Details for: BRSK2

Gene ID: 9024

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: BRSK2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000174672

Description: BR serine/threonine kinase 2

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • progenitor cell CL0011026
    CSI 17.56
    rCSI 37.34%
    PRS 72.46
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 7.12
    rCSI 9.14%
    PRS 74.15
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 5.92
    rCSI 10.46%
    PRS 58.97
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 4.51
    rCSI 14.12%
    PRS 63.82
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 4.5
    rCSI 7.55%
    PRS 59.75
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 5.59%
    PRS 69.33
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 4.08
    rCSI 8.2%
    PRS 67.83
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 3.94
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 57.6
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 3.73
    rCSI 9.07%
    PRS 57.75
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 3.72
    rCSI 5.46%
    PRS 70.78
  • dopaminergic neuron CL0000700
    CSI 3.22
    rCSI 18.22%
    PRS 63.74
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 3.15
    rCSI 7.28%
    PRS 65.89
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 3.13
    rCSI 5.04%
    PRS 67.89
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 3.12
    rCSI 4.02%
    PRS 60.88
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 3.06
    rCSI 3.54%
    PRS 70.26
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 2.87
    rCSI 6.54%
    PRS 69.35
  • ON-bipolar cell CL0000749
    CSI 2.77
    rCSI 4.12%
    PRS 78.16
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 2.53
    rCSI 4.06%
    PRS 61.42
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 2.47
    rCSI 14.56%
    PRS 60.55
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 2.23
    rCSI 4.01%
    PRS 71.31
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 2.16
    rCSI 2.58%
    PRS 59.72
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 2.13
    rCSI 6.29%
    PRS 78.98
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 6.58%
    PRS 61.37
  • glycinergic amacrine cell CL4030028
    CSI 1.98
    rCSI 5.16%
    PRS 72.97
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 7.73%
    PRS 70.17
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 1.63
    rCSI 6.17%
    PRS 60.23
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 1.52
    rCSI 5.47%
    PRS 57.68
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 1.45
    rCSI 35.04%
    PRS 58.72
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 1.45
    rCSI 2.71%
    PRS 66.11
  • L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030063
    CSI 1.37
    rCSI 3.29%
    PRS 64.9
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 1.31
    rCSI 2.93%
    PRS 60.54
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 1.29
    rCSI 30.92%
    PRS 58.17
  • L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030059
    CSI 1.22
    rCSI 2.65%
    PRS 65.68
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 1.07
    rCSI 3.08%
    PRS 77.44
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 0.85
    rCSI 6.28%
    PRS 65.15
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 0.79
    rCSI 1.75%
    PRS 63.62
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 0.78
    rCSI 2.25%
    PRS 67.3

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024), or BR Serine/Threonine Kinase 2, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 11p15.5. As a serine/threonine-protein kinase, it plays a fundamental role in protein phosphorylation. Expression data highlights its profound and specific importance within the central nervous system. It is most significantly expressed in neural [progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026) and [neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)](/details-cell/CL0000031), suggesting a critical function in neurogenesis. Furthermore, its high expression across a diverse range of mature neurons, including various interneuron subtypes and glutamatergic neurons, points to an ongoing role in maintaining neuronal function, polarity, and synaptic transmission. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape **Overall**, the expression profile of [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) firmly establishes it as a key regulator in neural development and function. Its highest significance is observed in mitotically active neural precursors, including [progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026) (CSI: 17.56) and [neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)](/details-cell/CL0000031) (CSI: 7.12), indicating a primary role in the earliest stages of nervous system formation. Beyond its developmental role, [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) is also a significant marker in a broad spectrum of post-mitotic, differentiated neurons. This includes a notable presence in multiple subtypes of inhibitory neurons, such as [caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023064), [chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023036), [lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023011), and [sst GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023017). Its expression is also prominent in excitatory neurons like [L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron](/details-cell/CL4023040) and specialized neuronal populations such as [dopaminergic neuron](/details-cell/CL0000700) and [cerebellar granule cell](/details-cell/CL0001031). This widespread yet specific expression pattern across diverse neuronal classes suggests that [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) is involved in fundamental processes common to most neurons, such as the establishment and maintenance of cellular structure and synaptic function. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The functional annotations for [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) are highly consistent with its observed expression pattern in the nervous system. Its core molecular function is that of a `Protein serine/threonine kinase activity` ([GO:0004674](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0004674)), which involves `Atp binding` ([GO:0005524](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005524)) and enables its participation in a wide array of signaling cascades. Its high significance in neural progenitors is supported by its involvement in critical developmental and cell cycle processes, including `Establishment of cell polarity` ([GO:0030010](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0030010)), `Cell division` ([GO:0051301](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0051301)), and `G2/m transition of mitotic cell cycle` ([GO:0000086](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0000086)). Research has shown that deficiency in its homologs can disrupt neuronal polarity by affecting the cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Wee1 ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.058230)). In differentiated neurons, [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) contributes to neuronal architecture and communication through processes like `Axonogenesis` ([GO:0007409](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007409)), `Regulation of neuron projection development` ([GO:0010975](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0010975)), and `Regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering` ([GO:2000807](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:2000807)). Its localization to the `Distal axon` ([GO:0150034](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0150034)) and its function as a presynaptic kinase that regulates neurotransmitter release further solidify this role ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.018)). Notably, its annotated `Tau-protein kinase activity` ([GO:0050321](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0050321)) implicates it in pathways relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. ## Research Directions The specific expression and multifaceted roles of [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) in the nervous system suggest several avenues for future investigation. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its high expression in [progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026) and its functional links to cell cycle control and polarity, [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) likely acts as a critical checkpoint kinase that maintains the proliferative state of neural progenitors. Its targeted downregulation or inhibition may be a prerequisite for initiating terminal differentiation into mature neurons. 2. Based on its role in regulating synaptic vesicles and its high expression in inhibitory interneurons, [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) may specifically modulate the efficacy of GABAergic neurotransmission by phosphorylating key presynaptic proteins involved in vesicle docking and fusion. Dysregulation of [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) activity in these cells could lead to an imbalance in cortical excitation-inhibition circuits. **Experimental Approach:** To test the first hypothesis regarding its role in the neuroprogenitor proliferation-differentiation switch, a loss-of-function study could be employed. One could utilize a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout or CRISPRi-mediated knockdown of [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural stem cells. The subsequent differentiation of these cells into cortical neurons could be tracked over time using single-cell RNA sequencing. A resulting phenotype of accelerated cell cycle exit (e.g., decreased Ki-67 expression) and premature expression of mature neuronal markers (e.g., MAP2, TBR1) in the knockdown cells compared to isogenic controls would provide strong evidence that [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) activity is necessary to maintain the progenitor state. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a kinase, [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) represents a potentially druggable target. Its specific function as a `Tau-protein kinase activity` ([GO:0050321](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0050321)) positions it as a target of interest for neurodegenerative diseases characterized by tau pathology, such as Alzheimer's disease. A strategy involving the development of a brain-penetrant small molecule inhibitor could theoretically reduce pathological tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the widespread and critical role of [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) in fundamental processes of healthy mature neurons, including axon maintenance and synaptic transmission, raises significant concerns about potential on-target toxicity. Therefore, the therapeutic window for inhibiting [BRSK2](/details-gene/9024) may be narrow, and any such strategy would require highly selective compounds and careful evaluation of neurological side effects.

Genular Protein ID: 4152579637

Symbol: BRSK2_HUMAN

Name: Serine/threonine-protein kinase BRSK2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 16630837

Title: SAD: a presynaptic kinase associated with synaptic vesicles and the active zone cytomatrix that regulates neurotransmitter release.

PubMed ID: 16630837

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.018

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 16554811

Title: Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification.

PubMed ID: 16554811

DOI: 10.1038/nature04632

PubMed ID: 11124703

Title: Characterization of 16 novel human genes showing high similarity to yeast sequences.

PubMed ID: 11124703

DOI: 10.1002/1097-0061(200101)18:1<69::aid-yea647>3.0.co;2-h

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 9929968

Title: Repeat-directed isolation of a novel gene preferentially expressed from the maternal allele in human placenta.

PubMed ID: 9929968

DOI: 10.1007/s100380050096

PubMed ID: 14976552

Title: LKB1 is a master kinase that activates 13 kinases of the AMPK subfamily, including MARK/PAR-1.

PubMed ID: 14976552

DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600110

PubMed ID: 16870137

Title: BRSK2 is activated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A through phosphorylation at Thr260.

PubMed ID: 16870137

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.178

PubMed ID: 18339622

Title: Investigating the regulation of brain-specific kinases 1 and 2 by phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18339622

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710381200

PubMed ID: 19413330

Title: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.

PubMed ID: 19413330

DOI: 10.1021/ac9004309

PubMed ID: 19369195

Title: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome.

PubMed ID: 19369195

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800588-mcp200

PubMed ID: 19690332

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.

PubMed ID: 19690332

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007

PubMed ID: 19958286

Title: Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta activates AMPK without forming a stable complex: synergistic effects of Ca2+ and AMP.

PubMed ID: 19958286

DOI: 10.1042/bj20091372

PubMed ID: 20026642

Title: Persistence of the cell-cycle checkpoint kinase Wee1 in SadA- and SadB-deficient neurons disrupts neuronal polarity.

PubMed ID: 20026642

DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058230

PubMed ID: 22609399

Title: Jab1 interacts with brain-specific kinase 2 (BRSK2) and promotes its degradation in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

PubMed ID: 22609399

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.045

PubMed ID: 22713462

Title: BRSK2 is regulated by ER stress in protein level and involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis.

PubMed ID: 22713462

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.046

PubMed ID: 22669945

Title: Synapses of amphids defective (SAD-A) kinase promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion through activation of p21-activated kinase (PAK1) in pancreatic beta-Cells.

PubMed ID: 22669945

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.378372

PubMed ID: 22798068

Title: Brain-selective kinase 2 (BRSK2) phosphorylation on PCTAIRE1 negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells.

PubMed ID: 22798068

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.375618

PubMed ID: 21985311

Title: Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau by AMPK-related kinases.

PubMed ID: 21985311

DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07523.x

PubMed ID: 23029325

Title: APC/C(Cdh1) targets brain-specific kinase 2 (BRSK2) for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

PubMed ID: 23029325

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045932

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 736
  • Mass: 81633
  • Checksum: D9EBA511149449E6
  • Sequence:
  • MTSTGKDGGA QHAQYVGPYR LEKTLGKGQT GLVKLGVHCV TCQKVAIKIV NREKLSESVL 
    MKVEREIAIL KLIEHPHVLK LHDVYENKKY LYLVLEHVSG GELFDYLVKK GRLTPKEARK 
    FFRQIISALD FCHSHSICHR DLKPENLLLD EKNNIRIADF GMASLQVGDS LLETSCGSPH 
    YACPEVIRGE KYDGRKADVW SCGVILFALL VGALPFDDDN LRQLLEKVKR GVFHMPHFIP 
    PDCQSLLRGM IEVDAARRLT LEHIQKHIWY IGGKNEPEPE QPIPRKVQIR SLPSLEDIDP 
    DVLDSMHSLG CFRDRNKLLQ DLLSEEENQE KMIYFLLLDR KERYPSQEDE DLPPRNEIDP 
    PRKRVDSPML NRHGKRRPER KSMEVLSVTD GGSPVPARRA IEMAQHGQRS RSISGASSGL 
    STSPLSSPRV TPHPSPRGSP LPTPKGTPVH TPKESPAGTP NPTPPSSPSV GGVPWRARLN 
    SIKNSFLGSP RFHRRKLQVP TPEEMSNLTP ESSPELAKKS WFGNFISLEK EEQIFVVIKD 
    KPLSSIKADI VHAFLSIPSL SHSVISQTSF RAEYKATGGP AVFQKPVKFQ VDITYTEGGE 
    AQKENGIYSV TFTLLSGPSR RFKRVVETIQ AQLLSTHDPP AAQHLSDTTN CMEMMTGRLS 
    KCGSPLSNFF DVIKQLFSDE KNGQAAQAPS TPAKRSAHGP LGDSAAAGPG PGGDAEYPTG 
    KDTAKMGPPT ARREQP

Genular Protein ID: 3449828993

Symbol: A0A140VJF6_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11181995

Title: The sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11181995

DOI: 10.1126/science.1058040

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 668
  • Mass: 74741
  • Checksum: 2E3BE2942B8BD79B
  • Sequence:
  • MTSTGKDGGA QHAQYVGPYR LEKTLGKGQT GLVKLGVHCV TCQKVAIKIV NREKLSESVL 
    MKVEREIAIL KLIEHPHVLK LHDVYENKKY LYLVLEHVSG GELFDYLVKK GRLTPKEARK 
    FFRQIISALD FCHSHSICHR DLKPENLLLD EKNNIRIADF GMASLQVGDS LLETSCGSPH 
    YACPEVIRGE KYDGRKADVW SCGVILFALL VGALPFDDDN LRQLLEKVKR GVFHMPHFIP 
    PDCQSLLRGM IEVDAARRLT LEHIQKHIWY IGGKNEPEPE QPIPRKVQIR SLPSLEDIDP 
    DVLDSMHSLG CFRDRNKLLQ DLLSEEENQE KMIYFLLLDR KERYPSQEDE DLPPRNEIDP 
    PRKRVDSPML NRHGKRRPER KSMEVLSVTD GGSPVPARRA IEMAQHGQRS RSISGASSGL 
    STSPLSSPRV TPHPSPRGSP LPTPKGTPVH TPKESPAGTP NPTPPSSPSV GGVPWRARLN 
    SIKNSFLGSP RFHRRKLQVP TPEEMSNLTP ESSPELAKKS WFGNFISLEK EEQIFVVIKD 
    KPLSSIKADI VHAFLSIPSL SHSVISQTSF RAEYKATGGP AVFQKPVKFQ VDITYTEGGE 
    AQKENGIYSV TFTLLSGPSR RFKRVVETIQ AQLLSTHDPP AAQHLSDTTN CMEMMTGRLS 
    KCGIIPKS

Genular Protein ID: 1557957110

Symbol: B4DLY3_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 440
  • Mass: 48800
  • Checksum: 8F4190A75EFF3889
  • Sequence:
  • MPHFIPPDCQ SLLRGMIEVD AARRLTLEHI QKHIWYIGGK NEPEPEQPIP RKVQIRSLPS 
    LEDIDPDVLD SMHSLGCFRD RNKLLQDLLS EEENQEKMIY FLLLDRKERY PSQEDEDLPP 
    RNEIDPPRKR VDSPMLNRHG KRRPERKSME VLSVTDGGSP VPARRAIEMA QHGQRSRSIS 
    GASSGLSTSP LSSPRVTPHP SPRGSPLPTP KGTPVHTPKE SPAGTPNPTP PSSPSVGGVP 
    WRARLNSIKN SFLGSPRFHR RKLQVPTPEE MSNLTPESSP ELAKKSWFGN FISLEKEEQI 
    FVVIKDKPLS SIKADIVHAF LSIPSLSHSV ISQTSFRAEY KATGGPAVFQ KPVKFQVDIT 
    YTEGGEAQKE NGIYSVTFTL LSGPSRRFKR VVETIQAQLL STHDPPAAQH LSEPPPPAPG 
    LSWGAGLKGQ KVATSYESSL