Details for: CD68

Gene ID: 968

Symbol: CD68

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000129226

Description: CD68 molecule

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 142.3702
    Cell Significance Index: -22.1500
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 87.3273
    Cell Significance Index: -22.1500
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 58.1405
    Cell Significance Index: -23.6200
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 49.8811
    Cell Significance Index: -23.5500
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 48.5434
    Cell Significance Index: -24.9700
  • Cell Name: liver dendritic cell (CL2000055)
    Fold Change: 47.7568
    Cell Significance Index: 125.9800
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 17.9974
    Cell Significance Index: -22.1900
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 9.2427
    Cell Significance Index: -24.7600
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 8.7850
    Cell Significance Index: 162.3700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 5.6715
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3800
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 3.5320
    Cell Significance Index: -7.7300
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 3.2436
    Cell Significance Index: 617.2800
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: 2.2341
    Cell Significance Index: 34.5700
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 1.7995
    Cell Significance Index: 108.0300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 1.2707
    Cell Significance Index: 138.2100
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 0.9590
    Cell Significance Index: 27.4900
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.9450
    Cell Significance Index: 153.7000
  • Cell Name: myeloid leukocyte (CL0000766)
    Fold Change: 0.9438
    Cell Significance Index: 7.6500
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.7226
    Cell Significance Index: 49.9700
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.4682
    Cell Significance Index: 422.7500
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: 0.4388
    Cell Significance Index: 7.3800
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.2839
    Cell Significance Index: 8.1800
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 0.2646
    Cell Significance Index: 19.7200
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.2517
    Cell Significance Index: 11.8300
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.1954
    Cell Significance Index: 38.7800
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.1131
    Cell Significance Index: 2.4500
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 0.0888
    Cell Significance Index: 2.2200
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.0808
    Cell Significance Index: 7.9900
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.0633
    Cell Significance Index: 11.4200
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.0632
    Cell Significance Index: 34.5200
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.0493
    Cell Significance Index: 5.0400
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.0407
    Cell Significance Index: 5.0000
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.0221
    Cell Significance Index: 1.4300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: 0.0210
    Cell Significance Index: 15.5300
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0154
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5400
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 0.0069
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1900
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.0058
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.0055
    Cell Significance Index: 0.7500
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0017
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2200
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0079
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0081
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3900
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0107
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0700
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0118
    Cell Significance Index: -22.1300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0145
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0155
    Cell Significance Index: -9.6700
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: -0.0223
    Cell Significance Index: -15.4500
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0233
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0319
    Cell Significance Index: -23.3600
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: -0.0331
    Cell Significance Index: -14.6300
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0379
    Cell Significance Index: -24.0800
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0426
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0500
    Cell Significance Index: -10.5300
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0548
    Cell Significance Index: -24.8700
  • Cell Name: elicited macrophage (CL0000861)
    Fold Change: -0.0572
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5000
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0573
    Cell Significance Index: -20.5700
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0596
    Cell Significance Index: -17.1600
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0697
    Cell Significance Index: -8.9400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0845
    Cell Significance Index: -9.6800
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.0944
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0100
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0959
    Cell Significance Index: -19.2300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0971
    Cell Significance Index: -11.3200
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0990
    Cell Significance Index: -11.6700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.1262
    Cell Significance Index: -14.4100
  • Cell Name: mononuclear cell (CL0000842)
    Fold Change: -0.1346
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5600
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1707
    Cell Significance Index: -24.8200
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.2114
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7700
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.2521
    Cell Significance Index: -15.4600
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.2780
    Cell Significance Index: -19.6600
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: -0.2784
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic cell (CL0000988)
    Fold Change: -0.2892
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2300
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.2956
    Cell Significance Index: -22.6800
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.3019
    Cell Significance Index: -23.9100
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.3057
    Cell Significance Index: -15.8800
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.3113
    Cell Significance Index: -8.7000
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -0.3439
    Cell Significance Index: -10.1000
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.3474
    Cell Significance Index: -23.3600
  • Cell Name: alveolar macrophage (CL0000583)
    Fold Change: -0.3541
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1200
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: -0.3551
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9400
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.3634
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3400
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.3692
    Cell Significance Index: -22.6900
  • Cell Name: myeloid cell (CL0000763)
    Fold Change: -0.3725
    Cell Significance Index: -4.9500
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -0.3898
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0400
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.4423
    Cell Significance Index: -23.0400
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.4432
    Cell Significance Index: -24.8700
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.4751
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1600
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: -0.4762
    Cell Significance Index: -11.5400
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.4941
    Cell Significance Index: -25.9400
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.5033
    Cell Significance Index: -22.2600
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.5300
    Cell Significance Index: -24.7100
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    Fold Change: -0.5417
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5300
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.5563
    Cell Significance Index: -11.5400
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.5587
    Cell Significance Index: -24.3000
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.5901
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3500
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.5933
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7400
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.6075
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3000
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -0.6380
    Cell Significance Index: -9.5600
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.6427
    Cell Significance Index: -22.5200
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.6453
    Cell Significance Index: -17.2900
  • Cell Name: mononuclear phagocyte (CL0000113)
    Fold Change: -0.6661
    Cell Significance Index: -5.6300
  • Cell Name: monocyte-derived dendritic cell (CL0011031)
    Fold Change: -0.6706
    Cell Significance Index: -11.5200

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Expression:** CD68 is expressed on the surface of various immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as non-immune cells such as pancreatic acinar cells and tracheal goblet cells. 2. **Structure:** CD68 is a pentameric protein composed of two identical alpha chains and four identical beta chains. 3. **Function:** CD68 is involved in the regulation of immune responses, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation. 4. **Signaling:** CD68 interacts with various signaling molecules, including integrins, chemokines, and cytokines, to regulate immune responses. 5. **Regulation:** CD68 expression is regulated by various factors, including transcription factors, cytokines, and growth factors. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Immune Response:** CD68 plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses, including the activation of immune cells, the production of cytokines, and the presentation of antigens. 2. **Phagocytosis:** CD68 is involved in the regulation of phagocytosis, the process by which cells engulf and digest foreign particles and microorganisms. 3. **Antigen Presentation:** CD68 is involved in the presentation of antigens to T cells, a process that is essential for the activation of immune responses. 4. **Inflammation:** CD68 is expressed on the surface of immune cells that are involved in the regulation of inflammation, including macrophages and neutrophils. 5. **Tissue Repair:** CD68 is expressed in non-immune cells, such as pancreatic acinar cells and tracheal goblet cells, where it may play a role in tissue repair and maintenance. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Inflammatory Disorders:** CD68 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 2. **Cancer:** CD68 has been found to be overexpressed in certain types of cancer, including lung cancer and colon cancer, where it may contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. 3. **Infectious Diseases:** CD68 has been implicated in the regulation of immune responses to infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and HIV. 4. **Neurological Disorders:** CD68 has been found to be involved in the regulation of immune responses in neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. 5. **Immunotherapies:** CD68 has been identified as a potential target for immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines, which aim to modulate immune responses and treat various diseases. In conclusion, the CD68 gene plays a crucial role in the immune system and inflammation, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases. Further research on CD68 and its functions is necessary to fully understand its role in human health and disease.

Genular Protein ID: 4290953861

Symbol: CD68_HUMAN

Name: Macrosialin

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P34810 B4DVT4 Q53HR6 Q53XI3 Q96BI7

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 2 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 10 Ensembl 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 12 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyConnect 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 3 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 2 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 2 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7680921

Title: Molecular cloning of CD68, a human macrophage marker related to lysosomal glycoproteins.

PubMed ID: 7680921

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 16625196

Title: DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the human lineage.

PubMed ID: 16625196

DOI: 10.1038/nature04689

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 9790779

Title: The linked human elongation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) and CD68 genes map to chromosome 17p13.

PubMed ID: 9790779

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5515

PubMed ID: 15194571

Title: Macrophage specificity of three anti-CD68 monoclonal antibodies (KP1, EBM11, and PGM1) widely used for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry.

PubMed ID: 15194571

DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.013029

PubMed ID: 15647451

Title: CD68 is not a macrophage-specific antigen.

PubMed ID: 15647451

PubMed ID: 16263699

Title: Elucidation of N-glycosylation sites on human platelet proteins: a glycoproteomic approach.

PubMed ID: 16263699

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500324-mcp200

PubMed ID: 18405323

Title: Expression of CD68 in non-myeloid cell types.

PubMed ID: 18405323

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02091.x

PubMed ID: 19159218

Title: Glycoproteomics analysis of human liver tissue by combination of multiple enzyme digestion and hydrazide chemistry.

PubMed ID: 19159218

DOI: 10.1021/pr8008012

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 354
  • Mass: 37408
  • Checksum: 69E68D69EDE8EFB0
  • Sequence:
    • MRLAVLFSGA LLGLLAAQGT GNDCPHKKSA TLLPSFTVTP TVTESTGTTS HRTTKSHKTT 
THRTTTTGTT SHGPTTATHN PTTTSHGNVT VHPTSNSTAT SQGPSTATHS PATTSHGNAT 
VHPTSNSTAT SPGFTSSAHP EPPPPSPSPS PTSKETIGDY TWTNGSQPCV HLQAQIQIRV 
MYTTQGGGEA WGISVLNPNK TKVQGSCEGA HPHLLLSFPY GHLSFGFMQD LQQKVVYLSY 
MAVEYNVSFP HAAQWTFSAQ NASLRDLQAP LGQSFSCSNS SIILSPAVHL DLLSLRLQAA 
QLPHTGVFGQ SFSCPSDRSI LLPLIIGLIL LGLLALVLIA FCIIRRRPSA YQAL

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.