Details for: C16orf74

Gene ID: 404550

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: C16orf74

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000154102

Description: chromosome 16 open reading frame 74

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 12.34
    rCSI 22.17%
    PRS 93.46
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 5.86
    rCSI 5.09%
    PRS 98.72
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 4.85
    rCSI 9.08%
    PRS 91.69
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 4.48
    rCSI 7.21%
    PRS 91.35
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 4.4
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 98.94
  • small pre-B-II cell CL0000954
    CSI 4.32
    rCSI 4.16%
    PRS 98.55
  • precursor B cell CL0000817
    CSI 4.24
    rCSI 3.71%
    PRS 97.97
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 4.07
    rCSI 5.64%
    PRS 94.75
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 4.07
    rCSI 8.09%
    PRS 94.19
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 4.06
    rCSI 3.02%
    PRS 98.57
  • IgA plasma cell CL0000987
    CSI 3.95
    rCSI 4.04%
    PRS 95.42
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 3.71
    rCSI 3%
    PRS 97.32
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 3.68
    rCSI 2.75%
    PRS 98.54
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 3.64
    rCSI 2.86%
    PRS 96.81
  • large pre-B-II cell CL0000957
    CSI 3.36
    rCSI 9.59%
    PRS 95.51
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 3.43%
    PRS 96.81
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 2.97
    rCSI 3.62%
    PRS 97.59
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 2.81
    rCSI 4.96%
    PRS 93.56
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 2.78
    rCSI 4.96%
    PRS 97.68
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 2.77
    rCSI 4.23%
    PRS 95.37
  • conventional dendritic cell CL0000990
    CSI 2.65
    rCSI 2.21%
    PRS 90.79
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 5.84%
    PRS 90.07
  • basal cell CL0000646
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 3.48%
    PRS 94.46
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 2.57
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 97.05
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 2.41
    rCSI 3.45%
    PRS 96.69
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 6.76%
    PRS 94.61
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 2.33
    rCSI 2.02%
    PRS 97.3
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 2.28
    rCSI 2.36%
    PRS 97.09
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 2.24
    rCSI 2.68%
    PRS 97.13
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 2.04
    rCSI 3.15%
    PRS 95.18
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 4.96%
    PRS 94.62
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 2.85%
    PRS 94.33
  • S cone cell CL0003050
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 93.09
  • transitional stage B cell CL0000818
    CSI 1.63
    rCSI 5.35%
    PRS 98.97
  • eye photoreceptor cell CL0000287
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 16.99%
    PRS 96.02
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 1.37
    rCSI 3.94%
    PRS 95.84
  • diffuse bipolar 6 cell CL4033032
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 6.85%
    PRS 89.47

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.
Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550), or Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 74, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 16q24.1. The protein product is currently uncharacterized, but functional annotation suggests it participates in protein binding ([GO:0005515](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005515)). Expression data reveals a highly specific profile, with its most significant expression observed in specialized cells of the retina, such as the [rod bipolar cell](/details-cell/CL0000751), and throughout the B-cell lineage, including [mature B cells](/details-cell/CL0000785). Emerging research has also implicated its overexpression in the progression of aggressive pancreatic cancers, suggesting a potential role in oncogenesis ([Link](https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10912)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression pattern of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) suggests highly specialized roles in both the visual system and the adaptive immune system. **Overall**, its most significant expression is in the [rod bipolar cell](/details-cell/CL0000751) (CSI: 12.34), with notable significance also seen in [retinal bipolar neurons](/details-cell/CL0000748), [retinal cone cells](/details-cell/CL0000573), and [retinal pigment epithelial cells](/details-cell/CL0002586). This strong and specific expression signature points towards a potential function in retinal architecture, signal transduction, or photoreceptor maintenance. Concurrently, [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) is consistently expressed across various stages of B-lymphocyte development and maturation. It is a significant marker in [mature B cells](/details-cell/CL0000785), [unswitched memory B cells](/details-cell/CL0000970), [precursor B cells](/details-cell/CL0000817), [plasmablasts](/details-cell/CL0000980), and [IgA plasma cells](/details-cell/CL0000987). This consistent expression throughout the B-cell lineage, from early progenitors to antibody-secreting cells, suggests a fundamental role in B-cell identity, differentiation, or function. Minor significance is also noted in [myofibroblast cells](/details-cell/CL0000186) and [common myeloid progenitors](/details-cell/CL0000049), indicating a broader, though less prominent, role in other lineages. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The molecular function of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) remains largely undefined. The sole Gene Ontology annotation indicates a capacity for protein binding ([GO:0005515](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005515)), suggesting it likely functions as part of a larger protein complex. Its specific binding partners and the downstream pathways it regulates are unknown. However, large-scale phosphoproteomic studies have identified C16orf74 as a protein that is phosphorylated during mitosis ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805139105), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2000475)). This finding implies a potential, yet unconfirmed, role in cell cycle regulation, which may be relevant to its observed association with cancer. A study has linked overexpression of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) with aggressive phenotypes in pancreatic cancer, although the mechanistic basis for this association has not been elucidated ([Link](https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10912)). ## Research Directions The distinct expression pattern of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) in specific tissues, combined with its association with cancer, presents several avenues for future research. ### Proposed Hypotheses: 1. **Hypothesis 1:** Given its exceptionally high and specific expression in retinal cells, [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) plays a critical, non-redundant role in the function or structural integrity of retinal neurons, particularly bipolar cells. Its disruption could be associated with inherited retinal diseases. 2. **Hypothesis 2:** Based on its consistent expression across the B-cell lineage, [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) is essential for B-cell development, survival, or effector function. 3. **Hypothesis 3:** The overexpression of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) in pancreatic cancer promotes tumorigenesis by disrupting normal cell cycle control, a hypothesis consistent with its identification as a mitotic phosphoprotein. ### Suggested Experimental Approach: To test the oncogenic role of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) in pancreatic cancer (Hypothesis 3), a functional genomics approach could be employed. Using CRISPR-Cas9, [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) could be knocked out in pancreatic cancer cell lines that show high endogenous expression. Subsequent assays would measure changes in key cancer hallmarks, including cell proliferation rates (e.g., via IncuCyte imaging), cell cycle distribution (via flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining), and invasive potential (via Matrigel invasion assays). A parallel transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) of the knockout cells compared to wild-type controls could identify the downstream pathways dysregulated by the loss of [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550), providing mechanistic insight into its pro-tumorigenic function. ### Therapeutic Potential: The reported association between [C16orf74](/details-gene/404550) overexpression and aggressive pancreatic cancer makes it a potential therapeutic target ([Link](https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10912)). A therapeutic strategy would likely focus on **inhibition**. As the protein's function is unknown, it is unclear if it is a druggable target (e.g., an enzyme or receptor). However, if its oncogenic activity relies on a specific protein-protein interaction mediated by a defined domain, this interface could be targeted with small molecule inhibitors. A significant challenge would be potential on-target toxicity in the retina and B-cell populations, where the gene is highly expressed. Therefore, developing highly tumor-specific delivery systems or identifying a therapeutic window would be critical for clinical translation.

Genular Protein ID: 3682066441

Symbol: CP074_HUMAN

Name: Uncharacterized protein C16orf74

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q96GX8 R4GN89

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 5 Ensembl 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 1 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PRO 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 RefSeq 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 15616553

Title: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16.

PubMed ID: 15616553

DOI: 10.1038/nature03187

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 20068231

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.

PubMed ID: 20068231

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000475

PubMed ID: 28881575

Title: Overexpression of C16orf74 is involved in aggressive pancreatic cancers.

PubMed ID: 28881575

DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10912

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 76
  • Mass: 8118
  • Checksum: 525DD517D5EA9F12
  • Sequence:
    • MGLKMSCLKG FQMCVSSSSS SHDEAPVLND KHLDVPDIII TPPTPTGMML PRDLGSTVWL 
DETGSCPDDG EIDPEA