Details for: CL0000312

Cell ID: CL0000312

Cell Name: keratinocyte

Marker Score Threshold: 835
(Derived using integrated single-cell and genomic data)

Description: An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

Synonyms: keratinized cell of epidermis, malpighian cell

Genes (max top 100)

(Marker Score score is uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Gene Symbol: ADH7 (ENSG00000196344)
    Fold Change: 3.48
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000196344
  • Gene Symbol: ALDH3A1 (ENSG00000108602)
    Fold Change: 2.71
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000108602
  • Gene Symbol: ACTB (ENSG00000075624)
    Fold Change: 2.66
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000075624
  • Gene Symbol: ACTG1 (ENSG00000184009)
    Fold Change: 2.53
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000184009
  • Gene Symbol: BTF3 (ENSG00000145741)
    Fold Change: 2.5
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000145741
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5PF (ENSG00000154723)
    Fold Change: 2.48
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000154723
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5MC2 (ENSG00000135390)
    Fold Change: 2.46
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135390
  • Gene Symbol: CALM1 (ENSG00000198668)
    Fold Change: 2.43
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198668
  • Gene Symbol: ZFP36L1 (ENSG00000185650)
    Fold Change: 2.43
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000185650
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1E (ENSG00000124172)
    Fold Change: 2.39
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000124172
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA2 (ENSG00000182718)
    Fold Change: 2.39
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000182718
  • Gene Symbol: RHOA (ENSG00000067560)
    Fold Change: 2.32
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000067560
  • Gene Symbol: SLC25A5 (ENSG00000005022)
    Fold Change: 2.31
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000005022
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5MC3 (ENSG00000154518)
    Fold Change: 2.3
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000154518
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1B (ENSG00000110955)
    Fold Change: 2.28
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000110955
  • Gene Symbol: B2M (ENSG00000166710)
    Fold Change: 2.24
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000166710
  • Gene Symbol: RND3 (ENSG00000115963)
    Fold Change: 2.24
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000115963
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1A (ENSG00000152234)
    Fold Change: 2.24
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000152234
  • Gene Symbol: TMEM258 (ENSG00000134825)
    Fold Change: 2.22
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000134825
  • Gene Symbol: ARF5 (ENSG00000004059)
    Fold Change: 2.21
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000004059
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5PO (ENSG00000241837)
    Fold Change: 2.18
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000241837
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA1 (ENSG00000135046)
    Fold Change: 2.18
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135046
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5MC1 (ENSG00000159199)
    Fold Change: 2.15
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000159199
  • Gene Symbol: ARF1 (ENSG00000143761)
    Fold Change: 2.1
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143761
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1C (ENSG00000165629)
    Fold Change: 2.08
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165629
  • Gene Symbol: APRT (ENSG00000198931)
    Fold Change: 2.07
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198931
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5ME (ENSG00000169020)
    Fold Change: 2.05
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000169020
  • Gene Symbol: RHOB (ENSG00000143878)
    Fold Change: 2.03
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143878
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5F1D (ENSG00000099624)
    Fold Change: 2.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000099624
  • Gene Symbol: ATP5PB (ENSG00000116459)
    Fold Change: 2.01
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000116459
  • Gene Symbol: TSPO (ENSG00000100300)
    Fold Change: 1.99
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000100300
  • Gene Symbol: ATOX1 (ENSG00000177556)
    Fold Change: 1.97
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000177556
  • Gene Symbol: AREG (ENSG00000109321)
    Fold Change: 1.93
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000109321
  • Gene Symbol: C1QBP (ENSG00000108561)
    Fold Change: 1.87
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000108561
  • Gene Symbol: ARF4 (ENSG00000168374)
    Fold Change: 1.87
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000168374
  • Gene Symbol: ACTN4 (ENSG00000130402)
    Fold Change: 1.81
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000130402
  • Gene Symbol: ATP6V0B (ENSG00000117410)
    Fold Change: 1.79
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000117410
  • Gene Symbol: BNIP3L (ENSG00000104765)
    Fold Change: 1.77
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104765
  • Gene Symbol: ADM (ENSG00000148926)
    Fold Change: 1.74
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000148926
  • Gene Symbol: ACADVL (ENSG00000072778)
    Fold Change: 1.72
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000072778
  • Gene Symbol: ALDOA (ENSG00000149925)
    Fold Change: 1.69
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000149925
  • Gene Symbol: APLP2 (ENSG00000084234)
    Fold Change: 1.65
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000084234
  • Gene Symbol: ASAH1 (ENSG00000104763)
    Fold Change: 1.63
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104763
  • Gene Symbol: ATP1B1 (ENSG00000143153)
    Fold Change: 1.62
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143153
  • Gene Symbol: BTG1 (ENSG00000133639)
    Fold Change: 1.62
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000133639
  • Gene Symbol: SLC25A6 (ENSG00000169100)
    Fold Change: 1.59
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000169100
  • Gene Symbol: BLVRB (ENSG00000090013)
    Fold Change: 1.58
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000090013
  • Gene Symbol: ALDH2 (ENSG00000111275)
    Fold Change: 1.57
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000111275
  • Gene Symbol: TLE5 (ENSG00000104964)
    Fold Change: 1.57
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104964
  • Gene Symbol: DDR1 (ENSG00000204580)
    Fold Change: 1.56
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000204580
  • Gene Symbol: AQP3 (ENSG00000165272)
    Fold Change: 1.56
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165272
  • Gene Symbol: BNIP3 (ENSG00000176171)
    Fold Change: 1.54
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000176171
  • Gene Symbol: ARF6 (ENSG00000165527)
    Fold Change: 1.53
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165527
  • Gene Symbol: ARHGDIA (ENSG00000141522)
    Fold Change: 1.53
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000141522
  • Gene Symbol: ATF3 (ENSG00000162772)
    Fold Change: 1.52
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000162772
  • Gene Symbol: AUP1 (ENSG00000115307)
    Fold Change: 1.52
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000115307
  • Gene Symbol: ACP1 (ENSG00000143727)
    Fold Change: 1.51
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143727
  • Gene Symbol: ATP6AP1 (ENSG00000071553)
    Fold Change: 1.45
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000071553
  • Gene Symbol: ALOX15B (ENSG00000179593)
    Fold Change: 1.45
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000179593
  • Gene Symbol: AK2 (ENSG00000004455)
    Fold Change: 1.44
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000004455
  • Gene Symbol: ALDH1A1 (ENSG00000165092)
    Fold Change: 1.44
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000165092
  • Gene Symbol: ARHGAP5 (ENSG00000100852)
    Fold Change: 1.34
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000100852
  • Gene Symbol: ALDOC (ENSG00000109107)
    Fold Change: 1.33
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000109107
  • Gene Symbol: ALDH9A1 (ENSG00000143149)
    Fold Change: 1.32
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000143149
  • Gene Symbol: ATRX (ENSG00000085224)
    Fold Change: 1.32
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000085224
  • Gene Symbol: ATP6V1E1 (ENSG00000131100)
    Fold Change: 1.29
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000131100
  • Gene Symbol: BAG1 (ENSG00000107262)
    Fold Change: 1.29
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000107262
  • Gene Symbol: RHOG (ENSG00000177105)
    Fold Change: 1.28
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000177105
  • Gene Symbol: AAMP (ENSG00000127837)
    Fold Change: 1.28
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000127837
  • Gene Symbol: ACTN1 (ENSG00000072110)
    Fold Change: 1.28
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000072110
  • Gene Symbol: KLF5 (ENSG00000102554)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000102554
  • Gene Symbol: ABO (ENSG00000175164)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000175164
  • Gene Symbol: ATF4 (ENSG00000128272)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000128272
  • Gene Symbol: ASPH (ENSG00000198363)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198363
  • Gene Symbol: ATP2A2 (ENSG00000174437)
    Fold Change: 1.27
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000174437
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA11 (ENSG00000122359)
    Fold Change: 1.26
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000122359
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA7 (ENSG00000138279)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000138279
  • Gene Symbol: ADK (ENSG00000156110)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000156110
  • Gene Symbol: ZFP36L2 (ENSG00000152518)
    Fold Change: 1.25
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000152518
  • Gene Symbol: VPS51 (ENSG00000149823)
    Fold Change: 1.24
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000149823
  • Gene Symbol: BSG (ENSG00000172270)
    Fold Change: 1.22
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000172270
  • Gene Symbol: APOE (ENSG00000130203)
    Fold Change: 1.22
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000130203
  • Gene Symbol: AMD1 (ENSG00000123505)
    Fold Change: 1.22
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000123505
  • Gene Symbol: AHCY (ENSG00000101444)
    Fold Change: 1.21
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000101444
  • Gene Symbol: ACAA1 (ENSG00000060971)
    Fold Change: 1.2
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000060971
  • Gene Symbol: ASL (ENSG00000126522)
    Fold Change: 1.19
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000126522
  • Gene Symbol: GET3 (ENSG00000198356)
    Fold Change: 1.18
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198356
  • Gene Symbol: CRYBG1 (ENSG00000112297)
    Fold Change: 1.17
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000112297
  • Gene Symbol: AP1B1 (ENSG00000100280)
    Fold Change: 1.17
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000100280
  • Gene Symbol: ARL1 (ENSG00000120805)
    Fold Change: 1.17
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000120805
  • Gene Symbol: BAD (ENSG00000002330)
    Fold Change: 1.16
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000002330
  • Gene Symbol: ARF3 (ENSG00000134287)
    Fold Change: 1.11
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000134287
  • Gene Symbol: ANXA3 (ENSG00000138772)
    Fold Change: 1.1
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000138772
  • Gene Symbol: ACAT2 (ENSG00000120437)
    Fold Change: 1.09
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000120437
  • Gene Symbol: ARL2 (ENSG00000213465)
    Fold Change: 1.06
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000213465
  • Gene Symbol: CCND1 (ENSG00000110092)
    Fold Change: 1.04
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000110092
  • Gene Symbol: ALDH3A2 (ENSG00000072210)
    Fold Change: 1.04
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000072210
  • Gene Symbol: BAX (ENSG00000087088)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000087088
  • Gene Symbol: ATP6V1A (ENSG00000114573)
    Fold Change: 1.01
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000114573
  • Gene Symbol: JAG1 (ENSG00000101384)
    Fold Change: 1.01
    Ensembl ID: ENSG00000101384
Hovered Details

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Hovered Details

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**Key Characteristics** 1. **Synthesis of Keratin**: Keratinocytes produce keratin, a structural protein that provides strength and rigidity to the skin. 2. **Differentiation**: Keratinocytes undergo a process of differentiation, characterized by changes in morphology, gene expression, and function. 3. **Epidermal Barrier Function**: Keratinocytes form a barrier function that prevents water loss, protects against external pathogens, and regulates the exchange of nutrients and waste products. 4. **Wound Healing**: Keratinocytes play a crucial role in wound healing, as they proliferate and differentiate to form new tissue. 5. **Immune Response**: Keratinocytes are involved in the regulation of immune responses, including the activation of immune cells and the production of cytokines. 6. **Gene Expression**: Keratinocytes regulate gene expression, including the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune response. 7. **Cell Proliferation and Differentiation**: Keratinocytes undergo cell proliferation and differentiation, which are regulated by various signaling pathways. **Clinical Significance** 1. **Skin Disorders**: Keratinocytes are involved in various skin disorders, including psoriasis, eczema, and skin cancer. 2. **Wound Healing**: Impaired keratinocyte function can lead to delayed wound healing, which can result in significant morbidity and mortality. 3. **Immunological Disorders**: Keratinocytes play a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses, and impaired keratinocyte function can lead to immunological disorders, including autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency. 4. **Cancer**: Keratinocytes are involved in the development and progression of skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. 5. **Transplantation**: Keratinocytes are used in skin transplantation, as they can differentiate and form functional skin tissue. **Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms** 1. **ADH7 Gene**: The ADH7 gene is involved in the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation and is associated with skin disorders. 2. **ALDH3A1 Gene**: The ALDH3A1 gene is involved in the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation and is associated with skin disorders. 3. **ACTB Gene**: The ACTB gene is involved in the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation and is associated with skin disorders. 4. **Signaling Pathways**: Keratinocytes are regulated by various signaling pathways, including the MAPK/ERK pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, and the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, keratinocytes are specialized epithelial cells that play a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of the epidermal layer of the skin. Their function is regulated by various genetic and molecular mechanisms, and their dysfunction can lead to various skin disorders and immunological disorders.