Details for: PTMA

Gene ID: 5757

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: PTMA

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000187514

Description: prothymosin alpha

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human CL0000939
    CSI 152.25
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 1.03
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 150.96
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.43
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 149.25
    rCSI 88.14%
    PRS 0.51
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 148.43
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.44
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 139.83
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.54
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 135.68
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.37
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 134.62
    rCSI 99.7%
    PRS 0.34
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 132.07
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.36
  • CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human CL0000938
    CSI 127.33
    rCSI 95.48%
    PRS 1.1
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 127.25
    rCSI 98.04%
    PRS 0.33
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 125.74
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.36
  • naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000900
    CSI 125.59
    rCSI 88.2%
    PRS 1.11
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 124.79
    rCSI 87.13%
    PRS 0.38
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 124.54
    rCSI 92.97%
    PRS 0.62
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 124.23
    rCSI 86.45%
    PRS 0.53
  • mature T cell CL0002419
    CSI 122.33
    rCSI 95.15%
    PRS 0.5
  • T follicular helper cell CL0002038
    CSI 122.04
    rCSI 91.33%
    PRS 0.6
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 121.72
    rCSI 96.65%
    PRS 0.65
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 119.66
    rCSI 91.01%
    PRS 0.48
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 118.99
    rCSI 85.42%
    PRS 0.5
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 118.31
    rCSI 99.17%
    PRS 0.44
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 117.76
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.41
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 117.64
    rCSI 88.99%
    PRS 0.51
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000810
    CSI 116.65
    rCSI 93.44%
    PRS 0.68
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 116.45
    rCSI 96.54%
    PRS 0.34
  • mucosal invariant T cell CL0000940
    CSI 115.9
    rCSI 93.65%
    PRS 0.96
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 115.41
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.27
  • precursor B cell CL0000817
    CSI 115.35
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.49
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 114.74
    rCSI 88.95%
    PRS 0.32
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 113.25
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.32
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 112.98
    rCSI 91.8%
    PRS 0.38
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 110.9
    rCSI 97.4%
    PRS 0.41
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 110.35
    rCSI 95.93%
    PRS 0.45
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 110.05
    rCSI 86.99%
    PRS 0.25
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 109.84
    rCSI 86.4%
    PRS 0.43
  • naive B cell CL0000788
    CSI 107.62
    rCSI 92.31%
    PRS 1.19
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 107.42
    rCSI 92.6%
    PRS 0.61
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 103.88
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.38
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 103.55
    rCSI 91.91%
    PRS 0.37
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 102.4
    rCSI 93.26%
    PRS 0.57
  • small pre-B-II cell CL0000954
    CSI 102.09
    rCSI 98.17%
    PRS 0.8
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 100.4
    rCSI 84.47%
    PRS 0.61
  • activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000896
    CSI 99.53
    rCSI 92.01%
    PRS 0.67
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 98.82
    rCSI 91.97%
    PRS 0.36
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 97.39
    rCSI 67.71%
    PRS 0.43
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 96.6
    rCSI 91.28%
    PRS 0.38
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000909
    CSI 95.75
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 1.18
  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 95.25
    rCSI 87.45%
    PRS 0.39
  • memory B cell CL0000787
    CSI 94.86
    rCSI 93.68%
    PRS 1.62
  • double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000809
    CSI 94.78
    rCSI 96.6%
    PRS 0.53
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 94.2
    rCSI 90.83%
    PRS 0.11
  • hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001
    CSI 93.58
    rCSI 96.28%
    PRS 0.41
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 91.56
    rCSI 95.91%
    PRS 0.34
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 89.5
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.34
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 89.15
    rCSI 87.56%
    PRS 0.58
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 88.89
    rCSI 92.08%
    PRS 0.43
  • fraction A pre-pro B cell CL0002045
    CSI 88.52
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.76
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 88.21
    rCSI 92.2%
    PRS 0.39
  • interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088
    CSI 87.38
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.43
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 85.49
    rCSI 90.84%
    PRS 0.67
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 85.24
    rCSI 85.07%
    PRS 0.31
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 84.95
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.63
  • activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000906
    CSI 84.35
    rCSI 82.91%
    PRS 1.09
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 83.1
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.42
  • gamma-delta T cell CL0000798
    CSI 82.6
    rCSI 97.02%
    PRS 3.71
  • transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011
    CSI 82.48
    rCSI 96.87%
    PRS 0.45
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 81.62
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.46
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 81.08
    rCSI 98.7%
    PRS 0.46
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 80.59
    rCSI 84.09%
    PRS 0.37
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 80.37
    rCSI 74.15%
    PRS 0.37
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 80.29
    rCSI 78.97%
    PRS 0.4
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 79.73
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.37
  • IgA plasma cell CL0000987
    CSI 79.52
    rCSI 81.41%
    PRS 0.69
  • common lymphoid progenitor CL0000051
    CSI 77.54
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.7
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000624
    CSI 76.45
    rCSI 97.83%
    PRS 8.12
  • mature NK T cell CL0000814
    CSI 75.79
    rCSI 96.94%
    PRS 1.7
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 74.9
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.56
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 74.63
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.33
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 73.72
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.53
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 72.74
    rCSI 96.67%
    PRS 0.4
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 72.7
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.39
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 72.57
    rCSI 89.77%
    PRS 0.32
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 72.56
    rCSI 91.22%
    PRS 0.56
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 72.29
    rCSI 86.77%
    PRS 0.36
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 71.83
    rCSI 83.06%
    PRS 0.26
  • conventional dendritic cell CL0000990
    CSI 70.89
    rCSI 59.17%
    PRS 1.46
  • naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000895
    CSI 70.83
    rCSI 89.01%
    PRS 2.01
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 70.73
    rCSI 97.17%
    PRS 0.78
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 69.92
    rCSI 89.68%
    PRS 0.42
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 69.86
    rCSI 95.45%
    PRS 0.4
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 69.32
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.46
  • classical monocyte CL0000860
    CSI 69.27
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 4.29
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 68.82
    rCSI 99.7%
    PRS 0.54
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 68.77
    rCSI 99.19%
    PRS 0.51
  • B cell CL0000236
    CSI 68.74
    rCSI 91.97%
    PRS 2.24
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 68.15
    rCSI 84.88%
    PRS 0.54
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 68.06
    rCSI 97.13%
    PRS 0.42
  • effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000905
    CSI 66.74
    rCSI 90.91%
    PRS 0.92
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 66.14
    rCSI 90.41%
    PRS 0.42
  • epithelial cell CL0000066
    CSI 66.04
    rCSI 100%
    PRS 0.53
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI -50.7
    rCSI -60.5%
    PRS 0.3%
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI -49.0
    rCSI -62.9%
    PRS 0.5%
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI -45.1
    rCSI -79.1%
    PRS 0.3%
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI -43.6
    rCSI -70.1%
    PRS 0.3%
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI -35.9
    rCSI -63.5%
    PRS 0.2%
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI -33.1
    rCSI -42.7%
    PRS 0.3%
  • mature astrocyte CL0002627
    CSI -31.6
    rCSI -100.0%
    PRS 1.2%
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI -30.8
    rCSI -69.1%
    PRS 0.3%
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI -30.7
    rCSI -100.0%
    PRS 0.6%
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI -27.9
    rCSI -64.3%
    PRS 0.4%
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI -27.2
    rCSI -63.9%
    PRS 0.7%
  • kidney interstitial fibroblast CL1000692
    CSI -24.9
    rCSI -100.0%
    PRS 3.6%
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI -24.3
    rCSI -87.6%
    PRS 0.2%
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI -24.0
    rCSI -40.3%
    PRS 0.2%
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI -24.0
    rCSI -76.7%
    PRS 0.5%
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI -23.3
    rCSI -72.7%
    PRS 0.3%
  • fast muscle cell CL0000190
    CSI -22.2
    rCSI -86.8%
    PRS 2.4%
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI -21.7
    rCSI -52.6%
    PRS 0.2%
  • periportal region hepatocyte CL0019026
    CSI -19.6
    rCSI -76.4%
    PRS 0.6%
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI -18.5
    rCSI -57.7%
    PRS 0.2%
  • endocrine cell CL0000163
    CSI -17.4
    rCSI -89.1%
    PRS 1.2%
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI -17.3
    rCSI -83.0%
    PRS 0.4%
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI -16.7
    rCSI -63.3%
    PRS 0.3%
  • mature microglial cell CL0002629
    CSI -16.5
    rCSI -68.7%
    PRS 2.2%
  • kidney collecting duct principal cell CL1001431
    CSI -16.2
    rCSI -81.8%
    PRS 2.5%
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI -14.8
    rCSI -18.5%
    PRS 0.2%
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI -14.0
    rCSI -46.9%
    PRS 0.4%
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI -13.6
    rCSI -35.6%
    PRS 0.5%
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI -12.7
    rCSI -81.6%
    PRS 1.1%
  • epicardial adipocyte CL1000309
    CSI -12.2
    rCSI -39.7%
    PRS 0.8%
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI -11.4
    rCSI -67.3%
    PRS 0.3%
  • serous secreting cell CL0000313
    CSI -10.4
    rCSI -52.6%
    PRS 1.8%
  • neural cell CL0002319
    CSI -10.4
    rCSI -39.2%
    PRS 0.9%
  • cell of skeletal muscle CL0000188
    CSI -10.3
    rCSI -100.0%
    PRS 1.8%
  • exhausted T cell CL0011025
    CSI -8.7
    rCSI -100.0%
    PRS 2.1%
  • professional antigen presenting cell CL0000145
    CSI -7.4
    rCSI -25.6%
    PRS 1.3%
  • kidney collecting duct intercalated cell CL1001432
    CSI -7.3
    rCSI -52.0%
    PRS 1.7%
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI -7.2
    rCSI -10.6%
    PRS 0.4%
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI -7.0
    rCSI -43.9%
    PRS 0.3%
  • L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030059
    CSI -6.9
    rCSI -15.1%
    PRS 0.2%
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI -6.0
    rCSI -44.3%
    PRS 0.2%
  • L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030063
    CSI -5.9
    rCSI -14.0%
    PRS 0.4%
  • glutamatergic neuron CL0000679
    CSI -5.8
    rCSI -11.8%
    PRS 0.4%
  • kidney granular cell CL0000648
    CSI -4.9
    rCSI -70.6%
    PRS 5.5%
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI -4.5
    rCSI -8.2%
    PRS 0.5%
  • OFF midget ganglion cell CL4033047
    CSI -4.4
    rCSI -88.5%
    PRS 0.6%
  • ON midget ganglion cell CL4033046
    CSI -3.8
    rCSI -77.9%
    PRS 0.5%
  • primordial germ cell CL0000670
    CSI -3.6
    rCSI -18.0%
    PRS 2.1%
  • flat midget bipolar cell CL4033033
    CSI -3.3
    rCSI -23.2%
    PRS 1.2%
  • L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030067
    CSI -3.0
    rCSI -9.8%
    PRS 0.4%
  • cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell CL0010006
    CSI -2.9
    rCSI -20.7%
    PRS 1.6%
  • diffuse bipolar 4 cell CL4033031
    CSI -2.8
    rCSI -31.6%
    PRS 1.9%
  • S cone cell CL0003050
    CSI -2.5
    rCSI -10.8%
    PRS 0.9%
  • invaginating midget bipolar cell CL4033034
    CSI -2.4
    rCSI -13.9%
    PRS 1.2%
  • OFFx cell CL4033036
    CSI -2.3
    rCSI -10.6%
    PRS 1.3%
  • endocardial cell CL0002350
    CSI -2.1
    rCSI -10.1%
    PRS 0.7%
  • diffuse bipolar 6 cell CL4033032
    CSI -1.9
    rCSI -10.2%
    PRS 1.4%
  • renal interstitial pericyte CL1001318
    CSI -1.3
    rCSI -3.6%
    PRS 0.3%
  • contractile cell CL0000183
    CSI -1.2
    rCSI -3.4%
    PRS 0.7%
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI -0.9
    rCSI -2.7%
    PRS 0.5%
  • microglial cell CL0000129
    CSI -0.6
    rCSI -2.5%
    PRS 1.8%
  • renal intercalated cell CL0005010
    CSI -0.4
    rCSI -3.7%
    PRS 2.6%
  • starburst amacrine cell CL0004232
    CSI -0.4
    rCSI -3.4%
    PRS 1.4%
  • cord blood hematopoietic stem cell CL2000095
    CSI -0.2
    rCSI -3.3%
    PRS 2.1%
  • oligodendrocyte CL0000128
    CSI -0.1
    rCSI -0.4%
    PRS 0.7%
  • immature innate lymphoid cell CL0001082
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 8.2%
    PRS 7.2%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 0.4%
  • basal cell of epidermis CL0002187
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 0.6%
  • diffuse bipolar 1 cell CL4033027
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 1.4%
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 0.5%
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 0.4%
  • cholangiocyte CL1000488
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 6.0%
    PRS 0.7%
  • kidney resident macrophage CL1000698
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 23.2%
    PRS 9.6%
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 27.9%
    PRS 0.3%
  • neuron CL0000540
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 0.8%
  • macula densa epithelial cell CL1000850
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 20.4%
    PRS 7.6%
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 35.0%
    PRS 0.3%
  • tracheobronchial goblet cell CL0019003
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 24.6%
    PRS 8.7%
  • acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 59.9%
    PRS 0.3%
  • ventricular cardiac muscle cell CL2000046
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 9.0%
    PRS 1.2%
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3 CL4030011
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 21.1%
    PRS 5.5%
  • hepatic pit cell CL2000054
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 36.5%
    PRS 5.3%
  • kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001106
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 23.2%
    PRS 1.0%
  • glycinergic amacrine cell CL4030028
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 7.1%
    PRS 0.6%
  • NKp44-negative group 3 innate lymphoid cell, human CL0001080
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 89.2%
    PRS 5.5%
  • osteoblast CL0000062
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 74.0%
    PRS 3.4%
  • kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000849
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 33.8%
    PRS 0.7%
  • pluripotent stem cell CL0002248
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 96.9%
    PRS 0.9%
  • diffuse bipolar 2 cell CL4033028
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 26.4%
    PRS 1.3%
  • odontoblast CL0000060
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 78.6%
    PRS 2.2%
  • GABAergic amacrine cell CL4030027
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 12.1%
    PRS 0.6%
  • Purkinje cell CL0000121
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 46.3%
    PRS 2.6%
  • mesenchymal lymphangioblast CL0005021
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 93.1%
    PRS 2.1%
  • B-1 B cell CL0000819
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 93.1%
    PRS 2.4%
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 8.0%
    PRS 0.3%
  • kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell CL1000909
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 76.5%
    PRS 2.7%
  • forebrain neuroblast CL1000042
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 39.7%
    PRS 5.8%
  • epithelial cell of urethra CL1000296
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 94.5%
    PRS 1.3%
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 14.5%
    PRS 0.3%
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 4.0
    rCSI 6.5%
    PRS 0.3%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary Prothymosin alpha, encoded by the [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) gene, is a small, acidic nuclear protein critically involved in fundamental cellular processes such as cell proliferation and survival. Functional annotations consistently link [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) to the regulation of [Dna-templated transcription](/ontology/GO:0006351) and the [negative regulation of apoptotic process](/ontology/GO:0043066). Its expression profile reveals a prominent role within the hematopoietic system, with exceptionally high significance scores in a wide array of immune cells, including [natural killer cells](/details-cell/CL0000939), [T cells](/details-cell/CL0000904), [B cells](/details-cell/CL0000816), and [hematopoietic stem cells](/details-cell/CL0000037). This pattern suggests [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) is a key factor in the development, maintenance, and activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Early research has established that its expression is induced upon growth stimulation and is closely tied to lymphocyte proliferation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.24.9403), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81807-5)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression landscape of [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) underscores its central role in immunology and hematopoiesis. **Overall**, the gene exhibits its highest significance in highly proliferative or active immune cell populations. It is a top marker for both innate lymphocytes, such as [CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human](/details-cell/CL0000939) (CSI: 152.25) and [group 3 innate lymphoid cell](/details-cell/CL0001071) (CSI: 135.68), and adaptive lymphocytes, including [central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell](/details-cell/CL0000904) (CSI: 149.25) and various B cell developmental stages like [immature B cell](/details-cell/CL0000816) (CSI: 139.83). Crucially, its high significance in [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037) (CSI: 150.96) and [common myeloid progenitor](/details-cell/CL0000049) (CSI: 125.74) suggests a foundational role in the self-renewal and differentiation of blood and immune cells. Conversely, [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) expression is virtually absent in terminally differentiated, non-proliferative cell types, particularly those of the central nervous system. It serves as a strong anti-marker for numerous neuronal subtypes, including [VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023016) (CSI: -50.67) and [sst GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023017) (CSI: -33.10), as well as for glial cells like [mature astrocyte](/details-cell/CL0002627) (CSI: -31.63). This striking lack of expression in non-hematopoietic lineages, such as in [adipocyte](/details-cell/CL0000136) and [hepatocytes](/details-cell/CL0019028), highlights its specialized function in contexts requiring rapid cell division and transcriptional plasticity, which are hallmarks of the immune system. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) functions primarily within the [nucleus](/ontology/GO:0005634) as a regulator of gene expression and cell fate. Its molecular functions include [histone binding](/ontology/GO:0042393) and [Dna-binding transcription factor binding](/ontology/GO:0140297), which are consistent with a role in chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation. This is further supported by its involvement in the [positive regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii](/ontology/GO:0045944), a core process for gene activation. Beyond its role in promoting proliferation, [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) is a key survival factor through its participation in the [negative regulation of apoptotic process](/ontology/GO:0043066). This anti-apoptotic activity is critical for the development and maintenance of lymphocyte populations, preventing premature cell death during maturation and immune responses. Research has shown that [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) can form a complex to regulate apoptosis, reinforcing this vital function ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508955103)). The protein is also known to be phosphorylated ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00068a015)), suggesting its activity is dynamically regulated by intracellular signaling pathways, such as those initiated by T cell receptor engagement ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2000007)). ## Research Directions Based on its expression profile and known functions, [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) presents several avenues for future investigation, particularly concerning its precise role in hematopoiesis and its potential as a therapeutic target. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its high significance in [hematopoietic stem cells](/details-cell/CL0000037) and lymphoid progenitors ([pro-B cell](/details-cell/CL0000826)), [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) is indispensable for the lineage commitment and survival of lymphoid cells. Its loss is hypothesized to impair lymphopoiesis, leading to a skewed hematopoietic output favoring myeloid lineages and a compromised adaptive immune system. 2. In mature, long-lived lymphocytes such as [central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0000904), [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) acts as a molecular switch that maintains cellular quiescence while poising cells for rapid reactivation. Upon antigen re-exposure, post-translational modifications of [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) may be required to initiate the transcriptional programs necessary for memory T cell recall responses. **Experimental Approach:** To test the first hypothesis regarding the role of [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) in lymphoid development, a conditional knockout mouse model would be highly informative. By crossing a mouse with a floxed *Ptma* allele to a `Vav1-Cre` driver strain, the gene can be specifically deleted throughout the hematopoietic system. The resulting phenotype can be assessed by: * **Flow Cytometric Analysis:** Quantifying hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations (HSPCs), common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), and subsequent B and T cell developmental stages in the bone marrow, thymus, and spleen to identify specific developmental blocks. * **Functional Assays:** Performing in vitro colony-forming unit (CFU) assays and in vivo competitive bone marrow transplantation experiments to assess the cell-intrinsic requirement of [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) for lymphoid differentiation and hematopoietic reconstitution. * **Transcriptomic Profiling:** Conducting RNA-sequencing on sorted lymphoid progenitor populations from knockout and control mice to identify the downstream gene networks regulated by [PTMA](/details-gene/5757). **Therapeutic Potential:** The strong association of [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) with cell proliferation, particularly in lymphocytes, makes it a compelling therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. As its expression is tied to proliferation in leukemic lymphoid cells ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81807-5)), **inhibition** of its function could represent a viable anti-cancer strategy. Because [PTMA](/details-gene/5757) is an intracellular protein, therapeutic modalities would likely involve small molecule inhibitors designed to disrupt its protein-protein interactions (e.g., with histones or transcription factors) or nucleic acid-based therapies like antisense oligonucleotides to reduce its expression levels. A significant challenge would be mitigating on-target toxicity to healthy, proliferating immune cells, necessitating the development of tumor-targeted delivery systems.

Genular Protein ID: 4066477721

Symbol: PTMA_HUMAN

Name: Prothymosin alpha

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3467312

Title: The human prothymosin alpha gene is polymorphic and induced upon growth stimulation: evidence using a cloned cDNA.

PubMed ID: 3467312

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9403

PubMed ID: 3466166

Title: Molecular cloning of cDNA for human prothymosin alpha.

PubMed ID: 3466166

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.23.8926

PubMed ID: 2708378

Title: Isolation and partial sequencing of the human prothymosin alpha gene family. Evidence against export of the gene products.

PubMed ID: 2708378

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83269-0

PubMed ID: 2785990

Title: The expression of prothymosin alpha gene in T lymphocytes and leukemic lymphoid cells is tied to lymphocyte proliferation.

PubMed ID: 2785990

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81807-5

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 7916742

Title: Prothymosin alpha gene in humans: organization of its promoter region and localization to chromosome 2.

PubMed ID: 7916742

DOI: 10.1007/bf00202480

PubMed ID: 3532956

Title: Human prothymosin alpha: amino acid sequence and immunologic properties.

PubMed ID: 3532956

DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90717-4

PubMed ID: 8485135

Title: Phosphorylation of human and bovine prothymosin alpha in vivo.

PubMed ID: 8485135

DOI: 10.1021/bi00068a015

PubMed ID: 17081983

Title: Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks.

PubMed ID: 17081983

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026

PubMed ID: 16478804

Title: Regulation of apoptosis by the p8/prothymosin alpha complex.

PubMed ID: 16478804

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508955103

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 19413330

Title: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.

PubMed ID: 19413330

DOI: 10.1021/ac9004309

PubMed ID: 19369195

Title: Large-scale proteomics analysis of the human kinome.

PubMed ID: 19369195

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800588-mcp200

PubMed ID: 19690332

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.

PubMed ID: 19690332

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 20068231

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.

PubMed ID: 20068231

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000475

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 21406692

Title: System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.

PubMed ID: 21406692

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001570

PubMed ID: 22223895

Title: Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.

PubMed ID: 22223895

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015131

PubMed ID: 22814378

Title: N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.

PubMed ID: 22814378

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210303109

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 28112733

Title: Site-specific mapping of the human SUMO proteome reveals co-modification with phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 28112733

DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3366

PubMed ID: 22115779

Title: NMR structure of human thymosin alpha-1.

PubMed ID: 22115779

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.11.041

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 111
  • Mass: 12203
  • Checksum: 910BBF9D8D14B8E7
  • Sequence:
  • MSDAAVDTSS EITTKDLKEK KEVVEEAENG RDAPANGNAE NEENGEQEAD NEVDEEEEEG 
    GEEEEEEEEG DGEEEDGDED EEAESATGKR AAEDDEDDDV DTKKQKTDED D

Genular Protein ID: 86522470

Symbol: Q53S24_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8125298

Title: Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides.

PubMed ID: 8125298

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8

PubMed ID: 9373149

Title: Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library.

PubMed ID: 9373149

DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 110
  • Mass: 12074
  • Checksum: 3A76436E79930993
  • Sequence:
  • MSDAAVDTSS EITTKDLKEK KEVVEEAENG RDAPANGNAN EENGEQEADN EVDEEEEEGG 
    EEEEEEEEGD GEEEDGDEDE EAESATGKRA AEDDEDDDVD TKKQKTDEDD