Details for: CYTB

Gene ID: 4519

Symbol: CYTB

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000198727

Description: cytochrome b

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 843.5096
    Cell Significance Index: -398.2400
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 836.6686
    Cell Significance Index: -430.3700
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 595.9714
    Cell Significance Index: -399.9100
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 75.9670
    Cell Significance Index: -203.5100
  • Cell Name: glandular epithelial cell (CL0000150)
    Fold Change: 58.6264
    Cell Significance Index: 466.4600
  • Cell Name: Sertoli cell (CL0000216)
    Fold Change: 55.6520
    Cell Significance Index: 780.6000
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: 50.8087
    Cell Significance Index: 1865.1500
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: 48.2217
    Cell Significance Index: 3819.1600
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: 45.5900
    Cell Significance Index: 33426.4200
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: 26.9470
    Cell Significance Index: 397.7400
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 13.2491
    Cell Significance Index: 1353.4000
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 13.1958
    Cell Significance Index: 692.8300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 13.1697
    Cell Significance Index: 358.4700
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: 12.6192
    Cell Significance Index: 143.3600
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 12.5969
    Cell Significance Index: 570.9800
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: 12.1005
    Cell Significance Index: 111.4300
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 11.4465
    Cell Significance Index: 6251.1900
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: 10.4403
    Cell Significance Index: 266.7200
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: 9.6544
    Cell Significance Index: 223.0500
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 9.6476
    Cell Significance Index: 145.3900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 9.1142
    Cell Significance Index: 1251.6300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 8.6688
    Cell Significance Index: 1065.9100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 8.6292
    Cell Significance Index: 248.6300
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 8.2562
    Cell Significance Index: 217.1000
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 7.9960
    Cell Significance Index: 372.8100
  • Cell Name: seromucus secreting cell (CL0000159)
    Fold Change: 7.9760
    Cell Significance Index: 166.3500
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 7.4285
    Cell Significance Index: 959.7100
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 7.3953
    Cell Significance Index: 948.0300
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 7.0412
    Cell Significance Index: 1269.3000
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 6.7021
    Cell Significance Index: 432.3900
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 6.6438
    Cell Significance Index: 495.1600
  • Cell Name: hepatic pit cell (CL2000054)
    Fold Change: 6.5960
    Cell Significance Index: 17.6700
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: 5.5074
    Cell Significance Index: 191.3800
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 5.3670
    Cell Significance Index: 530.9200
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 5.2928
    Cell Significance Index: 575.7000
  • Cell Name: cone retinal bipolar cell (CL0000752)
    Fold Change: 5.0507
    Cell Significance Index: 38.9300
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 4.9856
    Cell Significance Index: 4501.6200
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 4.6568
    Cell Significance Index: 86.0700
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 4.2969
    Cell Significance Index: 75.9300
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: 4.2620
    Cell Significance Index: 3225.9900
  • Cell Name: enterocyte (CL0000584)
    Fold Change: 4.2167
    Cell Significance Index: 26.1600
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 3.9290
    Cell Significance Index: 184.6600
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: 3.6171
    Cell Significance Index: 70.6000
  • Cell Name: interstitial cell of ovary (CL0002094)
    Fold Change: 3.1808
    Cell Significance Index: 40.7400
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 2.7587
    Cell Significance Index: 79.0800
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 2.6510
    Cell Significance Index: 159.1500
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 2.0117
    Cell Significance Index: 104.5000
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 1.9458
    Cell Significance Index: 697.9300
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 1.2659
    Cell Significance Index: 251.2300
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.2359
    Cell Significance Index: 247.9200
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 1.1993
    Cell Significance Index: 42.1400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 1.0301
    Cell Significance Index: 196.0300
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.6487
    Cell Significance Index: 44.8600
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: 0.5424
    Cell Significance Index: 15.9300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.3545
    Cell Significance Index: 57.6600
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: 0.3457
    Cell Significance Index: 9.2300
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: -0.0353
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6000
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.1513
    Cell Significance Index: -43.5200
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.1831
    Cell Significance Index: -344.7200
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.2832
    Cell Significance Index: -522.3600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.3115
    Cell Significance Index: -53.1900
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.3441
    Cell Significance Index: -529.7000
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.3942
    Cell Significance Index: -535.9700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.4975
    Cell Significance Index: -368.5100
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.6124
    Cell Significance Index: -388.9400
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.6810
    Cell Significance Index: -384.0500
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.8323
    Cell Significance Index: -377.7600
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.8630
    Cell Significance Index: -58.0300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.8744
    Cell Significance Index: -546.0400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -1.5118
    Cell Significance Index: -173.2000
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -1.5978
    Cell Significance Index: -89.6600
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -2.0954
    Cell Significance Index: -52.3800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -2.1500
    Cell Significance Index: -452.8500
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -2.3051
    Cell Significance Index: -48.2500
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -2.8084
    Cell Significance Index: -89.9500
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -2.9789
    Cell Significance Index: -433.0200
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -3.1131
    Cell Significance Index: -52.1000
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -3.1664
    Cell Significance Index: -68.6000
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -3.6017
    Cell Significance Index: -375.0200
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -3.7165
    Cell Significance Index: -234.2400
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -4.3502
    Cell Significance Index: -333.8300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -4.7636
    Cell Significance Index: -101.4500
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -4.9289
    Cell Significance Index: -140.6600
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -5.3757
    Cell Significance Index: -80.5500
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -5.4184
    Cell Significance Index: -332.2000
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -5.4608
    Cell Significance Index: -335.6500
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -6.1208
    Cell Significance Index: -309.3300
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -6.2262
    Cell Significance Index: -255.1200
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte (CL0000810)
    Fold Change: -7.2447
    Cell Significance Index: -124.8900
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -7.2643
    Cell Significance Index: -75.2000
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -7.5033
    Cell Significance Index: -200.7100
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -8.6999
    Cell Significance Index: -256.2500
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -8.8397
    Cell Significance Index: -391.0000
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -10.4816
    Cell Significance Index: -367.1900
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -10.7279
    Cell Significance Index: -222.5400
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -10.7306
    Cell Significance Index: -406.3400
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: -10.9604
    Cell Significance Index: -130.6600
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -11.1333
    Cell Significance Index: -364.5100
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -11.3131
    Cell Significance Index: -360.3100
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -11.3975
    Cell Significance Index: -292.9700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** CYTB is a mitochondrial protein belonging to the cytochrome c family, which is a group of electron transport chain (ETC) proteins. It is a transmembrane protein, spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is integral to the ETC complex III. CYTB is a heme-containing protein, with a unique structure that allows it to bind and transfer electrons during the ETC process. This protein is highly conserved across species, from yeast to humans, and its expression is widespread in various cell types, including immune cells. **Pathways and Functions:** CYTB is involved in several critical signaling pathways that regulate cellular responses to environmental stressors and metabolic processes. These pathways include: 1. **Electron Transport Coupled Proton Transport:** CYTB is a key component of the ETC complex III, which generates a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is essential for ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. 2. **Metal Ion Binding:** CYTB binds and regulates the activity of various metal ions, including copper, zinc, and iron, which are essential for ETC function. 3. **Response to Environmental Stressors:** CYTB is involved in responding to various environmental stressors, including cadmium, calcium, cobalamin, copper, ethanol, glucagon, hyperoxia, hypoxia, mercury, and xenobiotics. 4. **Cellular Respiration:** CYTB is essential for cellular respiration, as it participates in the transfer of electrons during the ETC process, generating ATP and reducing oxygen. 5. **Ubiquinol-Cytochrome-C Reductase Activity:** CYTB is involved in the regulation of ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity, which is essential for the ETC process. **Significantly Expressed Cells:** CYTB is highly expressed in various cell types, including: 1. **Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells:** CYTB is essential for muscle regeneration and function. 2. **Microglial Cells:** CYTB is involved in immune responses and neuroinflammation. 3. **Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells:** CYTB regulates vascular tone and blood pressure. 4. **Cardiac Muscle Cells:** CYTB is essential for cardiac function and metabolism. 5. **Pancreatic Ductal Cells:** CYTB regulates glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of CYTB has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Mitochondrial Disorders:** Mutations in CYTB can lead to mitochondrial disorders, such as MELAS syndrome and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. 2. **Neurodegenerative Diseases:** CYTB has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. 3. **Cardiovascular Diseases:** CYTB regulates cardiac function and metabolism, making it a potential target for cardiovascular disease treatment. 4. **Cancer:** CYTB has been implicated in cancer development and progression, particularly in the context of mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, CYTB is a critical protein that plays a vital role in cellular respiration, energy production, and immune function. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, highlighting the importance of understanding the complex interactions between CYTB and its regulatory pathways. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the role of CYTB in human health and disease.

Genular Protein ID: 892967728

Symbol: CYB_HUMAN

Name: Cytochrome b

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7219534

Title: Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome.

PubMed ID: 7219534

DOI: 10.1038/290457a0

PubMed ID: 10508508

Title: Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA.

PubMed ID: 10508508

DOI: 10.1038/13779

PubMed ID: 7623448

Title: Novel mutations in mitochondrial cytochrome b in fatal post partum cardiomyopathy.

PubMed ID: 7623448

DOI: 10.1007/bf00711378

PubMed ID: 7530363

Title: Recent African origin of modern humans revealed by complete sequences of hominoid mitochondrial DNAs.

PubMed ID: 7530363

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.2.532

PubMed ID: 11130070

Title: Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans.

PubMed ID: 11130070

DOI: 10.1038/35047064

PubMed ID: 11553319

Title: Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions.

PubMed ID: 11553319

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-2-13

PubMed ID: 12022039

Title: Mitochondrial genome diversity of native Americans supports a single early entry of founder populations into America.

PubMed ID: 12022039

DOI: 10.1086/341358

PubMed ID: 6100559

Title: Serendipitous cloning of a mitochondrial cDNA and its polymorphism.

PubMed ID: 6100559

PubMed ID: 11047755

Title: Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy and complex III deficiency associated with a stop-codon mutation in the cytochrome b gene.

PubMed ID: 11047755

DOI: 10.1086/316900

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 1757091

Title: Normal variants of human mitochondrial DNA and translation products: the building of a reference data base.

PubMed ID: 1757091

DOI: 10.1007/bf00206061

PubMed ID: 1732158

Title: Mitochondrial DNA complex I and III mutations associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

PubMed ID: 1732158

DOI: 10.1093/genetics/130.1.163

PubMed ID: 8910895

Title: A novel gly290asp mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation linked to a complex III deficiency in progressive exercise intolerance.

PubMed ID: 8910895

DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1996.0053

PubMed ID: 9818877

Title: Missense mutation in the mtDNA cytochrome b gene in a patient with myopathy.

PubMed ID: 9818877

DOI: 10.1212/wnl.51.5.1444

PubMed ID: 9806551

Title: Somatic mutations of the mitochondrial genome in human colorectal tumours.

PubMed ID: 9806551

DOI: 10.1038/3108

PubMed ID: 10453733

Title: A mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation but no mutations of nuclearly encoded subunits in ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase (complex III) deficiency.

PubMed ID: 10453733

DOI: 10.1007/s004390050988

PubMed ID: 10502593

Title: Exercise intolerance due to mutations in the cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA.

PubMed ID: 10502593

DOI: 10.1056/nejm199909303411404

PubMed ID: 10960495

Title: A missense mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in a revisited case with histiocytoid cardiomyopathy.

PubMed ID: 10960495

DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200009000-00008

PubMed ID: 11601507

Title: Multisystem disorder associated with a missense mutation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.

PubMed ID: 11601507

DOI: 10.1002/ana.1224

PubMed ID: 11464242

Title: Functional characterization of novel mutations in the human cytochrome b gene.

PubMed ID: 11464242

DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200678

PubMed ID: 11891837

Title: Septo-optic dysplasia associated with a new mitochondrial cytochrome b mutation.

PubMed ID: 11891837

DOI: 10.1002/ana.10151

PubMed ID: 12905068

Title: Association of the mitochondrial DNA 15497G/A polymorphism with obesity in a middle-aged and elderly Japanese population.

PubMed ID: 12905068

DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-0983-8

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 380
  • Mass: 42718
  • Checksum: 600E520C262E5498
  • Sequence:
  • MTPMRKTNPL MKLINHSFID LPTPSNISAW WNFGSLLGAC LILQITTGLF LAMHYSPDAS 
    TAFSSIAHIT RDVNYGWIIR YLHANGASMF FICLFLHIGR GLYYGSFLYS ETWNIGIILL 
    LATMATAFMG YVLPWGQMSF WGATVITNLL SAIPYIGTDL VQWIWGGYSV DSPTLTRFFT 
    FHFILPFIIA ALATLHLLFL HETGSNNPLG ITSHSDKITF HPYYTIKDAL GLLLFLLSLM 
    TLTLFSPDLL GDPDNYTLAN PLNTPPHIKP EWYFLFAYTI LRSVPNKLGG VLALLLSILI 
    LAMIPILHMS KQQSMMFRPL SQSLYWLLAA DLLILTWIGG QPVSYPFTII GQVASVLYFT 
    TILILMPTIS LIENKMLKWA

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.