Details for: CD28

Gene ID: 940

Symbol: CD28

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000178562

Description: CD28 molecule

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: 3.3448
    Cell Significance Index: 51.7500
  • Cell Name: DN3 thymocyte (CL0000807)
    Fold Change: 3.0907
    Cell Significance Index: 30.9900
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 2.7773
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4400
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: 2.5425
    Cell Significance Index: 74.6700
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 1.7473
    Cell Significance Index: 46.7400
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: 1.6089
    Cell Significance Index: 13.1200
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 1.2274
    Cell Significance Index: -3.7700
  • Cell Name: DN1 thymic pro-T cell (CL0000894)
    Fold Change: 0.9452
    Cell Significance Index: 9.8000
  • Cell Name: T-helper 22 cell (CL0001042)
    Fold Change: 0.5972
    Cell Significance Index: 1.8200
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: 0.3834
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4900
  • Cell Name: central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000904)
    Fold Change: 0.2584
    Cell Significance Index: 2.2600
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell (CL0000897)
    Fold Change: 0.0603
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5800
  • Cell Name: mature alpha-beta T cell (CL0000791)
    Fold Change: 0.0128
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0700
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: 1.6900
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0033
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2200
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0062
    Cell Significance Index: -11.4700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic cell (CL0000988)
    Fold Change: -0.0068
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1000
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0072
    Cell Significance Index: -11.0500
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0084
    Cell Significance Index: -11.4100
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0091
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0094
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9400
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.0110
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0113
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0700
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0117
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4200
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0124
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9800
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0134
    Cell Significance Index: -7.3200
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0182
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5200
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0186
    Cell Significance Index: -8.4200
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000624)
    Fold Change: -0.0203
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1900
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0212
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7200
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0260
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0311
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2400
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0328
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0333
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0100
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0353
    Cell Significance Index: -6.3600
  • Cell Name: effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0001044)
    Fold Change: -0.0421
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0426
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2700
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte (CL0000810)
    Fold Change: -0.0487
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8400
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0494
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1900
  • Cell Name: leukocyte (CL0000738)
    Fold Change: -0.0506
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8600
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0523
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1800
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0581
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1500
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0581
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0595
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8200
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0599
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1200
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.0630
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7400
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0659
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3300
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0703
    Cell Significance Index: -7.3200
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0777
    Cell Significance Index: -3.6500
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.1012
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5400
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.1026
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9000
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.1043
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0100
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.1158
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4700
  • Cell Name: alpha-beta T cell (CL0000789)
    Fold Change: -0.1280
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0900
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.1284
    Cell Significance Index: -7.8900
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.1355
    Cell Significance Index: -8.3100
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive helper T cell (CL0000492)
    Fold Change: -0.1425
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4400
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.1435
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0100
  • Cell Name: lymphocyte (CL0000542)
    Fold Change: -0.1500
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0400
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.1516
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2100
  • Cell Name: T cell (CL0000084)
    Fold Change: -0.1584
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8700
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: -0.1594
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8600
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.1599
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1100
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.1675
    Cell Significance Index: -9.4000
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001203)
    Fold Change: -0.1687
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7500
  • Cell Name: myeloid leukocyte (CL0000766)
    Fold Change: -0.1734
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4100
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.1738
    Cell Significance Index: -9.0300
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.1764
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7100
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.1813
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0200
  • Cell Name: naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000895)
    Fold Change: -0.1889
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6300
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.1893
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.1997
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1800
  • Cell Name: mature T cell (CL0002419)
    Fold Change: -0.2001
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4400
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.2057
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1300
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: -0.2086
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5800
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.2087
    Cell Significance Index: -9.7300
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.2155
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5500
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.2176
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1300
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.2221
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9500
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.2286
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2800
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.2318
    Cell Significance Index: -8.5100
  • Cell Name: T follicular helper cell (CL0002038)
    Fold Change: -0.2452
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6000
  • Cell Name: monocyte-derived dendritic cell (CL0011031)
    Fold Change: -0.2503
    Cell Significance Index: -4.3000
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.2523
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2000
  • Cell Name: type I NK T cell (CL0000921)
    Fold Change: -0.2544
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4800
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.2613
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4900
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.2628
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9100
  • Cell Name: regulatory T cell (CL0000815)
    Fold Change: -0.2647
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0700
  • Cell Name: naive regulatory T cell (CL0002677)
    Fold Change: -0.2729
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4600
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.2752
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1100
  • Cell Name: thymocyte (CL0000893)
    Fold Change: -0.2794
    Cell Significance Index: -3.5300
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.2861
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2900
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: -0.2916
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3900
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.2922
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of endometrium (CL0002255)
    Fold Change: -0.2925
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1600
  • Cell Name: naive T cell (CL0000898)
    Fold Change: -0.2928
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6600
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.3015
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5300
  • Cell Name: effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000905)
    Fold Change: -0.3135
    Cell Significance Index: -2.9000
  • Cell Name: exhausted T cell (CL0011025)
    Fold Change: -0.3239
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6400
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex endothelial cell (CL1001602)
    Fold Change: -0.3278
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Structure:** CD28 is a type I transmembrane protein consisting of an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain. 2. **Expression:** CD28 is highly expressed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as in other immune cells such as dendritic cells and B cells. 3. **Function:** CD28 acts as a co-stimulatory molecule, providing a second signal necessary for T cell activation and proliferation. 4. **Signaling Pathways:** CD28 is involved in various signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT pathway, the MAPK pathway, and the NF-κB pathway. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Adaptive Immune System:** CD28 plays a critical role in the adaptive immune system, where it is involved in the activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. 2. **Apoptotic Signaling Pathway:** CD28 can also regulate apoptosis (programmed cell death) through its interaction with the PI3K/AKT pathway. 3. **Cd4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation:** CD28 is essential for the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. 4. **Cd28 co-stimulation:** CD28 co-stimulation is necessary for the activation of T cells and the production of cytokines. 5. **Cd28 dependent PI3K/AKT signaling:** CD28-dependent PI3K/AKT signaling regulates various cellular processes, including cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Immunodeficiency Diseases:** CD28 defects or dysregulation have been implicated in various immunodeficiency diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancer. 2. **Cancer:** CD28 is overexpressed in many types of cancer, where it promotes tumor growth and immune evasion. 3. **Infectious Diseases:** CD28 plays a critical role in the immune response to infectious diseases, such as HIV-1, where it is involved in the regulation of T cell activation and proliferation. 4. **Autoimmune Diseases:** CD28 dysregulation has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, the CD28 gene is a critical component of the immune system, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various immunodeficiency diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms by which CD28 regulates T cell function and the immune response.

Genular Protein ID: 2651458518

Symbol: CD28_HUMAN

Name: T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2825196

Title: Molecular cloning of a CD28 cDNA by a high-efficiency COS cell expression system.

PubMed ID: 2825196

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8573

PubMed ID: 2162892

Title: The genomic organization of the CD28 gene. Implications for the regulation of CD28 mRNA expression and heterogeneity.

PubMed ID: 2162892

PubMed ID: 11916166

Title: A novel CD28 mRNA variant and simultaneous presence of various CD28 mRNA isoforms in human T lymphocytes.

PubMed ID: 11916166

DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00354-8

PubMed ID: 11877290

Title: A novel costimulatory signaling in human T lymphocytes by a splice variant of CD28.

PubMed ID: 11877290

DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.6.2138

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 11735222

Title: Assembly and annotation of human chromosome 2q33 sequence containing the CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS gene cluster: analysis by computational, comparative, and microarray approaches.

PubMed ID: 11735222

DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6655

PubMed ID: 1650475

Title: B-cell surface antigen B7 provides a costimulatory signal that induces T cells to proliferate and secrete interleukin 2.

PubMed ID: 1650475

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.15.6575

PubMed ID: 7568038

Title: p56Lck and p59Fyn regulate CD28 binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, growth factor receptor-bound protein GRB-2, and T cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase ITK: implications for T-cell costimulation.

PubMed ID: 7568038

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.19.8891

PubMed ID: 8617933

Title: Cross-linking of the CD40 ligand on human CD4+ T lymphocytes generates a costimulatory signal that up-regulates IL-4 synthesis.

PubMed ID: 8617933

PubMed ID: 12196291

Title: The interaction properties of costimulatory molecules revisited.

PubMed ID: 12196291

DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00362-x

PubMed ID: 15144186

Title: Robust phosphoproteomic profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation sites from human T cells using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 15144186

DOI: 10.1021/ac035352d

PubMed ID: 15067037

Title: The modulation of CD40 ligand signaling by transmembrane CD28 splice variant in human T cells.

PubMed ID: 15067037

DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031705

PubMed ID: 19349973

Title: Mass-spectrometric identification and relative quantification of N-linked cell surface glycoproteins.

PubMed ID: 19349973

DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1532

PubMed ID: 19690332

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.

PubMed ID: 19690332

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007

PubMed ID: 21964608

Title: A motif in the V3 domain of the kinase PKC-theta determines its localization in the immunological synapse and functions in T cells via association with CD28.

PubMed ID: 21964608

DOI: 10.1038/ni.2120

PubMed ID: 24665965

Title: T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28 co-receptors induces distinct signalling responses.

PubMed ID: 24665965

DOI: 10.1042/bj20140040

PubMed ID: 15696168

Title: Crystal structure of a soluble CD28-Fab complex.

PubMed ID: 15696168

DOI: 10.1038/ni1170

PubMed ID: 24098653

Title: High resolution crystal structure of the Grb2 SH2 domain with a phosphopeptide derived from CD28.

PubMed ID: 24098653

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074482

PubMed ID: 36114179

Title: Structural insights into the pSer/pThr dependent regulation of the SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase in insulin and CD28 signaling.

PubMed ID: 36114179

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32918-5

PubMed ID: 35397202

Title: Structural characterization of a dimerization interface in the CD28 transmembrane domain.

PubMed ID: 35397202

DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.03.004

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 220
  • Mass: 25066
  • Checksum: 1D9B6552A5878D0F
  • Sequence:
  • MLRLLLALNL FPSIQVTGNK ILVKQSPMLV AYDNAVNLSC KYSYNLFSRE FRASLHKGLD 
    SAVEVCVVYG NYSQQLQVYS KTGFNCDGKL GNESVTFYLQ NLYVNQTDIY FCKIEVMYPP 
    PYLDNEKSNG TIIHVKGKHL CPSPLFPGPS KPFWVLVVVG GVLACYSLLV TVAFIIFWVR 
    SKRSRLLHSD YMNMTPRRPG PTRKHYQPYA PPRDFAAYRS

Genular Protein ID: 3949633715

Symbol: B4E0L1_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 124
  • Mass: 14072
  • Checksum: 3A91FF25D56AFB29
  • Sequence:
  • MLRLLLALNL FPSIQVTGNK ILVKQSPMLV AYDNAVNLSC KYSYNLFSRE FRASLHKGLD 
    SAVEVCVVYG NYSQQLQVYS KTGFNCDGKL GNESVTFYLQ NLYVNHYPCE RETPLSKSPI 
    SRTF

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.