipoprotein D: locations of the intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide links.

PubMed ID: 7918467

DOI: 10.1021/bi00207a011

PubMed ID: 8549691

Title: The human lacrimal gland synthesizes apolipoprotein D mRNA in addition to tear prealbumin mRNA, both species encoding members of the lipocalin superfamily.

PubMed ID: 8549691

DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4835(05)80145-9

PubMed ID: 2244881

Title: Apolipoprotein D is the major protein component in cyst fluid from women with human breast gross cystic disease.

PubMed ID: 2244881

DOI: 10.1042/bj2710803

PubMed ID: 14760718

Title: Screening for N-glycosylated proteins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 14760718

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300556

PubMed ID: 16335952

Title: Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 16335952

DOI: 10.1021/pr0502065

PubMed ID: 19159218

Title: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry.

PubMed ID: 19159218

DOI: 10.1021/pr8008012

PubMed ID: 19139490

Title: A strategy for precise and large scale identification of core fucosylated glycoproteins.

PubMed ID: 19139490

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800504-mcp200

PubMed ID: 19838169

Title: Enrichment of glycopeptides for glycan structure and attachment site identification.

PubMed ID: 19838169

DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1392

PubMed ID: 22171320

Title: Human urinary glycoproteomics; attachment site specific analysis of N- and O-linked glycosylations by CID and ECD.

PubMed ID: 22171320

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.013649

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 2083249

Title: Is apolipoprotein D a mammalian bilin-binding protein?

PubMed ID: 2083249

PubMed ID: 7613477

Title: Site-specific detection and structural characterization of the glycosylation of human plasma proteins lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and apolipoprotein D using HPLC/electrospray mass spectrometry and sequential glycosidase digestion.

PubMed ID: 7613477

DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560040419

PubMed ID: 10391209

Title: Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes.

PubMed ID: 10391209

DOI: 10.1038/10290

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 189
  • Mass: 21276
  • Checksum: 0EAA6DE03D5E71A8
  • Sequence:
    • MVMLLLLLSA LAGLFGAAEG QAFHLGKCPN PPVQENFDVN KYLGRWYEIE KIPTTFENGR 
CIQANYSLME NGKIKVLNQE LRADGTVNQI EGEATPVNLT EPAKLEVKFS WFMPSAPYWI 
LATDYENYAL VYSCTCIIQL FHVDFAWILA RNPNLPPETV DSLKNILTSN NIDVKKMTVT 
DQVNCPKLS

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.