Details for: MRPL49

Gene ID: 740

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: MRPL49

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000149792

Description: mitochondrial ribosomal protein L49

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • helper T cell CL0000912
    CSI 15.9
    rCSI 22.49%
    PRS 84.46
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 13.84
    rCSI 16.77%
    PRS 68.32
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 13.25
    rCSI 14.21%
    PRS 89.53
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 9.13
    rCSI 8.25%
    PRS 86.52
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 6.32
    rCSI 27.82%
    PRS 76.68
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 5.14
    rCSI 3.58%
    PRS 96.74
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 5.02
    rCSI 4.22%
    PRS 96.2
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 3.94
    rCSI 22.57%
    PRS 88.03
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 3.62
    rCSI 8.02%
    PRS 87.73
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000810
    CSI 3.62
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 94.59
  • activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000896
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 3.33%
    PRS 96.9
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 3.11
    rCSI 9.18%
    PRS 88.35
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 3.02
    rCSI 2.51%
    PRS 88.84
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 3.01
    rCSI 3.16%
    PRS 89.99
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 3.01
    rCSI 6.04%
    PRS 80.72
  • ON-bipolar cell CL0000749
    CSI 2.93
    rCSI 4.36%
    PRS 86.99
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 2.92
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 91.67
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 2.91
    rCSI 2.56%
    PRS 78.59
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 2.41%
    PRS 89.68
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 2.86
    rCSI 3.91%
    PRS 91.09
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 2.86
    rCSI 2.26%
    PRS 79.5
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 2.79
    rCSI 2.78%
    PRS 82.02
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 2.76
    rCSI 6.27%
    PRS 86.88
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 2.71
    rCSI 2.66%
    PRS 96.45
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 3.75%
    PRS 86.24
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 2.69
    rCSI 1.88%
    PRS 91.04
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 2.63
    rCSI 2.33%
    PRS 85.18
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 2.61
    rCSI 2.52%
    PRS 83.02
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 2.57
    rCSI 3.97%
    PRS 86.38
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 2.46
    rCSI 2.14%
    PRS 94.42
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 2.44
    rCSI 2.92%
    PRS 86.47
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 2.42
    rCSI 1.92%
    PRS 97.49
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 2.37
    rCSI 2.04%
    PRS 87.39
  • basal cell of epidermis CL0002187
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 4.18%
    PRS 58.16
  • activated type II NK T cell CL0000931
    CSI 2.31
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 95.84
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 1.52%
    PRS 89.58
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 2.26
    rCSI 2.36%
    PRS 85.3
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 1.93
    rCSI 2.94%
    PRS 84.87
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 1.82
    rCSI 2.49%
    PRS 86.64
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 1.81
    rCSI 1.46%
    PRS 89.48
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.72
    rCSI 1.99%
    PRS 81.57
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 1.69
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 80.99
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 1.68
    rCSI 4.85%
    PRS 86.8
  • innate lymphoid cell CL0001065
    CSI 1.66
    rCSI 3.43%
    PRS 82.72
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 1.56
    rCSI 2.75%
    PRS 72.59
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 1.38
    rCSI 3.51%
    PRS 82.23
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 1.38
    rCSI 6.13%
    PRS 88.47
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 1.22
    rCSI 1.96%
    PRS 79.4
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 1.17
    rCSI 4.64%
    PRS 91.96
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 1.11
    rCSI 5.58%
    PRS 95.52
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 1.05
    rCSI 2.05%
    PRS 89.73
  • large pre-B-II cell CL0000957
    CSI 1
    rCSI 2.86%
    PRS 89.65
  • melanocyte of skin CL1000458
    CSI 0.97
    rCSI 1.33%
    PRS 57.1
  • erythroid progenitor cell CL0000038
    CSI 0.54
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 90.67
  • primitive red blood cell CL0002355
    CSI 0.51
    rCSI 2.76%
    PRS 90.66

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

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  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) (Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L49) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 11q13.1. As its name suggests, it is a core structural component of the large 39S subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m106510200), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258026)). Its primary function is to participate in mitochondrial translation, the process responsible for synthesizing essential protein components of the electron transport chain. The expression profile of [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) indicates its high significance in cell types with substantial energy and biosynthetic demands, particularly within the adaptive immune system, such as [helper T cells](/details-cell/CL0000912), and in specialized high-activity cells like [ionocytes](/details-cell/CL0005006). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The **Overall** expression pattern of [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) highlights its fundamental importance in cells with high metabolic activity. The gene shows the highest significance in various lymphocyte populations, including [helper T cells](/details-cell/CL0000912) (CSI: 15.90), [CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cells, CD45RO-positive](/details-cell/CL0001203) (CSI: 13.84), [naive T cells](/details-cell/CL0000898) (CSI: 5.14), and [unswitched memory B cells](/details-cell/CL0000970) (CSI: 5.02). This is consistent with the metabolic reprogramming and high energy expenditure required for immune cell surveillance, activation, and memory formation. Beyond the immune system, [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) is also a highly significant gene in [ionocytes](/details-cell/CL0005006) (CSI: 13.25), specialized epithelial cells responsible for active ion transport, a process that is exceptionally ATP-dependent. Furthermore, its notable significance in progenitor cells, such as [megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells](/details-cell/CL0000050) (CSI: 9.13) and [neural progenitor cells](/details-cell/CL0011020) (CSI: 6.32), suggests that robust mitochondrial protein synthesis is critical for cellular differentiation and proliferation. The broad, yet specific, significance of [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) in these diverse cell types underscores its role as a key workhorse gene supporting fundamental cellular processes that require high levels of mitochondrial function. ## Pathways and Molecular Function Functionally, [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) is integral to protein synthesis within the mitochondria. Gene Ontology annotations confirm its role as a `structural constituent of ribosome` ([GO:0003735](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0003735)) and its direct involvement in `mitochondrial translation` ([GO:0032543](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0032543)). It is localized to the `mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit` ([GO:0005762](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005762)) within the `mitochondrion` ([GO:0005739](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005739)). Reactome pathway analysis further details its involvement in the entire lifecycle of `Mitochondrial translation` ([R-HSA-5368287](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5368287)), including `initiation` ([R-HSA-5368286](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5368286)), `elongation` ([R-HSA-5389840](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5389840)), and `termination` ([R-HSA-5419276](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-5419276)). This central role in synthesizing key mitochondrial proteins explains its high significance in cells like T lymphocytes and ionocytes, which rely heavily on oxidative phosphorylation for their function. Structural studies have confirmed its position and importance in the assembly and function of the human mitoribosome ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28503-5), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1193)). ## Research Directions Given the essential and ubiquitous nature of mitochondrial translation, research on [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) can provide insights into metabolic regulation in health and disease. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. **Rate-Limiting Role in T Cell Activation:** The high significance of [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) across multiple T cell subsets suggests that its expression level is a critical factor governing the metabolic switch from quiescent to activated states. It is hypothesized that the availability of [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) is rate-limiting for the rapid biogenesis of mitochondria required to fuel T cell proliferation and effector function upon antigen encounter. 2. **Involvement in Progenitor Cell Fate Decisions:** The gene's high significance in [megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells](/details-cell/CL0000050) and [neural progenitor cells](/details-cell/CL0011020) suggests a role in differentiation. We hypothesize that subtle variations in [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) expression and subsequent mitochondrial translation efficiency could influence cell fate decisions, potentially by modulating the metabolic state that favors one lineage commitment over another. **Experimental Approach:** To test the hypothesis that [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) is rate-limiting for T cell activation, a loss-of-function study could be performed. Primary human CD4+ [T cells](/details-cell/CL0000084) could be transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing shRNA or a CRISPRi system targeting [MRPL49](/details-gene/740). Following knockdown, cells would be activated *in vitro* using anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. Key parameters such as cell proliferation (via CFSE dilution), cytokine secretion (e.g., IL-2, IFN-gamma measured by ELISA), and metabolic function (using a Seahorse XF Analyzer to measure oxygen consumption and glycolysis rates) would be compared between knockdown and control cells. A significant impairment in these activation readouts would support the hypothesis. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a fundamental component of mitochondrial ribosomes, [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) is an unlikely direct therapeutic target. Its inhibition would likely lead to severe, widespread cellular toxicity due to its essential role in energy production in virtually all cell types. However, its expression level could serve as a valuable biomarker. For example, in cancers or autoimmune diseases characterized by hyper-proliferative or hyper-activated cell populations, elevated [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) expression might indicate a strong reliance on mitochondrial metabolism, suggesting that these conditions could be susceptible to therapies targeting mitochondrial function more broadly, rather than [MRPL49](/details-gene/740) itself.

Genular Protein ID: 2860642080

Symbol: RM49_HUMAN

Name: 39S ribosomal protein L49, mitochondrial

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q13405 B2R4G6

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CORUM 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 ComplexPortal 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 5 EMDB 57 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 6 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 1 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 60 PDBsum 60 PIR 1 PRO 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 3 RefSeq 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TopDownProteomics 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8786148

Title: Isolation, cDNA, and genomic structure of a conserved gene (NOF) at chromosome 11q13 next to FAU and oriented in the opposite transcriptional orientation.

PubMed ID: 8786148

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0310

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 11551941

Title: The large subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome. Analysis of the complement of ribosomal proteins present.

PubMed ID: 11551941

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106510200

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 25278503

Title: Structure of the large ribosomal subunit from human mitochondria.

PubMed ID: 25278503

DOI: 10.1126/science.1258026

PubMed ID: 25838379

Title: Ribosome. The structure of the human mitochondrial ribosome.

PubMed ID: 25838379

DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1193

PubMed ID: 28892042

Title: Structures of the human mitochondrial ribosome in native states of assembly.

PubMed ID: 28892042

DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3464

PubMed ID: 35177605

Title: A late-stage assembly checkpoint of the human mitochondrial ribosome large subunit.

PubMed ID: 35177605

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28503-5

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 166
  • Mass: 19198
  • Checksum: 66AB18FDE25D92B4
  • Sequence:
    • MAATMFRATL RGWRTGVQRG CGLRLLSQTQ GPPDYPRFVE SVDEYQFVER LLPATRIPDP 
PKHEHYPTPS GWQPPRDPPP NLPYFVRRSR MHNIPVYKDI THGNRQMTVI RKVEGDIWAL 
QKDVEDFLSP LLGKTPVTQV NEVTGTLRIK GYFDQELKAW LLEKGF