Details for: GDF10

Gene ID: 2662

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: GDF10

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000266524

Description: growth differentiation factor 10

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 7.74
    rCSI 6.29%
    PRS 97.2
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 3.84
    rCSI 3.57%
    PRS 98.04
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 3.55
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 82.73
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 3.08
    rCSI 2.66%
    PRS 97.09
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 2.87
    rCSI 3.14%
    PRS 97.88
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 2.38
    rCSI 5.67%
    PRS 98.13
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 3.69%
    PRS 94.77
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 3.41%
    PRS 93.09

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) (Growth Differentiation Factor 10) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 10q11.22. It encodes a secreted cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, which is closely related to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) [[Link](https://doi.org/10.3109/08977199509028956)]. Functional annotations suggest [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) plays a crucial role in developmental processes, including [skeletal system development](/details-go/GO:0001501), [osteoblast differentiation](/details-go/GO:0001649), and [fat cell differentiation](/details-go/GO:0045444). Its expression profile is highly enriched in mesenchymal and stromal cell populations, particularly in various fibroblast subtypes such as [bronchus fibroblast of lung](/details-cell/CL2000093) and [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138), underscoring its likely function in tissue homeostasis, repair, and extracellular matrix regulation. The gene is cataloged in OMIM under entry [601361](https://omim.org/entry/601361). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression pattern of [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) strongly indicates a primary role within stromal and connective tissue compartments. **Overall**, the gene shows the highest significance in several fibroblast populations, most notably in [bronchus fibroblast of lung](/details-cell/CL2000093) (CSI: 7.74), [fibroblast of lung](/details-cell/CL0002553) (CSI: 3.84), [skin fibroblast](/details-cell/CL0002620) (CSI: 3.08), and [alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell](/details-cell/CL4028004) (CSI: 2.87). This enrichment in fibroblasts across different tissues suggests a conserved function in regulating the structural integrity and microenvironment of these organs. Beyond fibroblasts, [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) is also a significant marker for other mesenchymal-derived cells, including [adventitial cells](/details-cell/CL0002503) and [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138), which is consistent with its established role in skeletal development. Intriguingly, a notable expression significance is also observed in [CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive](/details-cell/CL0001203) (CSI: 3.55), which may suggest a less-characterized immunomodulatory function or a role in T-cell interactions with the stromal environment. The expression in [glioblasts](/details-cell/CL0000030) points to a potential involvement in the central nervous system, possibly related to development or pathology. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) functions as a signaling molecule with [cytokine activity](/details-go/GO:0005125) and [growth factor activity](/details-go/GO:0008083), as described in foundational studies [[Link](https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1996.0889)]. As a secreted protein, it localizes to the [extracellular space](/details-go/GO:0005615) and is a component of the [collagen-containing extracellular matrix](/details-go/GO:0062023). Its biological effects are mediated through the [transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway](/details-go/GO:0007179). This pathway engagement underpins the diverse biological processes associated with [GDF10](/details-gene/2662). Its involvement in skeletal biology is well-supported by its roles in the [positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation](/details-go/GO:0045669), general [regulation of ossification](/details-go/GO:0030278), and broader [skeletal system development](/details-go/GO:0001501). The gene's function extends to other developmental and physiological processes, including [fat cell differentiation](/details-go/GO:0045444), [cerebellum development](/details-go/GO:0021549), and the [ovulation cycle](/details-go/GO:0042698), highlighting its pleiotropic effects as a signaling factor. ## Research Directions The prominent and specific expression of [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) in fibroblast populations, combined with its function as a secreted growth factor involved in matrix biology, points toward a critical role in tissue remodeling in both health and disease. **Testable Hypotheses:** 1. Given its high significance in multiple lung fibroblast subtypes, [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) may be a key driver of pathological fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition in pulmonary fibrosis. 2. The significant expression in [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) and its role in skeletal development suggest that dysregulation of [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) signaling could contribute to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by impairing chondrocyte homeostasis and matrix maintenance. 3. The notable expression in [CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cells](/details-cell/CL0001203) suggests a novel immunomodulatory role, whereby T-cell-derived [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) acts as a paracrine signal to influence stromal cell behavior during chronic inflammation or tissue repair. **Proposed Experimental Approach:** To test the hypothesis that [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) drives pulmonary fibrosis (Hypothesis 1), a preclinical study could be conducted using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. One cohort of mice would be treated with a specific neutralizing antibody against GDF10, while a control cohort receives an isotype control antibody. The therapeutic efficacy could be evaluated by measuring lung collagen content via hydroxyproline assays and assessing fibrotic changes through histological analysis (e.g., Masson's trichrome staining). Further mechanistic insight could be gained by using single-cell RNA sequencing to determine how GDF10 inhibition affects the activation state and heterogeneity of lung fibroblast populations. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a secreted protein, [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) is a highly accessible drug target. Its potential role in fibrotic diseases makes it a compelling candidate for **inhibition**. Therapeutic strategies could include monoclonal antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeting its cell surface receptors to block downstream signaling. Conversely, in the context of regenerative medicine, recombinant [GDF10](/details-gene/2662) protein could be explored as an **activator** to promote bone or cartilage repair, leveraging its established functions in osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation.

Genular Protein ID: 2741352946

Symbol: GDF10_HUMAN

Name: Growth/differentiation factor 10

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P55107 Q5VSQ8 Q9UCX6

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 5 Ensembl 1 GO 13 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PIR 1 PIRSF 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 RefSeq 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8670277

Title: cDNA cloning and genomic structure of human bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3b).

PubMed ID: 8670277

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0889

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 8679252

Title: Growth/differentiation factor-10: a new member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily related to bone morphogenetic protein-3.

PubMed ID: 8679252

DOI: 10.3109/08977199509028956

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 478
  • Mass: 53122
  • Checksum: 80AE0FA4C50B23A9
  • Sequence:
    • MAHVPARTSP GPGPQLLLLL LPLFLLLLRD VAGSHRAPAW SALPAAADGL QGDRDLQRHP 
GDAAATLGPS AQDMVAVHMH RLYEKYSRQG ARPGGGNTVR SFRARLEVVD QKAVYFFNLT 
SMQDSEMILT ATFHFYSEPP RWPRALEVLC KPRAKNASGR PLPLGPPTRQ HLLFRSLSQN 
TATQGLLRGA MALAPPPRGL WQAKDISPIV KAARRDGELL LSAQLDSEER DPGVPRPSPY 
APYILVYAND LAISEPNSVA VTLQRYDPFP AGDPEPRAAP NNSADPRVRR AAQATGPLQD 
NELPGLDERP PRAHAQHFHK HQLWPSPFRA LKPRPGRKDR RKKGQEVFMA ASQVLDFDEK 
TMQKARRKQW DEPRVCSRRY LKVDFADIGW NEWIISPKSF DAYYCAGACE FPMPKIVRPS 
NHATIQSIVR AVGIIPGIPE PCCVPDKMNS LGVLFLDENR NVVLKVYPNM SVDTCACR