Details for: ARHGEF26

Gene ID: 26084

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: ARHGEF26

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000114790

Description: Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 26

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 17.46
    rCSI 31.26%
    PRS 84.12
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 11.45
    rCSI 25.68%
    PRS 69.49
  • centrilobular region hepatocyte CL0019029
    CSI 9.41
    rCSI 24.56%
    PRS 82.33
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI 5.63
    rCSI 18.02%
    PRS 82.68
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 5.23
    rCSI 4.86%
    PRS 85.74
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 4.97
    rCSI 11.35%
    PRS 77.01
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 4.93
    rCSI 6.74%
    PRS 76.3
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 4.67
    rCSI 7.46%
    PRS 76.68
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 4.33
    rCSI 3.21%
    PRS 79.35
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 4.29
    rCSI 19.04%
    PRS 85.62
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 4.07
    rCSI 6.66%
    PRS 75.61
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI 3.98
    rCSI 5.11%
    PRS 75.61
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 3.71
    rCSI 5.9%
    PRS 78.61
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 3.63
    rCSI 7.36%
    PRS 64.99
  • Schwann cell CL0002573
    CSI 3.63
    rCSI 10.31%
    PRS 80.61
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 3.45
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 84.12
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 3.39
    rCSI 7.96%
    PRS 83.83
  • periportal region hepatocyte CL0019026
    CSI 3.32
    rCSI 12.92%
    PRS 83.22
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 3.3
    rCSI 2.61%
    PRS 75.4
  • mature astrocyte CL0002627
    CSI 3.28
    rCSI 13.93%
    PRS 77.47
  • pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell CL0002062
    CSI 3.08
    rCSI 17.77%
    PRS 81.33
  • plasma cell CL0000786
    CSI 3.07
    rCSI 4.02%
    PRS 93.8
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 3.07
    rCSI 7.01%
    PRS 85.82
  • intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538
    CSI 3.03
    rCSI 7.26%
    PRS 87.23
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 2.96
    rCSI 2.48%
    PRS 86.79
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 10.88%
    PRS 78.27
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 2.88
    rCSI 3.59%
    PRS 85.35
  • enteroglial cell CL4040002
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 14.73%
    PRS 85.41
  • B cell CL0000236
    CSI 2.77
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 89.09
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 2.72
    rCSI 2.98%
    PRS 86.45
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 2.63
    rCSI 5.28%
    PRS 76.61
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 2.37
    rCSI 3.04%
    PRS 87.44
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 2.28
    rCSI 4.53%
    PRS 80.88
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI 2.15
    rCSI 3.92%
    PRS 76.97
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 5.29%
    PRS 85.21
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 5.04%
    PRS 87.81
  • epithelial cell CL0000066
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 3.23%
    PRS 73.53
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 2.02
    rCSI 3.56%
    PRS 80.33
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 2.33%
    PRS 68.73
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 1.94
    rCSI 3.06%
    PRS 85.89
  • macroglial cell CL0000126
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 4.81%
    PRS 81.07
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 1.74%
    PRS 79.5
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI 1.78
    rCSI 8.52%
    PRS 84.94
  • monocyte CL0000576
    CSI 1.77
    rCSI 3.19%
    PRS 87.97
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 1.77
    rCSI 2.84%
    PRS 69.98
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 12.68%
    PRS 73.63
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 1.72
    rCSI 3.78%
    PRS 90.27
  • glial cell CL0000125
    CSI 1.65
    rCSI 6.29%
    PRS 76.6
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 1.57
    rCSI 2.52%
    PRS 75.87
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 1.43
    rCSI 3.63%
    PRS 76.58
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.35
    rCSI 1.56%
    PRS 78.15
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 1.19
    rCSI 2.09%
    PRS 68.13
  • GABAergic amacrine cell CL4030027
    CSI 1.16
    rCSI 3.97%
    PRS 71.16
  • forebrain radial glial cell CL0013000
    CSI 1.04
    rCSI 3.33%
    PRS 85.46
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 0.46
    rCSI 10.9%
    PRS 66.49
  • enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine CL1000334
    CSI 0.39
    rCSI 6.05%
    PRS 90.41
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 0.34
    rCSI 8.31%
    PRS 66.97

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084), or Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 26, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 3q25.2. It functions as a guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), specifically activating small GTPases of the Rho family, including RhoG and Cdc42. By catalyzing the exchange of GDP for GTP, [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) plays a crucial role in signal transduction pathways that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Expression data indicates that **Overall**, [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) is a highly significant gene in diverse, structurally complex cell types, with its most prominent expression observed in [hepatocyte](/details-cell/CL0000182) and various glial cells, including [astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605), suggesting fundamental roles in liver biology and nervous system architecture. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) highlights its importance in non-hematopoietic cells requiring dynamic cytoskeletal regulation. **Overall**, the gene shows its highest significance in [hepatocyte](/details-cell/CL0000182) (CSI: 17.46) and its subtype, the [centrilobular region hepatocyte](/details-cell/CL0019029) (CSI: 9.41), pointing to a primary role in maintaining the complex cellular architecture and metabolic functions of the liver. A second major functional cluster is within the nervous system. [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) is a significant gene in multiple glial and neuronal cell types, including [astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605) (CSI: 11.45), [cardiac neuron](/details-cell/CL0010022) (CSI: 5.63), [Mueller cell](/details-cell/CL0000636) (CSI: 4.97) of the retina, [Bergmann glial cell](/details-cell/CL0000644) of the cerebellum, and peripheral [Schwann cell](/details-cell/CL0002573). This broad expression across the central and peripheral nervous systems suggests a conserved role in regulating the morphology and function of these support cells. Additionally, [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) is significantly expressed in various mesenchymal and epithelial cells, such as [fibroblast of lung](/details-cell/CL0002553), [podocyte](/details-cell/CL0000653) in the kidney, and [melanocyte](/details-cell/CL0000148). The commonality among these cell types is their complex morphology and reliance on the actin cytoskeleton for structure and function, consistent with the gene's known molecular activities. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The primary molecular function of [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) is its [guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity](/details-go/GO:0005085), which is central to its role in cellular signaling. It acts as a molecular switch, activating small GTPases by promoting GTP binding. This activity directly feeds into several key signaling pathways: * **Rho GTPase Signaling:** [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) is an integral component of the [Rho gtpase cycle](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9012999) and has been specifically shown to activate RhoG ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-02-0146)). Its involvement is annotated in pathways such as [Signaling by rho gtpases](/details-pathway/R-HSA-194315), the [Rhog gtpase cycle](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9013408), and the [Cdc42 gtpase cycle](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9013148). * **Actin Cytoskeleton Regulation:** The activation of Rho GTPases by [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) culminates in the [regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization](/details-go/GO:0032956). This is manifested physically through processes like [endothelial cell morphogenesis](/details-go/GO:0001886) and the formation of membrane protrusions like ruffles ([Ruffle assembly](/details-go/GO:0097178)), where the protein is localized ([GO:0001726](/details-go/GO:0001726)). Research has directly implicated [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) in stimulating macropinocytosis, a large-scale endocytic process dependent on massive actin rearrangement ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-02-0146)). * **Upstream Signal Integration:** The gene product also functions downstream of G-protein coupled receptors ([Gpcr downstream signalling](/details-pathway/R-HSA-388396)) and is involved in [death receptor signaling](/details-pathway/R-HSA-73887). This suggests [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) acts as a nexus, translating extracellular cues into cytoskeletal responses and cell fate decisions. This functional profile aligns perfectly with its high expression in morphologically complex cells like hepatocytes and astrocytes, which require precise control over their actin networks for maintaining polarity, cell-cell junctions, and cellular processes. ## Research Directions The specific and high-level expression of [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) in distinct cell types, combined with its role as a critical signaling node, presents several avenues for future investigation. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its exceptionally high CSI in [hepatocyte](/details-cell/CL0000182) and its function in actin regulation, [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) may be a master regulator of hepatocyte polarity and the structural integrity of the bile canalicular network. Its dysregulation could be a key event in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases or hepatoblastoma, where its expression has been noted to be high ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207782)). 2. The gene's strong significance in [astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605) and [Schwann cell](/details-cell/CL0002573) suggests it is essential for glial process extension and motility. [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) may therefore regulate astrocyte-synapse interactions or the process of myelination, and its dysfunction could contribute to neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders. 3. Based on its annotated role in [endothelial cell morphogenesis](/details-go/GO:0001886) and a study linking it to leukocyte transmigration ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200612053)), [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) likely controls endothelial barrier function and vascular permeability during inflammation. **Experimental Approach:** To test the hypothesis regarding its role in hepatocyte function, a compelling experiment would be to use a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout or shRNA-mediated knockdown of [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) in a 3D organoid culture of primary human hepatocytes. The effect on hepatocyte polarity and bile canaliculi formation could be quantitatively assessed using high-content imaging of fluorescently labeled actin (phalloidin) and MRP2, a canalicular transport protein. A functional readout, such as the transport and excretion of a fluorescent bile acid analog, would directly test the integrity of the network. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a GEF, [ARHGEF26](/details-gene/26084) has enzymatic activity, making it a potentially druggable target for small molecule inhibitors. Its high expression in hepatoblastoma suggests it could be a target for cancer therapy. An inhibitor that blocks the GEF catalytic domain could suppress the pro-migratory and pro-proliferative signaling driven by its downstream Rho GTPase effectors. However, given its high expression in healthy hepatocytes and glial cells, a therapeutic strategy would need to carefully consider on-target toxicity. Development of tumor-specific delivery systems or inhibitors that target a cancer-specific conformation of the protein would be necessary to achieve a suitable therapeutic window. Therefore, inhibition is the more likely therapeutic strategy, primarily in oncological contexts.

Genular Protein ID: 988454001

Symbol: ARHGQ_HUMAN

Name: Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 26

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 12697679

Title: Isolation of the novel human guanine nucleotide exchange factor Src homology 3 domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (SGEF) and of C-terminal SGEF, an N-terminally truncated form of SGEF, the expression of which is regulated by androgen in prostate cancer cells.

PubMed ID: 12697679

DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-220984

PubMed ID: 15133129

Title: SGEF, a RhoG guanine nucleotide exchange factor that stimulates macropinocytosis.

PubMed ID: 15133129

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-02-0146

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15221005

Title: Expression profiling and differential screening between hepatoblastomas and the corresponding normal livers: identification of high expression of the PLK1 oncogene as a poor-prognostic indicator of hepatoblastomas.

PubMed ID: 15221005

DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207782

PubMed ID: 16641997

Title: The DNA sequence, annotation and analysis of human chromosome 3.

PubMed ID: 16641997

DOI: 10.1038/nature04728

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 17074883

Title: Differential activation and function of Rho GTPases during Salmonella-host cell interactions.

PubMed ID: 17074883

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200605144

PubMed ID: 17875742

Title: RhoG regulates endothelial apical cup assembly downstream from ICAM1 engagement and is involved in leukocyte trans-endothelial migration.

PubMed ID: 17875742

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200612053

PubMed ID: 19690332

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.

PubMed ID: 19690332

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007

PubMed ID: 21406692

Title: System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.

PubMed ID: 21406692

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001570

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 871
  • Mass: 97346
  • Checksum: E6EB57BAE7DD224B
  • Sequence:
  • MDGESEVDFS SNSITPLWRR RSIPQPHQVL GRSKPRPQSY QSPNGLLITD FPVEDGGTLL 
    AAQIPAQVPT ASDSRTVHRS PLLLGAQRRA VANGGTASPE YRAASPRLRR PKSPKLPKAV 
    PGGSPKSPAN GAVTLPAPPP PPVLRPPRTP NAPAPCTPEE DLTGLTASPV PSPTANGLAA 
    NNDSPGSGSQ SGRKAKDPER GLFPGPQKSS SEQKLPLQRL PSQENELLEN PSVVLSTNSP 
    AALKVGKQQI IPKSLASEIK ISKSNNQNVE PHKRLLKVRS MVEGLGGPLG HAGEESEVDN 
    DVDSPGSLRR GLRSTSYRRA VVSGFDFDSP TSSKKKNRMS QPVLKVVMED KEKFSSLGRI 
    KKKMLKGQGT FDGEENAVLY QNYKEKALDI DSDEESEPKE QKSDEKIVIH HKPLRSTWSQ 
    LSAVKRKGLS QTVSQEERKR QEAIFEVISS EHSYLLSLEI LIRMFKNSKE LSDTMTKTER 
    HHLFSNITDV CEASKKFFIE LEARHQNNIF IDDISDIVEK HTASTFDPYV KYCTNEVYQQ 
    RTLQKLLATN PSFKEVLSRI ESHEDCRNLP MISFLILPMQ RVTRLPLLMD TICQKTPKDS 
    PKYEVCKRAL KEVSKLVRLC NEGARKMERT EMMYTINSQL EFKIKPFPLV SSSRWLVKRG 
    ELTAYVEDTV LFSRRTSKQQ VYFFLFNDVL IITKKKSEES YNVNDYSLRD QLLVESCDNE 
    ELNSSPGKNS STMLYSRQSS ASHLFTLTVL SNHANEKVEM LLGAETQSER ARWITALGHS 
    SGKPPADRTS LTQVEIVRSF TAKQPDELSL QVADVVLIYQ RVSDGWYEGE RLRDGERGWF 
    PMECAKEITC QATIDKNVER MGRLLGLETN V

Genular Protein ID: 3491542993

Symbol: B3KXG0_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 871
  • Mass: 97252
  • Checksum: B9CF695B80579F56
  • Sequence:
  • MDGESEVDFS SNSITPLWRR RSIPQPHQLL GRSKPRPQSY QSPNGLLITD FPVEDGGTLS 
    AAQIPAQVPT ASDSRTVHRS PLLLGAQRRA VANGGTASPE YRAASPRLRR PKSPKLPKAV 
    PGGSPKSPAN GAVTLPAPPP PPVLRPPRTP NAPAPCTPEE DLTGLTASPV PSPTANGLAA 
    NNDSPGSGSQ SGRKAKDPER GLFPGPQKSS SEQKLPLQRL PSQENELLEN PSVVLSTNSP 
    AALKVGKQQI IPKSLASEIK ISKSNNQNVE PHKRLLKVRS MVEGLGGPLG HAGEESEVDN 
    DVDSPGSLRR GLRSTSYRRA VVSGFDFDSP TSSKKKNRMS QPVLKVVMED KEKFSSLGRI 
    KKKMLKGQGT FDGEENAVLY QNYKEKALDI DSDEESEPKE QKSDEKIVIH HKPLRSTWSQ 
    LSAVKRKGLS QTVSQEERKR QEAIFEVISS EHSYLLSLEI MIRMFKNSKE LSDTMTKTER 
    HHLFSNITDV CEASKKFFIE LEARHQNNIF IDDISDIVEK HTASTFDPYV KYCTNEVYQQ 
    RTLQKLLATN PSFKEVLSRI ESHEDCRNLP MISFLILPMQ RVTRLPLLMD TICQKTPKDS 
    PKYEVCKRAL KEVSKLVRLC NEGARKMERT EMMYTINSQL EFKIKPFPLV SSSRWLVKRG 
    ELTAYVEDTV LFSRRTSKQQ VYFFLFNDVL IITKKKSEES YNVNDYSLRD QLLVESCDNE 
    ELNSSPGKNS STMLYSRQSS ASHLFTLTVL SNHANEKVEM LLGAETQSER ARSITALGHS 
    SGKPPADRTS LTQVEIVRSF TAKQPDELSL QVADVVLIYQ RVSDGWYEGE RLRDGERGWF 
    PMECAKEITC QATIDKNVER MGRLLGLETN V