Details for: AREG

Gene ID: 374

Symbol: AREG

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000109321

Description: amphiregulin

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 193.5128
    Cell Significance Index: -30.1000
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 68.8910
    Cell Significance Index: -32.5300
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 48.0088
    Cell Significance Index: -32.2200
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 34.9204
    Cell Significance Index: -33.3400
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 24.5589
    Cell Significance Index: -30.2800
  • Cell Name: stem cell of epidermis (CL1000428)
    Fold Change: 22.3251
    Cell Significance Index: 66.4000
  • Cell Name: luminal hormone-sensing cell of mammary gland (CL4033058)
    Fold Change: 18.7953
    Cell Significance Index: 115.6700
  • Cell Name: hepatic pit cell (CL2000054)
    Fold Change: 16.6581
    Cell Significance Index: 44.6300
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 12.2851
    Cell Significance Index: -32.9100
  • Cell Name: early promyelocyte (CL0002154)
    Fold Change: 9.8047
    Cell Significance Index: 62.5900
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 9.7055
    Cell Significance Index: -29.8100
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 8.9311
    Cell Significance Index: 665.6300
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 7.8129
    Cell Significance Index: -30.8300
  • Cell Name: late promyelocyte (CL0002151)
    Fold Change: 7.4795
    Cell Significance Index: 49.6200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 6.1085
    Cell Significance Index: 100.6600
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 4.0894
    Cell Significance Index: -8.9500
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 2.9083
    Cell Significance Index: 151.0800
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: 2.5801
    Cell Significance Index: 38.6600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 2.4729
    Cell Significance Index: 288.1900
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 2.3183
    Cell Significance Index: 299.5100
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of urethra (CL1000296)
    Fold Change: 2.1086
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0500
  • Cell Name: luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland (CL0002326)
    Fold Change: 2.0694
    Cell Significance Index: 26.6500
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 1.8976
    Cell Significance Index: 86.0100
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 1.7822
    Cell Significance Index: 83.7600
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: 1.4367
    Cell Significance Index: 13.2300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 1.0461
    Cell Significance Index: 128.6300
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 1.0074
    Cell Significance Index: 29.0300
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.8136
    Cell Significance Index: 734.5900
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.7945
    Cell Significance Index: 143.2200
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.7156
    Cell Significance Index: 70.7900
  • Cell Name: mononuclear cell (CL0000842)
    Fold Change: 0.6656
    Cell Significance Index: 2.7700
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: 0.5652
    Cell Significance Index: 8.0500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.5010
    Cell Significance Index: 81.4800
  • Cell Name: oral mucosa squamous cell (CL1001576)
    Fold Change: 0.4725
    Cell Significance Index: 4.0600
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 0.4332
    Cell Significance Index: 7.6600
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.4093
    Cell Significance Index: 44.5200
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.3482
    Cell Significance Index: 153.9400
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 0.3331
    Cell Significance Index: 8.9100
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.3323
    Cell Significance Index: 11.6800
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.2617
    Cell Significance Index: 18.5100
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.2140
    Cell Significance Index: 116.8900
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.1503
    Cell Significance Index: 10.4000
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: 0.1487
    Cell Significance Index: 17.5400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 0.1244
    Cell Significance Index: 3.1100
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: 0.1163
    Cell Significance Index: 1.8000
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.1017
    Cell Significance Index: 19.3500
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: 0.0959
    Cell Significance Index: 72.6200
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.0262
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2200
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.0151
    Cell Significance Index: 3.0000
  • Cell Name: DN3 thymocyte (CL0000807)
    Fold Change: 0.0140
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1400
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0157
    Cell Significance Index: -29.4900
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0220
    Cell Significance Index: -40.5500
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0227
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1500
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0261
    Cell Significance Index: -40.1100
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0270
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1100
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0300
    Cell Significance Index: -40.7500
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0437
    Cell Significance Index: -32.0400
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0455
    Cell Significance Index: -28.8900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0470
    Cell Significance Index: -34.8300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0597
    Cell Significance Index: -33.6600
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0777
    Cell Significance Index: -35.2500
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0861
    Cell Significance Index: -8.8000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.0871
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3700
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0891
    Cell Significance Index: -31.9600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1109
    Cell Significance Index: -12.7100
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.1446
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0800
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.1499
    Cell Significance Index: -20.5900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.1571
    Cell Significance Index: -31.5200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1666
    Cell Significance Index: -35.0800
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1754
    Cell Significance Index: -25.5000
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.1770
    Cell Significance Index: -5.6700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.1873
    Cell Significance Index: -31.9900
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.1898
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5900
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.1944
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1900
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.1966
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2600
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.2341
    Cell Significance Index: -15.1100
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.2354
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9600
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.2377
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7000
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.2626
    Cell Significance Index: -7.3400
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.2701
    Cell Significance Index: -20.7300
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.2735
    Cell Significance Index: -35.0600
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.2914
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4900
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.2934
    Cell Significance Index: -30.5500
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: -0.3198
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9100
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.4259
    Cell Significance Index: -10.8800
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.4270
    Cell Significance Index: -33.8200
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.4381
    Cell Significance Index: -26.8600
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of placenta (CL0009092)
    Fold Change: -0.4750
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8700
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.4810
    Cell Significance Index: -32.3500
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.5046
    Cell Significance Index: -26.2900
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.5096
    Cell Significance Index: -32.1200
  • Cell Name: monocyte-derived dendritic cell (CL0011031)
    Fold Change: -0.5413
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3000
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.6012
    Cell Significance Index: -36.9600
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.6446
    Cell Significance Index: -36.1700
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.6538
    Cell Significance Index: -24.0000
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.6730
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8100
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: -0.6733
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4900
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.6792
    Cell Significance Index: -35.6600
  • Cell Name: perivascular cell (CL4033054)
    Fold Change: -0.6887
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1800
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.7797
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3500

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** AREG is a small, secreted protein that belongs to the EGFL family of growth factors. It is primarily produced by epithelial cells and is involved in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival. AREG is highly expressed in various tissues, including the mammary gland, lung, and prostate, and is also found in the extracellular matrix. The protein is characterized by its ability to bind to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), triggering a cascade of signaling events that regulate cell proliferation, migration, and survival. **Pathways and Functions:** AREG signaling is mediated through the EGFR, which is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. Upon binding to AREG, EGFR is activated, leading to the phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules, including PI3K, AKT, and MAPK. This activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway promotes cell survival, proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis. AREG also regulates other signaling pathways, including the MAPK/ERK pathway, which is involved in cell differentiation and migration. In addition to its role in cell growth and survival, AREG has been implicated in various pathological processes, including cancer. Overexpression of AREG has been observed in several types of cancer, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer, where it promotes tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. AREG has also been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in cancer progression, including genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. **Clinical Significance:** The role of AREG in cancer has significant clinical implications. Elevated levels of AREG have been observed in patients with various types of cancer, and its expression has been correlated with poor prognosis and reduced survival rates. AREG has also been identified as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. Targeting AREG signaling has been explored as a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, with several small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies in various stages of clinical development. In addition to its role in cancer, AREG has also been implicated in other diseases, including inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. AREG has been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses, and its dysregulation has been linked to the development of these diseases. **Conclusion:** In conclusion, AREG is a critical protein involved in cellular signaling and cancer. Its role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival has significant implications for our understanding of cancer development and progression. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of AREG signaling and its role in various diseases, including cancer.

Genular Protein ID: 2786887089

Symbol: AREG_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2325643

Title: The amphiregulin gene encodes a novel epidermal growth factor-related protein with tumor-inhibitory activity.

PubMed ID: 2325643

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.5.1969-1981.1990

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 2466334

Title: Structure and function of human amphiregulin: a member of the epidermal growth factor family.

PubMed ID: 2466334

DOI: 10.1126/science.2466334

PubMed ID: 3413110

Title: Amphiregulin: a bifunctional growth-modulating glycoprotein produced by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7.

PubMed ID: 3413110

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6528

PubMed ID: 2017164

Title: A heparin sulfate-regulated human keratinocyte autocrine factor is similar or identical to amphiregulin.

PubMed ID: 2017164

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2547-2557.1991

PubMed ID: 1333777

Title: Colorectum cell-derived growth factor (CRDGF) is homologous to amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor family.

PubMed ID: 1333777

DOI: 10.3109/08977199209046924

PubMed ID: 22967896

Title: Clarification of the C-terminal proteolytic processing site of human Amphiregulin.

PubMed ID: 22967896

DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.07.078

PubMed ID: 7679104

Title: Amphiregulin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and p185erbB2. Evidence that amphiregulin acts exclusively through the epidermal growth factor receptor at the surface of human epithelial cells.

PubMed ID: 7679104

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53862-x

PubMed ID: 17607000

Title: Cornichon regulates transport and secretion of TGFalpha-related proteins in metazoan cells.

PubMed ID: 17607000

DOI: 10.1242/jcs.004200

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 252
  • Mass: 27895
  • Checksum: 68C1FA6BCD4D2BED
  • Sequence:
  • MRAPLLPPAP VVLSLLILGS GHYAAGLDLN DTYSGKREPF SGDHSADGFE VTSRSEMSSG 
    SEISPVSEMP SSSEPSSGAD YDYSEEYDNE PQIPGYIVDD SVRVEQVVKP PQNKTESENT 
    SDKPKRKKKG GKNGKNRRNR KKKNPCNAEF QNFCIHGECK YIEHLEAVTC KCQQEYFGER 
    CGEKSMKTHS MIDSSLSKIA LAAIAAFMSA VILTAVAVIT VQLRRQYVRK YEGEAEERKK 
    LRQENGNVHA IA

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.