Details for: GALNT15

Gene ID: 117248

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: GALNT15

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000131386

Description: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 14.71
    rCSI 35.14%
    PRS 87.56
  • keratocyte CL0002363
    CSI 11.2
    rCSI 26.93%
    PRS 86.53
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 9.65
    rCSI 16.7%
    PRS 76.94
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 7.08
    rCSI 11.19%
    PRS 85.62
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 5.51
    rCSI 8.76%
    PRS 78.22
  • parietal epithelial cell CL1000452
    CSI 4.96
    rCSI 13.26%
    PRS 77.26
  • Schwann cell CL0002573
    CSI 4.81
    rCSI 13.68%
    PRS 80.24
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 4.8
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 83.81
  • mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570
    CSI 4.23
    rCSI 23.6%
    PRS 86.3
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 3.92
    rCSI 8.94%
    PRS 76.65
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 3.3
    rCSI 5.26%
    PRS 87.55
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI 3.26
    rCSI 4.18%
    PRS 75.14
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI 2.95
    rCSI 9.45%
    PRS 82.31
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 2.95
    rCSI 6.61%
    PRS 69.01
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 2.86
    rCSI 2.66%
    PRS 85.32
  • macroglial cell CL0000126
    CSI 2.77
    rCSI 7.13%
    PRS 80.8
  • endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid CL0019022
    CSI 2.65
    rCSI 8.18%
    PRS 87.75
  • myoepithelial cell CL0000185
    CSI 2.53
    rCSI 6.4%
    PRS 88.27
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 2.48
    rCSI 5.15%
    PRS 81.59
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 2.42
    rCSI 2.09%
    PRS 84.42
  • endothelial cell of vascular tree CL0002139
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 11.7%
    PRS 80.61
  • endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid CL0019021
    CSI 2.09
    rCSI 9.6%
    PRS 87.26
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 2.07
    rCSI 8.36%
    PRS 84.7
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 1.77
    rCSI 2.97%
    PRS 68.13
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.72
    rCSI 2.05%
    PRS 68.28
  • vein endothelial cell of respiratory system CL4033008
    CSI 1.61
    rCSI 11.04%
    PRS 89.27
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 1.42
    rCSI 2.48%
    PRS 79.2
  • pericyte CL0000669
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.73%
    PRS 61.43
  • endothelial cell of arteriole CL1000412
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 6.08%
    PRS 91.14
  • vasa recta ascending limb cell CL1001131
    CSI 0.93
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 89.77
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 0.92
    rCSI 2.24%
    PRS 65.95
  • glial cell CL0000125
    CSI 0.92
    rCSI 3.49%
    PRS 76.2
  • brain vascular cell CL4023072
    CSI 0.84
    rCSI 8.7%
    PRS 78.05
  • collagen secreting cell CL0000667
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 4%
    PRS 88.33
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 0.62
    rCSI 1.95%
    PRS 69.63
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 0.57
    rCSI 2.03%
    PRS 66.06
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 0.48
    rCSI 2.83%
    PRS 68.58
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 0.39
    rCSI 9.39%
    PRS 65.97
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 0.27
    rCSI 6.47%
    PRS 66.46

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.
Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248), or Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 3p25.1. It encodes a glycosyltransferase that functions within the [Golgi apparatus](/details-cell/GO00005794) to initiate O-linked glycosylation, a critical form of post-translational protein modification ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.108)). This process involves the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to serine or threonine residues of target proteins. Expression data suggests that **Overall**, [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) is a significant gene in various mesenchymal and stromal cell types, including [adventitial cell](/details-cell/CL0002503)s, [keratocyte](/details-cell/CL0002363)s, and [chondrocyte](/details-cell/CL0000138)s, indicating a specialized role in tissues responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) points to a primary function in structural, connective, and specialized glial cells. **Overall**, its significance is highest in cell types associated with the synthesis and maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These include multiple fibroblast-like populations such as [adventitial cell](/details-cell/CL0002503)s, corneal [keratocyte](/details-cell/CL0002363)s, [alveolar adventitial fibroblast](/details-cell/CL4028006)s, and [bronchus fibroblast of lung](/details-cell/CL2000093). Its high significance in [chondrocyte](/details-cell/CL0000138)s is consistent with its identification in a study of osteoarthritic cartilage cDNA libraries, suggesting a role in cartilage biology ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1053/joca.2001.0421)). Beyond stromal cells, [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) also shows notable expression in specialized endothelial cells, such as [cerebral cortex endothelial cell](/details-cell/CL1001602) and [retinal blood vessel endothelial cell](/details-cell/CL0002585), which may suggest a role in maintaining vascular structures. Furthermore, its relevance in glial cells like [Schwann cell](/details-cell/CL0002573)s, [Mueller cell](/details-cell/CL0000636)s, and [astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605) indicates a potential function in the nervous system, possibly related to the glycosylation of proteins involved in cell-cell interaction or myelination. ## Pathways and Molecular Function Functionally, [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) exhibits [Polypeptide n-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity](/details-cell/GO0004653), localizing primarily to the [Golgi membrane](/details-cell/GO0000139). It is a key enzyme in the [O-glycan processing](/details-cell/GO0016266) pathway, initiating the [Protein o-linked glycosylation](/details-cell/GO0006493) cascade. This function is a central part of broader biological processes, including the [Metabolism of proteins](/details-cell/R-HSA-392499) and [Post-translational protein modification](/details-cell/R-HSA-597592). The Reactome pathway analysis highlights its involvement in [O-linked glycosylation](/details-cell/R-HSA-5173105), particularly the [O-linked glycosylation of mucins](/details-cell/R-HSA-913709). This role is critical for the function of many secreted and membrane-bound proteins. The high expression of [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) in fibroblasts and chondrocytes is consistent with this function, as these cells produce large quantities of ECM glycoproteins whose stability, structure, and function are dependent on proper glycosylation. ## Research Directions The specific role of [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) in tissue homeostasis and pathology remains an area for further investigation. Based on its expression and function, several testable hypotheses can be proposed. 1. **Hypothesis 1:** [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) is a critical regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity in cartilage. Its activity modifies key structural proteins, such as aggrecan or collagen, and its dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of degenerative joint diseases like osteoarthritis. 2. **Hypothesis 2:** In the vasculature, [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248)-mediated O-glycosylation in [adventitial cell](/details-cell/CL0002503)s and endothelial cells is essential for maintaining blood vessel wall stability and regulating vascular remodeling in response to injury or inflammation. 3. **Hypothesis 3:** [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) modulates glial-neuronal interactions in the nervous system by glycosylating specific cell surface proteins on [Schwann cell](/details-cell/CL0002573)s and astrocytes, thereby influencing processes such as myelination or synaptic support. To test the first hypothesis regarding its role in cartilage, a key experiment would be to use CRISPR-Cas9 to generate a [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) knockout in a human chondrocyte cell line. These cells, along with wild-type controls, could be cultured in a 3D pellet system to promote chondrogenesis. The resulting matrix could be analyzed for composition and structural integrity using histological staining (e.g., Safranin O) and biochemical quantification of collagen and proteoglycans. Further, mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics could be employed to identify the specific protein substrates of [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) in chondrocytes and confirm loss of specific glycan structures upon gene knockout. Given its enzymatic function and role in modifying secreted proteins, [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) could be a potential therapeutic target. In diseases characterized by pathological ECM deposition, such as fibrosis or scleroderma, a small molecule inhibitor targeting the catalytic activity of [GALNT15](/details-gene/117248) could potentially ameliorate disease progression by reducing the production of aberrantly glycosylated matrix proteins. Therefore, inhibition, rather than activation, would likely be the primary therapeutic strategy for fibrotic conditions.

Genular Protein ID: 2734865900

Symbol: GLT15_HUMAN

Name: Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 15

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q8N3T1 A6NMN1 B2R638 F1LIP6 Q86T60 Q96C46 Q96DJ5

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CAZy 2 CCDS 1 CDD 2 CTD 1 ChEBI 14 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EC 2 EMBL 9 Ensembl 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 8 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 1 Rhea 6 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniPathway 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 15147861

Title: Characterization of a novel human UDP-GalNAc transferase, pp-GalNAc-T15.

PubMed ID: 15147861

DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.108

PubMed ID: 11597177

Title: Identification and initial characterization of 5000 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) each from adult human normal and osteoarthritic cartilage cDNA libraries.

PubMed ID: 11597177

DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0421

PubMed ID: 12975309

Title: The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment.

PubMed ID: 12975309

DOI: 10.1101/gr.1293003

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 16641997

Title: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3.

PubMed ID: 16641997

DOI: 10.1038/nature04728

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 639
  • Mass: 73063
  • Checksum: F5DCA523AF4965DA
  • Sequence:
    • MLLRKRYRHR PCRLQFLLLL LMLGCVLMMV AMLHPPHHTL HQTVTAQASK HSPEARYRLD 
FGESQDWVLE AEDEGEEYSP LEGLPPFISL REDQLLVAVA LPQARRNQSQ GRRGGSYRLI 
KQPRRQDKEA PKRDWGADED GEVSEEEELT PFSLDPRGLQ EALSARIPLQ RALPEVRHPL 
CLQQHPQDSL PTASVILCFH DEAWSTLLRT VHSILDTVPR AFLKEIILVD DLSQQGQLKS 
ALSEYVARLE GVKLLRSNKR LGAIRARMLG ATRATGDVLV FMDAHCECHP GWLEPLLSRI 
AGDRSRVVSP VIDVIDWKTF QYYPSKDLQR GVLDWKLDFH WEPLPEHVRK ALQSPISPIR 
SPVVPGEVVA MDRHYFQNTG AYDSLMSLRG GENLELSFKA WLCGGSVEIL PCSRVGHIYQ 
NQDSHSPLDQ EATLRNRVRI AETWLGSFKE TFYKHSPEAF SLSKAEKPDC MERLQLQRRL 
GCRTFHWFLA NVYPELYPSE PRPSFSGKLH NTGLGLCADC QAEGDILGCP MVLAPCSDSR 
QQQYLQHTSR KEIHFGSPQH LCFAVRQEQV ILQNCTEEGL AIHQQHWDFQ ENGMIVHILS 
GKCMEAVVQE NNKDLYLRPC DGKARQQWRF DQINAVDER

Genular Protein ID: 2357651977

Symbol: Q4G146_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q4G146

Database IDs:

ARBA 2 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 4 Gene3D 2 HOGENOM 1 InterPro 2 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PROSITE 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 RefSeq 1 SMART 2 SMR 1 SUPFAM 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 196
  • Mass: 22532
  • Checksum: 3A3C9FAED1BFBD42
  • Sequence:
    • MERLQLQRRL GCRTFHWFLA NVYPELYPSE PRPSFSGKLH NTGLGLCADC QAEGDILGCP 
MVLAPCSDSR QQQYLQHTSR KEIHFGSPQH LCFAVRQEQV ILQNCTEEGL AIHQQHWDFQ 
ENGMIVHILS GKCMEAVVQE NNKDLYLRPC DEKPASSGVL TRSMLWMNDE CQCQKEKRIL 
AIKIQLQVNL KSLYIS

Genular Protein ID: 457884333

Symbol: C9JGI4_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

C9JGI4

Database IDs:

ARBA 15 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 1 ChiTaRS 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 2 Ensembl 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 4 Gene3D 1 GeneTree 1 HGNC 1 InterPro 5 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PROSITE 2 PeptideAtlas 2 Pfam 4 Proteomes 2 ProteomicsDB 2 RefSeq 1 RuleBase 1 SAM 2 SMR 1 SUPFAM 2 UCSC 1 UniPathway 1 VEuPathDB 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 16641997

Title: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3.

PubMed ID: 16641997

DOI: 10.1038/nature04728

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 617
  • Mass: 70351
  • Checksum: 871531D5024E9FF8
  • Sequence:
    • MLLRKRYRHR PCRLQFLLLL LMLGCVLMMV AMLHPPHHTL HQTVTAQASK HSPEARYRLD 
FGESQDWVLE AEDEGEEYSP LEGLPPFISL REDQLLVAVA LPQARRNQSQ GRRGGSYRLI 
KQPRRQDKEA PKRDWGADED GEVSEEEELT PFSLDPRGLQ EALSARIPLQ RALPEVRHPL 
CLQQHPQDSL PTASVILCFH DEAWSTLLRT VHSILDTVPR AFLKEIILVD DLSQQGQLKS 
ALSEYVARLE GVKLLRSNKR LGAIRARMLG ATRATGDVLV FMDAHCECHP GWLEPLLSRI 
AGDRSRVVSP VIDVIDWKTF QYYPSKDLQR GVLDWKLDFH WEPLPEHVRK ALQSPISPIR 
SPVVPGEVVA MDRHYFQNTG AYDSLMSLRG GENLELSFKA WLCGGSVEIL PCSRVGHIYQ 
NQDSHSPLDQ EATLRNRVRI AETWLGSFKE TFYKHSPEAF SLSKAEKPDC MERLQLQRRL 
GCRTFHWFLA NVYPELYPSE PRPSFSGKLH NTGLGLCADC QAEGDILGCP MVLAPCSDSR 
QQQYLQHTSR KEIHFGSPQH LCFAVRQEQV ILQNCTEEGL AIHQQHWDFQ EDENRANSAA 
AEAYQRPLTF QQIVNNG