Details for: SGSM1

Gene ID: 129049

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: SGSM1

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000167037

Description: small G protein signaling modulator 1

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 22.46
    rCSI 28.95%
    PRS 92.04
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 17.38
    rCSI 42.25%
    PRS 89.92
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 14.5
    rCSI 18.04%
    PRS 90
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 13.53
    rCSI 42.27%
    PRS 92.03
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 12.45
    rCSI 44.79%
    PRS 90.15
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 12.22
    rCSI 20.52%
    PRS 91.61
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 11.89
    rCSI 44.94%
    PRS 91.35
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 10.26
    rCSI 14.03%
    PRS 95.38
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 9.61
    rCSI 11.48%
    PRS 91.48
  • L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030059
    CSI 9.14
    rCSI 19.84%
    PRS 89.97
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 8.21
    rCSI 7.29%
    PRS 95.82
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 7.67
    rCSI 15.56%
    PRS 86.81
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 7.53
    rCSI 44.32%
    PRS 91.52
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 7.47
    rCSI 11.91%
    PRS 93.17
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 7.12
    rCSI 16.44%
    PRS 92.49
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI 7.03
    rCSI 28.66%
    PRS 92.28
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 6.84
    rCSI 21.39%
    PRS 93.01
  • L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030067
    CSI 6.3
    rCSI 20.71%
    PRS 90.32
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 6.03
    rCSI 44.31%
    PRS 93.35
  • L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030063
    CSI 5.36
    rCSI 12.83%
    PRS 91.2
  • neuron CL0000540
    CSI 5.27
    rCSI 14.05%
    PRS 89.16
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 4.97
    rCSI 8.78%
    PRS 91.26
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 4.96
    rCSI 8.13%
    PRS 94.06
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 4.91
    rCSI 9.85%
    PRS 94.69
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 4.72
    rCSI 7.22%
    PRS 96.87
  • neural cell CL0002319
    CSI 4.52
    rCSI 17.06%
    PRS 88.96
  • Schwann cell CL0002573
    CSI 4.47
    rCSI 12.7%
    PRS 95.09
  • parietal epithelial cell CL1000452
    CSI 4.46
    rCSI 11.93%
    PRS 94.96
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 9.51%
    PRS 96.77
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 4.25
    rCSI 6.84%
    PRS 91.85
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 7.36%
    PRS 95.42
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 3.04%
    PRS 95.47
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 3.88
    rCSI 5.57%
    PRS 92.58
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI 3.83
    rCSI 12.34%
    PRS 94.63
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 3.71
    rCSI 5.07%
    PRS 93.23
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 3.77%
    PRS 97.46
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 6.06%
    PRS 94.91
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 3.47
    rCSI 5.09%
    PRS 94.25
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 3.46
    rCSI 7.65%
    PRS 91.8
  • glutamatergic neuron CL0000679
    CSI 3.45
    rCSI 7.09%
    PRS 89.8
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 3.16
    rCSI 8.18%
    PRS 95.93
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 3.16
    rCSI 3.11%
    PRS 97.27
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 2.99
    rCSI 7.41%
    PRS 98.01
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 2.97
    rCSI 8.6%
    PRS 92.72
  • dopaminergic neuron CL0000700
    CSI 2.94
    rCSI 16.61%
    PRS 91.03
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI 2.88
    rCSI 9.66%
    PRS 89.38
  • macroglial cell CL0000126
    CSI 2.85
    rCSI 7.32%
    PRS 94.61
  • GABAergic amacrine cell CL4030027
    CSI 2.81
    rCSI 9.63%
    PRS 89.54
  • tuft cell of colon CL0009041
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 96.83
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 2.68
    rCSI 3.79%
    PRS 96.16
  • renal beta-intercalated cell CL0002201
    CSI 2.65
    rCSI 6.32%
    PRS 96.78
  • lung neuroendocrine cell CL1000223
    CSI 2.65
    rCSI 3.91%
    PRS 96.93
  • renal interstitial pericyte CL1001318
    CSI 2.59
    rCSI 7.14%
    PRS 96.39
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 2.48
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 94.51
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 2.01
    rCSI 48.09%
    PRS 89.25
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 1.99
    rCSI 47.93%
    PRS 89.02
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.59%
    PRS 94.04
  • serotonergic neuron CL0000850
    CSI 1.68
    rCSI 7.5%
    PRS 87.89
  • medium spiny neuron CL1001474
    CSI 1.55
    rCSI 13.34%
    PRS 92.59
  • cerebellar neuron CL1001611
    CSI 0.87
    rCSI 7.63%
    PRS 89.7
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 4.37%
    PRS 93.44
  • kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000849
    CSI 0.49
    rCSI 5.16%
    PRS 94.65

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary Analyzed for its specificity using the Cell Significance Index (CSI) Z-Score, **Small G protein signaling modulator 1 (SGSM1)** does not appear to serve as a specific marker for any single cell type. The expression data, characterized by non-significant Z-scores across a wide range of cells, suggests that `SGSM1` is a broadly expressed gene. Its known function as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for small GTPases is consistent with a role in fundamental cellular processes, such as vesicle trafficking, common to many different cell lineages. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of `SGSM1`, when assessed for cell-type specificity, reveals a pattern of broad, rather than enriched, expression. In the **Overall** context, the CSI (Z-SCORE) is 0.00 with non-significant p-values (p > 0.05) across all listed cell types. This indicates that the expression of `SGSM1` in these cells is not statistically distinguishable from the average expression across all cell populations, meaning it is not a defining marker for any of them. Despite its lack of specificity, `SGSM1` shows notable expression levels, as suggested by its high Percentile Rank Scores (PRS), often exceeding 90%. This implies that while not uniquely expressed, it is a relatively abundant transcript in many cells. Its expression is observed in functionally diverse cell types from different tissues, including various neuronal subtypes like [sst GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023017) and [L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron](/details-cell/CL4023040), as well as epithelial cells such as the [enteroendocrine cell](/details-cell/CL0000164) and [intestine goblet cell](/details-cell/CL0019031). This widespread expression across both the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract reinforces the hypothesis that `SGSM1` participates in a core, housekeeping-like function essential for many cell types, rather than a specialized role that defines cellular identity. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The broad expression pattern of `SGSM1` is well-aligned with its established molecular functions. As a member of the Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) domain family, `SGSM1` functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP), modulating the activity of small GTPases (PubMed: 17509819). Specifically, it has been shown to possess Rab3A-GAP activity (PubMed: 19077034), implicating it in the regulation of vesicle transport and exocytosis. This function is reflected in its Gene Ontology annotations, which include [Gtpase activator activity (GO:0005096)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005096) and [small gtpase binding (GO:0031267)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0031267). Rab GTPases are master regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, a fundamental process required by nearly all eukaryotic cells for protein secretion, endocytosis, and organelle maintenance. The localization of the SGSM1 protein to the [cytoplasm (GO:0005737)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005737), [cytoplasmic vesicle membrane (GO:0030659)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0030659), and [Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794)](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005794) further supports its involvement in these essential trafficking pathways. Therefore, its widespread cellular expression is a logical consequence of its role in a ubiquitous and critical cellular mechanism. ## Research Directions The broad yet significant expression of `SGSM1` suggests it may be a key regulator of core cellular machinery. Future research should focus on elucidating its specific Rab targets in different cellular contexts and its potential role in pathological states where trafficking pathways are dysregulated. ### Testable Hypotheses: 1. **`SGSM1` is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release by modulating synaptic vesicle cycling in a non-cell-type-specific manner.** Its expression in diverse neuronal populations, including both inhibitory and excitatory neurons, suggests a general role in synaptic function. * **Experimental Approach:** Utilize CRISPR-mediated knockdown of `SGSM1` in mixed primary cortical neuron cultures. Assess the rate of synaptic vesicle endocytosis and exocytosis using pHluorin-based imaging assays and measure spontaneous and evoked postsynaptic currents via patch-clamp electrophysiology to determine its impact on synaptic transmission. 2. **In the intestinal epithelium, `SGSM1` coordinates the secretory functions of multiple cell types.** Its expression in both [enteroendocrine cells](/details-cell/CL0000164) and [intestine goblet cells](/details-cell/CL0019031) suggests it may regulate the trafficking of distinct secretory vesicles (hormone-containing dense-core granules and mucin-containing vesicles, respectively). * **Experimental Approach:** Generate intestinal organoids with a conditional `SGSM1` knockout specific to the epithelial lineage. Use immunofluorescence to observe the subcellular localization and accumulation of hormone granules (e.g., Chromogranin A) and mucins (e.g., MUC2). Quantify hormone and mucin secretion into the culture medium using ELISA following stimulation. 3. **`SGSM1` expression in [glioblast (CL0000030)](/details-cell/CL0000030) contributes to tumor cell invasion by regulating Rab-mediated trafficking of integrins or metalloproteinases.** Dysregulation of intracellular trafficking is a hallmark of cancer, and SGSM1 could be a facilitator of the cellular processes required for metastasis. * **Experimental Approach:** Inhibit `SGSM1` in a glioblastoma cell line (e.g., U87 MG) using shRNA. Assess changes in cell surface levels of key integrins (e.g., β1-integrin) via flow cytometry and evaluate the cells' invasive capacity using a Matrigel-coated Boyden chamber assay. ### Therapeutic Potential: Given its ubiquitous expression, systemically targeting `SGSM1` would likely cause significant off-target effects. However, if its activity is found to be selectively critical for pathological processes, such as the invasive phenotype of glioblastoma, it could represent a context-dependent therapeutic target. Development of small molecule inhibitors would need to be coupled with targeted delivery strategies to minimize systemic toxicity and maximize efficacy within the tumor microenvironment.

Genular Protein ID: 2955861933

Symbol: SGSM1_HUMAN

Name: Small G protein signaling modulator 1

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 17509819

Title: Identification of three novel proteins (SGSM1, 2, 3) which modulate small G protein (RAP and RAB)-mediated signaling pathway.

PubMed ID: 17509819

DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.03.013

PubMed ID: 19077034

Title: Identification and characterization of a novel Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16 (TBC) protein that possesses Rab3A-GAP activity.

PubMed ID: 19077034

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01251.x

PubMed ID: 11853319

Title: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XXII. The complete sequences of 50 new cDNA clones which code for large proteins.

PubMed ID: 11853319

DOI: 10.1093/dnares/8.6.319

PubMed ID: 10591208

Title: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.

PubMed ID: 10591208

DOI: 10.1038/990031

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 22637480

Title: RUTBC2 protein, a Rab9A effector and GTPase-activating protein for Rab36.

PubMed ID: 22637480

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.362558

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 1148
  • Mass: 129718
  • Checksum: D619F453BA914376
  • Sequence:
  • MASAPAEAET RQRLLRTVKK EVKQIMEEAV TRKFVHEDSS HIISFCAAVE ACVLHGLRRR 
    AAGFLRSNKI AALFMKVGKN FPPAEDLSRK VQDLEQLIES ARNQIQGLQE NVRKLPKLPN 
    LSPLAIKHLW IRTALFEKVL DKIVHYLVEN SSKYYEKEAL LMDPVDGPIL ASLLVGPCAL 
    EYTKMKTADH FWTDPSADEL VQRHRIHSSH VRQDSPTKRP ALCIQKRHSS GSMDDRPSLS 
    ARDYVESLHQ NSRATLLYGK NNVLVQPRDD MEAVPGYLSL HQTADVMTLK WTPNQLMNGS 
    VGDLDYEKSV YWDYAMTIRL EEIVYLHCHQ QVDSGGTVVL VSQDGIQRPP FRFPKGGHLL 
    QFLSCLENGL LPHGQLDPPL WSQRGKGKVF PKLRKRSPQG SAESTSSDKD DDEATDYVFR 
    IIYPGMQSEF VAPDFLGSTS SVSVGPAWMM VPAGRSMLVV ARGSQWEPAR WDTTLPTPSP 
    KEQPPMPQDL MDVSVSNLPS LWQPSPRKSS CSSCSQSGSA DGSSTNGCNH ERAPLKLLCD 
    NMKYQILSRA FYGWLAYCRH LSTVRTHLSA LVNHMIVSPD LPCDAGQGLT ARIWEQYLHD 
    STSYEEQELL RLIYYGGIQP EIRKAVWPFL LGHYQFGMTE TERKEVDEQI HACYAQTMAE 
    WLGCEAIVRQ RERESHAAAL AKCSSGASLD SHLHRMLHRD STISNESSQS CSSGRQNIRL 
    HSDSSSSTQV FESVDEVEQV EAEGRLEEKQ PKIPNGNLVN GTCSPDSGHP SSHNFSSGLS 
    EHSEPSLSTE DSVLDAQRNT PTVLRPRDGS VDDRQSSEAT TSQDEAPREE LAVQDSLESD 
    LLANESMDEF MSITGSLDMA LPEKDDVVME GWRSSETEKH GQADSEDNLS EEPEMESLFP 
    ALASLAVTTS ANEVSPVSSS GVTYSPELLD LYTVNLHRIE KDVQRCDRNY WYFTPANLEK 
    LRNIMCSYIW QHIEIGYVQG MCDLLAPLLV ILDDEALAFS CFTELMKRMN QNFPHGGAMD 
    THFANMRSLI QILDSELFEL MHQNGDYTHF YFCYRWFLLD FKRELVYDDV FLVWETIWAA 
    KHVSSAHYVL FIALALVEVY RDIILENNMD FTDIIKFFNE MAERHNTKQV LKLARDLVYK 
    VQTLIENK

Genular Protein ID: 2401019418

Symbol: A0A087X241_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 10591208

Title: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22.

PubMed ID: 10591208

DOI: 10.1038/990031

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 18477386

Title: Finishing the finished human chromosome 22 sequence.

PubMed ID: 18477386

DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r78

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 1087
  • Mass: 122915
  • Checksum: 43CB0383F90248F6
  • Sequence:
  • MASAPAEAET RQRLLRTVKK EVKQIMEEAV TRKFVHEDSS HIISFCAAVE ACVLHGLRRR 
    AAGFLRSNKI AALFMKVGKN FPPAEDLSRK VQDLEQLIES ARNQIQGLQE NVRKLPKLPN 
    LSPLAIKHLW IRTALFEKVL DKIVHYLVEN SSKYYEKEAL LMDPVDGPIL ASLLVGPCAL 
    EYTKMKTADH FWTDPSADEL VQRHRIHSSH VRQDSPTKRP ALCIQKRHSS GSMDDRPSLS 
    ARDYVESLHQ NSRATLLYGK NNVLVQPRDD MEAVPGYLSL HQTADVMTLK WTPNQLMNGS 
    VGDLDYEKSV YWDYAMTIRL EEIVYLHCHQ QVDSGGTVVL VSQDGIQRPP FRFPKGGHLL 
    QFLSCLENGL LPHGQLDPPL WSQRGKGKVF PKLRKRSPQG SAESTSSDKD DDEATDYVFR 
    IIYPGMQSEF VAPDFLGSTS SVSVGPAWMM VPAGRSMLVV ARGSQWEPAR WDTTLPTPSP 
    KEQPPMPQDL MDVSVSNLPS LWQPSPRKSS CSSCSQSGSA DGSSTNGCNH ERAPLKLLCD 
    NMKYQILSRA FYGWLAYCRH LSTVRTHLSA LVNHMIVSPD LPCDAGQGLT ARIWEQYLHD 
    STSYEEQELL RLIYYGGIQP EIRKAVWPFL LGHYQFGMTE TERKESSQSC SSGRQNIRLH 
    SDSSSSTQVF ESVDEVEQVE AEGRLEEKQP KIPNGNLVNG TCSPDSGHPS SHNFSSGLSE 
    HSEPSLSTED SVLDAQRNTP TVLRPRDGSV DDRQSSEATT SQDEAPREEL AVQDSLESDL 
    LANESMDEFM SITGSLDMAL PEKDDVVMEG WRSSETEKHG QADSEDNLSE EPEMESLFPA 
    LASLAVTTSA NEVSPVSSSG VTYSPELLDL YTVNLHRIEK DVQRCDRNYW YFTPANLEKL 
    RNIMCSYIWQ HIEIGYVQGM CDLLAPLLVI LDDEALAFSC FTELMKRMNQ NFPHGGAMDT 
    HFANMRSLIQ ILDSELFELM HQNGDYTHFY FCYRWFLLDF KRELVYDDVF LVWETIWAAK 
    HVSSAHYVLF IALALVEVYR DIILENNMDF TDIIKFFNEM AERHNTKQVL KLARDLVYKV 
    QTLIENK