Details for: PAM

Gene ID: 5066

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: PAM

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000145730

Description: peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 67.05
    rCSI 70.25%
    PRS 50.52
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 66.34
    rCSI 82.53%
    PRS 29.92
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 61.78
    rCSI 79.64%
    PRS 32.45
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 56.07
    rCSI 66.97%
    PRS 31.4
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 49.52
    rCSI 71.05%
    PRS 38.64
  • mucosal invariant T cell CL0000940
    CSI 45.82
    rCSI 37.02%
    PRS 58
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 42.38
    rCSI 68.16%
    PRS 33.66
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 40.95
    rCSI 70.83%
    PRS 38.26
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 38.8
    rCSI 65.13%
    PRS 31.56
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 32.85
    rCSI 32.31%
    PRS 49.97
  • L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030059
    CSI 27.84
    rCSI 60.4%
    PRS 37.53
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 24.5
    rCSI 59.55%
    PRS 30.57
  • neuron CL0000540
    CSI 24.11
    rCSI 64.2%
    PRS 39.41
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 23.17
    rCSI 72.48%
    PRS 35.12
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 21.95
    rCSI 54.34%
    PRS 45.47
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 21.93
    rCSI 48.29%
    PRS 62.07
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 19.79
    rCSI 43.73%
    PRS 35.56
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 19.61
    rCSI 70.56%
    PRS 30.39
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI 18.96
    rCSI 61.02%
    PRS 46.61
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 18.86
    rCSI 41.75%
    PRS 44.96
  • GABAergic amacrine cell CL4030027
    CSI 18.85
    rCSI 64.58%
    PRS 38.6
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 18.61
    rCSI 27.23%
    PRS 50.73
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 18.38
    rCSI 73.15%
    PRS 62.75
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 18.26
    rCSI 17.93%
    PRS 62.9
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 18.11
    rCSI 68.44%
    PRS 32.41
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 17.64
    rCSI 24.1%
    PRS 49.95
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 17.12
    rCSI 34.37%
    PRS 37.28
  • neutrophil CL0000775
    CSI 16.11
    rCSI 90.12%
    PRS 59.04
  • L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030063
    CSI 16.08
    rCSI 38.46%
    PRS 36.61
  • keratocyte CL0002363
    CSI 16.08
    rCSI 38.65%
    PRS 57.41
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 15.94
    rCSI 46.19%
    PRS 38.75
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 15.93
    rCSI 19.7%
    PRS 43.31
  • epithelial cell CL0000066
    CSI 15.33
    rCSI 23.56%
    PRS 48.37
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 15.27
    rCSI 15.94%
    PRS 48.02
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 15.12
    rCSI 28.38%
    PRS 66.39
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 14.74
    rCSI 34.02%
    PRS 38.69
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 14.69
    rCSI 21.54%
    PRS 58.88
  • parietal epithelial cell CL1000452
    CSI 13.85
    rCSI 37.02%
    PRS 40.2
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 13.79
    rCSI 26.04%
    PRS 57.81
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI 13.51
    rCSI 17.34%
    PRS 42.71
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 12.93
    rCSI 17.91%
    PRS 51.85
  • pancreatic epsilon cell CL0005019
    CSI 12.1
    rCSI 56.4%
    PRS 69.56
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 11.94
    rCSI 27.24%
    PRS 40.81
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 11.93
    rCSI 16.91%
    PRS 44.38
  • lung pericyte CL0009089
    CSI 11.83
    rCSI 31.21%
    PRS 55.41
  • mature T cell CL0002419
    CSI 11.44
    rCSI 8.9%
    PRS 64.82
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 11.33
    rCSI 19.86%
    PRS 39.84
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 11.32
    rCSI 19.99%
    PRS 30.53
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 11.13
    rCSI 14.28%
    PRS 45.38
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 11.02
    rCSI 8.71%
    PRS 35.21
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 10.72
    rCSI 33.51%
    PRS 32.79
  • endocardial cell CL0002350
    CSI 10.69
    rCSI 51.19%
    PRS 48.29
  • neural cell CL0002319
    CSI 10.49
    rCSI 39.59%
    PRS 39.18
  • interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088
    CSI 10.42
    rCSI 13.26%
    PRS 53.13
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 10.36
    rCSI 8.93%
    PRS 55.6
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 10.14
    rCSI 7.51%
    PRS 41.01
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 10.14
    rCSI 32.9%
    PRS 49.99
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 10.14
    rCSI 13.86%
    PRS 52.53
  • glycinergic amacrine cell CL4030028
    CSI 10.13
    rCSI 26.4%
    PRS 46.83
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 10.07
    rCSI 74.01%
    PRS 35.44
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 9.95
    rCSI 11.51%
    PRS 37.68
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 9.94
    rCSI 10.42%
    PRS 44.5
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 9.84
    rCSI 8.64%
    PRS 52.6
  • cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell CL0010006
    CSI 9.83
    rCSI 69.53%
    PRS 40.33
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 9.78
    rCSI 14.94%
    PRS 48.01
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 9.73
    rCSI 20.19%
    PRS 45.42
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 9.72
    rCSI 11.65%
    PRS 66.35
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 9.16
    rCSI 45.15%
    PRS 59.35
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 9.08
    rCSI 56.74%
    PRS 40.02
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 9.07
    rCSI 40.3%
    PRS 46.3
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 8.91
    rCSI 12.38%
    PRS 46.81
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 8.88
    rCSI 20.3%
    PRS 46.95
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI 8.85
    rCSI 29.64%
    PRS 35.36
  • brush cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002075
    CSI 8.8
    rCSI 26.12%
    PRS 58.7
  • activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human CL0001049
    CSI 8.74
    rCSI 14.95%
    PRS 67.89
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 8.65
    rCSI 15.54%
    PRS 40.84
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 8.5
    rCSI 8.2%
    PRS 38.18
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 8.49
    rCSI 11.55%
    PRS 60.24
  • medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron CL4023063
    CSI 8.43
    rCSI 84.16%
    PRS 13.79
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 8.42
    rCSI 9.23%
    PRS 51.45
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 8.4
    rCSI 8.78%
    PRS 46.63
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 8.38
    rCSI 8.07%
    PRS 47.81
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 8.37
    rCSI 6.37%
    PRS 59.04
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 8.34
    rCSI 6.92%
    PRS 46.04
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 8.23
    rCSI 6.18%
    PRS 51.2
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 8.21
    rCSI 16.66%
    PRS 29.83
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI 8.16
    rCSI 26.1%
    PRS 44.57
  • glutamatergic neuron CL0000679
    CSI 8.14
    rCSI 16.72%
    PRS 41.13
  • starburst amacrine cell CL0004232
    CSI 8.12
    rCSI 68.36%
    PRS 42.03
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 8.1
    rCSI 9.4%
    PRS 57.5
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 8
    rCSI 7.98%
    PRS 41.6
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 7.95
    rCSI 12.68%
    PRS 41.18
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 7.92
    rCSI 29.67%
    PRS 40.46
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 7.91
    rCSI 6.43%
    PRS 48.03
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 7.9
    rCSI 6.95%
    PRS 36.57
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI 7.87
    rCSI 32.05%
    PRS 44.42
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 7.58
    rCSI 9.44%
    PRS 58.72
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 7.57
    rCSI 19.74%
    PRS 46.75
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 7.51
    rCSI 8.68%
    PRS 41.64
  • innate lymphoid cell CL0001065
    CSI 7.34
    rCSI 15.16%
    PRS 52.89
  • mesenchymal stem cell CL0000134
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 63.4%
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 64.9%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 58.8%
  • exhausted T cell CL0011025
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 12.8%
    PRS 77.8%
  • respiratory epithelial cell CL0002368
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 81.4%
  • H2 horizontal cell CL0004218
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 4.4%
    PRS 46.8%
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 58.2%
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 43.5%
  • stromal cell of ovary CL0002132
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 62.8%
  • kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000849
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 13.0%
    PRS 48.0%
  • ventricular cardiac muscle cell CL2000046
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 77.9%
  • skeletal muscle satellite cell CL0000594
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 75.4%
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 53.1%
  • paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 61.7%
  • tissue-resident macrophage CL0000864
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 6.4%
    PRS 65.4%
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 56.7%
  • basophil CL0000767
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 67.9%
  • invaginating midget bipolar cell CL4033034
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 8.2%
    PRS 44.4%
  • forebrain radial glial cell CL0013000
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 54.8%
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 6.0%
    PRS 68.0%
  • mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 8.8%
    PRS 63.9%
  • glial cell CL0000125
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 40.5%
  • skeletal muscle satellite stem cell CL0008011
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 7.8%
    PRS 69.6%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 7.8%
    PRS 40.6%
  • respiratory goblet cell CL0002370
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 19.4%
    PRS 66.9%
  • OFFx cell CL4033036
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 8.6%
    PRS 44.7%
  • small intestine goblet cell CL1000495
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 57.1%
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 46.0%
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 11.1%
    PRS 32.9%
  • type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 6.7%
    PRS 59.6%
  • tendon cell CL0000388
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 5.0%
    PRS 69.5%
  • fast muscle cell CL0000190
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 8.0%
    PRS 56.6%
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 52.3%
  • kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001106
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 17.8%
    PRS 47.6%
  • macroglial cell CL0000126
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 49.7%
  • neuroendocrine cell CL0000165
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 8.3%
    PRS 65.1%
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 46.5%
  • cerebral cortex pyramidal neuron CL4023111
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 13.2%
    PRS 67.8%
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 13.0%
    PRS 59.2%
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 65.6%
  • diffuse bipolar 1 cell CL4033027
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 17.5%
    PRS 42.5%
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 4.8%
    PRS 46.4%
  • CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000920
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 65.6%
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 45.6%
  • S cone cell CL0003050
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 11.6%
    PRS 44.9%
  • fibroblast of breast CL4006000
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 11.3%
    PRS 67.7%
  • pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell CL0002062
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 15.5%
    PRS 49.0%
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 4.4%
    PRS 55.3%
  • lung endothelial cell CL1001567
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 6.5%
    PRS 71.6%
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 60.8%
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 22.6%
    PRS 41.9%
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 66.2%
  • basket cell CL0000118
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 17.6%
    PRS 31.1%
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 56.5%
  • stratified epithelial cell CL0000079
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 17.9%
    PRS 74.7%
  • serous secreting cell CL0000313
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 14.9%
    PRS 80.6%
  • acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 69.6%
    PRS 70.2%
  • brain vascular cell CL4023072
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 31.8%
    PRS 41.5%
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 40.5%
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 74.3%
    PRS 31.9%
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 74.6%
    PRS 31.0%
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 3.3
    rCSI 4.5%
    PRS 40.6%
  • serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland CL4033005
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 19.2%
    PRS 76.5%
  • mesothelial cell CL0000077
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 14.1%
    PRS 24.7%
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 48.7%
  • epicardial adipocyte CL1000309
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 11.9%
    PRS 49.5%
  • OFF midget ganglion cell CL4033047
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 74.9%
    PRS 41.1%
  • ON midget ganglion cell CL4033046
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 75.1%
    PRS 39.8%
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 10.7%
    PRS 49.8%
  • pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell CL0002063
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 6.0%
    PRS 56.9%
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine CL0009017
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 10.8%
    PRS 56.1%
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 11.3%
    PRS 46.9%
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 5.4%
    PRS 52.5%
  • mesangial cell CL0000650
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 16.4%
    PRS 58.7%
  • L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030067
    CSI 4.1
    rCSI 13.4%
    PRS 36.2%
  • dopaminergic neuron CL0000700
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 23.5%
    PRS 33.9%
  • endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid CL0019022
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 12.9%
    PRS 59.1%
  • tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 55.9%
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 42.8%
  • myoepithelial cell CL0000185
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 11.0%
    PRS 56.0%
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 61.7%
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 4.4
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 58.3%
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 4.4
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 53.3%
  • endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel CL0002138
    CSI 4.4
    rCSI 8.7%
    PRS 68.7%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 4.4
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 67.8%
  • endocrine cell CL0000163
    CSI 4.4
    rCSI 22.8%
    PRS 81.5%
  • contractile cell CL0000183
    CSI 4.5
    rCSI 13.3%
    PRS 45.5%
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 4.5
    rCSI 19.5%
    PRS 63.5%
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI 4.5
    rCSI 8.2%
    PRS 40.9%
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 48.2%
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 45.2%
  • midbrain dopaminergic neuron CL2000097
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 29.7%
    PRS 52.9%
  • enteroendocrine cell of colon CL0009042
    CSI 4.7
    rCSI 22.0%
    PRS 71.6%
  • renal interstitial pericyte CL1001318
    CSI 4.8
    rCSI 13.3%
    PRS 44.1%
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI 4.9
    rCSI 23.5%
    PRS 46.4%
  • subcutaneous adipocyte CL0002521
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 25.5%
    PRS 51.1%
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 8.0%
    PRS 51.5%
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 55.5%
  • P/D1 enteroendocrine cell CL0002268
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 27.4%
    PRS 69.1%
  • ON parasol ganglion cell CL4033052
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 71.4%
    PRS 39.7%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, encoded by the [PAM](/details-gene/5066) gene, is a bifunctional enzyme essential for the C-terminal amidation of a wide range of peptide hormones and neuropeptides. This post-translational modification is often critical for the biological activity, stability, and receptor-binding affinity of these signaling molecules. Expression data highlights its role as a key enzyme in specialized secretory cells, with particularly high significance in neuroendocrine cells like the [pancreatic A cell](/details-cell/CL0000171) and a diverse array of neuronal subtypes, including various GABAergic cortical interneurons. Its function is crucial for processes ranging from hormonal regulation to neurotransmission. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) underscores its fundamental role in tissues with high secretory activity, particularly those involved in producing peptide-based signaling molecules. **Overall**, the gene shows the highest significance in cells of the endocrine and nervous systems. It is a top marker for [pancreatic A cell](/details-cell/CL0000171) (CSI: 67.05) and [pancreatic D cell](/details-cell/CL0000173) (CSI: 32.85), which is consistent with its established role in the maturation of peptide hormones such as glucagon and somatostatin [Link](https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2662). A second major functional niche is the central nervous system. [PAM](/details-gene/5066) is highly significant across multiple subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, including [pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023018) (CSI: 66.34), [sst GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023017) (CSI: 61.78), and [VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023016) (CSI: 56.07), as well as excitatory [L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron](/details-cell/CL4030059) (CSI: 27.84). This broad neuronal expression suggests a vital role in processing a diverse set of neuropeptides that modulate synaptic transmission and neural circuitry. Beyond these canonical roles, [PAM](/details-gene/5066) also exhibits significant expression in other specialized cell types, suggesting broader physiological functions. Its high CSI in [cardiac muscle cell](/details-cell/CL0000746) (CSI: 49.52) points towards a potential role in the local production of cardioactive peptides. Furthermore, its significance in [mucosal invariant T cell](/details-cell/CL0000940) (CSI: 45.82) suggests a less characterized function in the immune system, possibly related to the maturation of immunomodulatory peptides. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The functional annotations for [PAM](/details-gene/5066) directly reflect its biochemical activity as a key peptide-processing enzyme. Its primary biological process is [peptide amidation](/details-go/GO:0001519), which is accomplished through two sequential enzymatic activities: [peptidylglycine monooxygenase activity](/details-go/GO:0004504) followed by [peptidylamidoglycolate lyase activity](/details-go/GO:0004598). As a metalloenzyme, its activity is dependent on several cofactors, which is supported by molecular function annotations for [copper ion binding](/details-go/GO:0005507), [zinc ion binding](/details-go/GO:0008270), and [L-ascorbic acid binding](/details-go/GO:0031418). The annotation for [calcium ion binding](/details-go/GO:0005509) suggests its function may be regulated by intracellular calcium signaling, a common feature of secretory pathways. Consistent with its role in processing secreted peptides, [PAM](/details-gene/5066) is localized to the [secretory granule membrane](/details-go/GO:0030667), [transport vesicle membrane](/details-go/GO:0030658), and the broader [membrane](/details-go/GO:0016020) compartment. The enzyme can also be found in the [extracellular region](/details-go/GO:0005576) and within the [extracellular exosome](/details-go/GO:0070062), indicating that it may be secreted or shed from cells, potentially modulating extracellular peptides. This localization is consistent with its high expression in secretory cell types like pancreatic islet cells and neurons. Early studies successfully cloned and expressed functional forms of the enzyme, confirming these activities [Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(90)90366-u). ## Research Directions The widespread yet specific expression pattern of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) raises several questions about its regulation and context-specific functions, presenting numerous avenues for future research. ### Proposed Hypotheses 1. **Cell-type specific substrate processing:** The diverse cell types expressing [PAM](/details-gene/5066) at high levels, from neurons to pancreatic cells, suggest that its substrate specificity may be context-dependent. It is hypothesized that alternative splicing, as previously reported [Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34149-2), or cell-specific post-translational modifications of the [PAM](/details-gene/5066) enzyme dictate which propeptides are efficiently amidated, thereby enabling precise control over the local peptidome in different tissues. 2. **Role in cardiac physiology:** The high significance of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) in [cardiac muscle cell](/details-cell/CL0000746)s suggests an unrecognized role in cardiac biology. We hypothesize that [PAM](/details-gene/5066) is responsible for the local maturation of cardioactive peptides within the heart, which act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion to regulate cardiac contractility, hypertrophy, or response to ischemic stress. 3. **Function in mucosal immunity:** The notable expression of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) in [mucosal invariant T cell](/details-cell/CL0000940)s is intriguing. It is hypothesized that [PAM](/details-gene/5066) amidates specific immunomodulatory peptides or cytokines secreted by these specialized T cells, and that this modification is critical for their effector functions in maintaining barrier integrity and orchestrating immune responses at mucosal surfaces. ### Key Experimental Approach To test the hypothesis regarding the role of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) in cardiac physiology (Hypothesis 2), a multi-faceted approach is warranted. A cardiac-specific knockout of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) could be generated in mice using a Cre-Lox system with a cardiomyocyte-specific driver (e.g., *Myh6*-Cre). These conditional knockout mice and their wild-type littermates would be subjected to physiological stress models, such as transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or myocardial infarction. Cardiac function would be serially assessed using echocardiography to detect differences in contractility, wall thickness, and ejection fraction. Subsequently, cardiac tissue from these animals would be subjected to peptidomic analysis using mass spectrometry to identify specific peptide substrates that fail to undergo amidation in the absence of [PAM](/details-gene/5066), thereby uncovering its direct targets in the heart. ### Therapeutic Potential As an enzyme essential for the activation of numerous bioactive peptides, [PAM](/details-gene/5066) represents a complex but potentially valuable therapeutic target. While no specific disease is directly linked to [PAM](/details-gene/5066) mutations in OMIM ([170270](https://omim.org/entry/170270)), its function is critical. Inhibition of [PAM](/details-gene/5066) could be a therapeutic strategy for diseases driven by the overproduction of a specific amidated peptide, such as in certain neuroendocrine tumors. However, its widespread and vital roles in the nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems suggest that systemic inhibition would likely lead to significant off-target effects. Therefore, the development of highly specific inhibitors or targeted delivery systems would be essential. Conversely, strategies to enhance [PAM](/details-gene/5066) activity could be explored for conditions characterized by deficient peptide hormone signaling, although this remains a more speculative approach.

Genular Protein ID: 1786306581

Symbol: AMD_HUMAN

Name: Peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2357221

Title: Human peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase: cDNA, cloning and functional expression of a truncated form in COS cells.

PubMed ID: 2357221

DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90366-u

PubMed ID: 7999037

Title: Isolation and functional expression of human pancreatic peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase.

PubMed ID: 7999037

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2662

PubMed ID: 12699694

Title: Expression and characterization of human bifunctional peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase.

PubMed ID: 12699694

DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00684-8

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15372022

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5.

PubMed ID: 15372022

DOI: 10.1038/nature02919

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 9110174

Title: Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing.

PubMed ID: 9110174

DOI: 10.1101/gr.7.4.353

PubMed ID: 8144680

Title: Alternative splicing governs sulfation of tyrosine or oligosaccharide on peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase.

PubMed ID: 8144680

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34149-2

PubMed ID: 10574929

Title: The novel kinase peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase cytosolic interactor protein 2 interacts with the cytosolic routing determinants of the peptide processing enzyme peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase.

PubMed ID: 10574929

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.49.34646

PubMed ID: 17081983

Title: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.

PubMed ID: 17081983

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 21406692

Title: System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.

PubMed ID: 21406692

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001570

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 973
  • Mass: 108332
  • Checksum: 8A089B657F56EE39
  • Sequence:
  • MAGRVPSLLV LLVFPSSCLA FRSPLSVFKR FKETTRPFSN ECLGTTRPVV PIDSSDFALD 
    IRMPGVTPKQ SDTYFCMSMR IPVDEEAFVI DFKPRASMDT VHHMLLFGCN MPSSTGSYWF 
    CDEGTCTDKA NILYAWARNA PPTRLPKGVG FRVGGETGSK YFVLQVHYGD ISAFRDNNKD 
    CSGVSLHLTR LPQPLIAGMY LMMSVDTVIP AGEKVVNSDI SCHYKNYPMH VFAYRVHTHH 
    LGKVVSGYRV RNGQWTLIGR QSPQLPQAFY PVGHPVDVSF GDLLAARCVF TGEGRTEATH 
    IGGTSSDEMC NLYIMYYMEA KHAVSFMTCT QNVAPDMFRT IPPEANIPIP VKSDMVMMHE 
    HHKETEYKDK IPLLQQPKRE EEEVLDQGDF YSLLSKLLGE REDVVHVHKY NPTEKAESES 
    DLVAEIANVV QKKDLGRSDA REGAEHERGN AILVRDRIHK FHRLVSTLRP PESRVFSLQQ 
    PPPGEGTWEP EHTGDFHMEE ALDWPGVYLL PGQVSGVALD PKNNLVIFHR GDHVWDGNSF 
    DSKFVYQQIG LGPIEEDTIL VIDPNNAAVL QSSGKNLFYL PHGLSIDKDG NYWVTDVALH 
    QVFKLDPNNK EGPVLILGRS MQPGSDQNHF CQPTDVAVDP GTGAIYVSDG YCNSRIVQFS 
    PSGKFITQWG EESSGSSPLP GQFTVPHSLA LVPLLGQLCV ADRENGRIQC FKTDTKEFVR 
    EIKHSSFGRN VFAISYIPGL LFAVNGKPHF GDQEPVQGFV MNFSNGEIID IFKPVRKHFD 
    MPHDIVASED GTVYIGDAHT NTVWKFTLTE KLEHRSVKKA GIEVQEIKEA EAVVETKMEN 
    KPTSSELQKM QEKQKLIKEP GSGVPVVLIT TLLVIPVVVL LAIAIFIRWK KSRAFGDSEH 
    KLETSSGRVL GRFRGKGSGG LNLGNFFASR KGYSRKGFDR LSTEGSDQEK EDDGSESEEE 
    YSAPLPALAP SSS

Genular Protein ID: 3701901209

Symbol: A0A804HIQ0_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15372022

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5.

PubMed ID: 15372022

DOI: 10.1038/nature02919

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 867
  • Mass: 96329
  • Checksum: DF0EE46ABC089E76
  • Sequence:
  • MAGRVPSLLV LLVFPSSCLA FRSPLSVFKR FKETTRPFSN ECLGTTRPVV PIDSSDFALD 
    IRMPGVTPKQ SDTYFCMSMR IPVDEEAFVI DFKPRASMDT VHHMLLFGCN MPSSTGSYWF 
    CDEGTCTDKA NILYAWARNA PPTRLPKGVG FRVGGETGSK YFVLQVHYGD ISAFRDNNKD 
    CSGVSLHLTR LPQPLIAGMY LMMSVDTVIP AGEKVVNSDI SCHYKNYPMH VFAYRVHTHH 
    LGKVVSGYRV RNGQWTLIGR QSPQLPQAFY PVGHPVDVSF GDLLAARCVF TGEGRTEATH 
    IGGTSSDEMC NLYIMYYMEA KHAVSFMTCT QNVAPDMFRT IPPEANIPIP VKSDMVMMHE 
    HHKETEYKDK IPLLQQPKRE EEEVLDQDFH MEEALDWPGV YLLPGQVSGV ALDPKNNLVI 
    FHRGDHVWDG NSFDSKFVYQ QIGLGPIEED TILVIDPNNA AVLQSSGKNL FYLPHGLSID 
    KDGNYWVTDV ALHQVFKLDP NNKEGPVLIL GRSMQPGSDQ NHFCQPTDVA VDPGTGAIYV 
    SDGYCNSRIV QFSPSGKFIT QWGEESSGSS PLPGQFTVPH SLALVPLLGQ LCVADRENGR 
    IQCFKTDTKE FVREIKHSSF GRNVFAISYI PGLLFAVNGK PHFGDQEPVQ GFVMNFSNGE 
    IIDIFKPVRK HFDMPHDIVA SEDGTVYIGD AHTNTVWKFT LTEKLEHRSV KKAGIEVQEI 
    KEAEAVVETK MENKPTSSEL QKMQEKQKLI KEPGSGVPVV LITTLLVIPV VVLLAIAIFI 
    RWKKSRAFGA DSEHKLETSS GRVLGRFRGK GSGGLNLGNF FASRKGYSRK GFDRLSTEGS 
    DQEKEDDGSE SEEEYSAPLP ALAPSSS

Genular Protein ID: 3320701115

Symbol: O43832_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7590286

Title: Human peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase transcripts derived by alternative mRNA splicing of an unreported exon.

PubMed ID: 7590286

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00364-C

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 97
  • Mass: 11020
  • Checksum: 3A7402A2126CF9CE
  • Sequence:
  • AESESDLVAE IANVVQKKDL GRSDAREGAE HERGNAILVR DRIHKFHRLV STLRPPESRV 
    FSLQQPPPGE GTWEPEHTGA RREDMKCFQC KEMISVQ