Details for: TMEM91

Gene ID: 641649

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: TMEM91

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000142046

Description: transmembrane protein 91

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 10.92
    rCSI 17.88%
    PRS 89.37
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 5.79
    rCSI 7.16%
    PRS 92.96
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 4.32
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 93.52
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 3.77
    rCSI 6.33%
    PRS 85.48
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 3.49
    rCSI 2.32%
    PRS 95.21
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 3.43
    rCSI 5.25%
    PRS 96.83
  • hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001
    CSI 3.35
    rCSI 3.45%
    PRS 97.39
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 2.98
    rCSI 2.42%
    PRS 94.11
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 7.09%
    PRS 89.48
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 2.89
    rCSI 12.52%
    PRS 94.28
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 2.85
    rCSI 3.94%
    PRS 92.02
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 2.82
    rCSI 8.81%
    PRS 86.33
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 2.77
    rCSI 2.33%
    PRS 94
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 2.66
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 95.22
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 3.69%
    PRS 93
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 2.51
    rCSI 2.91%
    PRS 90.23
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 2.45
    rCSI 1.98%
    PRS 95.07
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 2.43
    rCSI 2.14%
    PRS 87.59
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 5.74%
    PRS 95.55
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 4.01%
    PRS 90.93
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 2.26
    rCSI 3.08%
    PRS 89.48
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 3.18%
    PRS 95.36
  • ciliated cell CL0000064
    CSI 2.07
    rCSI 3.35%
    PRS 89.11
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 1.98
    rCSI 3.93%
    PRS 91.8
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.76
    rCSI 2.26%
    PRS 86.3
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 7.59%
    PRS 85.46
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 2.77%
    PRS 86.23
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 1.71
    rCSI 4.33%
    PRS 90.62
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 1.68
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 80.16
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 1.67
    rCSI 4.31%
    PRS 92.73
  • platelet CL0000233
    CSI 1.65
    rCSI 6.84%
    PRS 90.6
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.83%
    PRS 84.8
  • hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell CL0000837
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 3.85%
    PRS 98.09
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 3.38%
    PRS 85.59
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 1.49
    rCSI 8.76%
    PRS 85.73
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 1.34
    rCSI 2.98%
    PRS 97.43
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 31.17%
    PRS 83.18
  • parietal epithelial cell CL1000452
    CSI 1.21
    rCSI 3.23%
    PRS 90.9
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 1.18
    rCSI 28.47%
    PRS 83.04
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 0.97
    rCSI 2.35%
    PRS 83.44
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 0.95
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 86.7
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 0.81
    rCSI 2.35%
    PRS 93.84
  • myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000839
    CSI 0.78
    rCSI 4.04%
    PRS 98.5
  • medium spiny neuron CL1001474
    CSI 0.72
    rCSI 6.17%
    PRS 88.47
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 0.63
    rCSI 3.83%
    PRS 97.64

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.
Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 19q13.2 that encodes Transmembrane Protein 91. It is part of the dispanin/TMEM106 family of proteins, which are characterized by multiple transmembrane domains ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031961)). Functional annotations suggest its involvement in fundamental biological processes, including a specific role in [hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation](/details-cell/GO:0002244). **Overall**, expression data reveals a remarkably specific and high significance score in [choroid plexus epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000706), suggesting a key function in the brain's ventricular system. It also shows notable expression across various progenitor and differentiated cell types, including hematopoietic precursors and diverse epithelial cells, indicating a potentially pleiotropic role in tissue development and maintenance. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) is characterized by a unique distribution across disparate cell lineages. **Overall**, the gene's most significant expression is observed in [choroid plexus epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000706) (CSI: 10.92), where its significance is nearly double that of the next highest cell type. This strongly suggests a specialized function related to the production of cerebrospinal fluid or the maintenance of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. A second prominent functional context is the hematopoietic system. [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) is significantly expressed in primitive hematopoietic cells, including [megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0000050) (CSI: 4.32), [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037) (CSI: 3.49), and [hematopoietic precursor cell](/details-cell/CL0008001) (CSI: 3.35). This pattern extends to more differentiated lineages such as [granulocyte](/details-cell/CL0000094) and [megakaryocyte](/details-cell/CL0000556), which is consistent with its annotated role in hematopoietic differentiation. Beyond these systems, [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) shows broad, moderate significance in various epithelial and structural cells, including [extravillous trophoblast](/details-cell/CL0008036) in the placenta, [epithelial cell of proximal tubule](/details-cell/CL0002306) in the kidney, and [keratinocyte](/details-cell/CL0000312) in the skin. Additionally, its expression in specific neuronal subtypes like [lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023011) and [L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron](/details-cell/CL4023038) points to a potential, albeit less understood, role in the central nervous system outside of the choroid plexus. ## Pathways and Molecular Function Functional annotations indicate that [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) is an integral [membrane](/details-cell/GO:0016020) protein, localized to [intracellular membrane-bounded organelle](/details-cell/GO:0043231). Its molecular function is broadly annotated as [protein binding](/details-cell/GO:0005515), suggesting it operates as part of a larger protein complex to exert its function. The most specific biological process associated with [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) is [hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation](/details-cell/GO:0002244). This annotation is strongly supported by the expression data showing its significance in [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037) and various downstream progenitors, particularly those of the megakaryocyte-erythroid lineage. The gene's widespread expression across multiple tissues, however, implies its involvement in more general cellular processes not yet captured by current annotations. ## Research Directions The diverse expression pattern of [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649), particularly its exceptionally high significance in [choroid plexus epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000706) alongside a clear role in hematopoiesis, presents several avenues for future research. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its extreme expression specificity in [choroid plexus epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000706), [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) may function as a critical transporter or channel protein involved in regulating the ionic composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or facilitating the transport of essential molecules across the blood-CSF barrier. 2. Based on its significance in [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037) and [megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0000050), [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) may act as a cell surface receptor or signaling component that regulates the commitment of stem cells to the erythroid and platelet lineages. Its dysregulation could potentially contribute to myeloproliferative disorders or anemias. **Experimental Approach:** To test the first hypothesis regarding its role in the choroid plexus, a conditional knockout of [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) in mouse choroid plexus epithelial cells could be generated. Subsequent analysis would involve measuring CSF production rates, ion concentrations, and protein content via mass spectrometry. Furthermore, barrier integrity could be assessed by measuring the leakage of fluorescent tracers from the bloodstream into the CSF, providing direct evidence for its role in blood-CSF barrier function. **Therapeutic Potential:** The broad expression of [TMEM91](/details-gene/641649) in several essential tissues, including hematopoietic progenitors, kidney tubules, and neurons, suggests that systemic targeting would likely result in significant toxicity. Therefore, it is a poor candidate for a systemic drug target in its basal state. However, if future studies reveal that it is selectively overexpressed on the surface of specific cancer cells, such as choroid plexus carcinomas or certain leukemias, it could become a viable target for highly specific modalities like antibody-drug conjugates or CAR-T cell therapy, where inhibition would be the desired outcome.

Genular Protein ID: 2658605376

Symbol: TMM91_HUMAN

Name: Transmembrane protein 91

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q6ZNR0 C9J9D1 C9JZ62 C9K046 Q6P434

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 5 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 7 Ensembl 6 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 3 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 1 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PRO 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 RNAct 1 RefSeq 6 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TCDB 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8889548

Title: Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery.

PubMed ID: 8889548

DOI: 10.1101/gr.6.9.791

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15057824

Title: The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19.

PubMed ID: 15057824

DOI: 10.1038/nature02399

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 22363774

Title: The dispanins: a novel gene family of ancient origin that contains 14 human members.

PubMed ID: 22363774

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031961

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 172
  • Mass: 18162
  • Checksum: 5F8CAAC51D662BD3
  • Sequence:
    • MDSPSLRELQ QPLLEGTECE TPAQKPGRHE LGSPLREIAF AESLRGLQFL SPPLPSVSAG 
LGEPRPPDVE DMSSSDSDSD WDGGSRLSPF LPHDHLGLAV FSMLCCFWPV GIAAFCLAQK 
TNKAWAKGDI QGAGAASRRA FLLGVLAVGL GVCTYAAALV TLAAYLASRD PP