Details for: DLD

Gene ID: 1738

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: DLD

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000091140

Description: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019
    CSI 11.78
    rCSI 20.77%
    PRS 57.64
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 7.39
    rCSI 16.58%
    PRS 33.75
  • ciliated cell CL0000064
    CSI 7.22
    rCSI 11.71%
    PRS 47.46
  • myoepithelial cell CL0000185
    CSI 6.88
    rCSI 17.39%
    PRS 57.71
  • IgA plasma cell CL0000987
    CSI 6.76
    rCSI 6.92%
    PRS 67.02
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 6.62
    rCSI 9.38%
    PRS 46.02
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 5.78
    rCSI 8.84%
    PRS 58.92
  • erythroid progenitor cell CL0000038
    CSI 5.63
    rCSI 32.26%
    PRS 60.27
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 5.48
    rCSI 40.3%
    PRS 37.02
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 5.46
    rCSI 7.46%
    PRS 51.94
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 5.42
    rCSI 4.81%
    PRS 48.12
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 4.91
    rCSI 8.67%
    PRS 32.01
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 4.88
    rCSI 6.04%
    PRS 45.3
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 4.84
    rCSI 18.11%
    PRS 42.09
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 4.78
    rCSI 7.3%
    PRS 66.61
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI 4.39
    rCSI 12.59%
    PRS 68.09
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 4.39
    rCSI 11.12%
    PRS 39.5
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 5.27%
    PRS 59.5
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 4.17
    rCSI 4.35%
    PRS 48.45
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 4.17
    rCSI 7.48%
    PRS 42.77
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000810
    CSI 3.97
    rCSI 3.18%
    PRS 71.08
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 3.78
    rCSI 2.63%
    PRS 59.1
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 3.64
    rCSI 9.24%
    PRS 44.86
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 3.47
    rCSI 5.36%
    PRS 47.26
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 3.37
    rCSI 5.9%
    PRS 41.61
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 3.35
    rCSI 2.55%
    PRS 61.54
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 3.32
    rCSI 16.64%
    PRS 61.11
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 3.27
    rCSI 6.78%
    PRS 47.12
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 3.26
    rCSI 2.52%
    PRS 50.08
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 3.16
    rCSI 7.23%
    PRS 48.85
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 3.11
    rCSI 13.51%
    PRS 65.03
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 2.06%
    PRS 53.19
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 2.99
    rCSI 4.93%
    PRS 54.92
  • colonocyte CL1000347
    CSI 2.89
    rCSI 4.14%
    PRS 55.87
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 2.88
    rCSI 3.99%
    PRS 53.4
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 2.78
    rCSI 11.23%
    PRS 47.88
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 2.77
    rCSI 6.38%
    PRS 40.16
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 2.68
    rCSI 2.11%
    PRS 36.91
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 2.67
    rCSI 1.98%
    PRS 42.57
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 2.66
    rCSI 2.57%
    PRS 40.08
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.55
    rCSI 4.41%
    PRS 39.98
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 2.54
    rCSI 1.96%
    PRS 48.6
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 2.49
    rCSI 3.75%
    PRS 52.04
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 2.46
    rCSI 2.22%
    PRS 46.22
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 2.45
    rCSI 2.03%
    PRS 48.17
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 2.41
    rCSI 2.12%
    PRS 38.32
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 2.38
    rCSI 4.63%
    PRS 51.66
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 2.37
    rCSI 2.47%
    PRS 50
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 3.69%
    PRS 60.32
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 3.73%
    PRS 35.14
  • alpha-beta T cell CL0000789
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 2.69%
    PRS 65.45
  • ventricular cardiac muscle cell CL2000046
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 7.84%
    PRS 78.87
  • lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000838
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 8.9%
    PRS 70.22
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 2.27
    rCSI 2.41%
    PRS 63.44
  • mesenchymal stem cell CL0000134
    CSI 2.26
    rCSI 24.77%
    PRS 65.11
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI 2.25
    rCSI 2.89%
    PRS 44.1
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 2.23
    rCSI 3.59%
    PRS 39.85
  • OFF-bipolar cell CL0000750
    CSI 2.23
    rCSI 3.05%
    PRS 58.68
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 2.22
    rCSI 3.19%
    PRS 40.08
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 1.66%
    PRS 53.48
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 1.92%
    PRS 53.63
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 1.49%
    PRS 60.92
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 6.39%
    PRS 51.61
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 2.18
    rCSI 2.14%
    PRS 52.02
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 2.02%
    PRS 50.08
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 3.04%
    PRS 59.4
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 6.21%
    PRS 53.51
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 2.09
    rCSI 2.86%
    PRS 54.62
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 2.08
    rCSI 1.64%
    PRS 56.09
  • hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001
    CSI 2.07
    rCSI 2.13%
    PRS 67.69
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 2.06
    rCSI 4.14%
    PRS 39.05
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 2.04
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 49.18
  • interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088
    CSI 2.03
    rCSI 2.59%
    PRS 55.24
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of colon CL0009043
    CSI 2.02
    rCSI 15.2%
    PRS 68.51
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 2.01
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 53.27
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 1.97
    rCSI 1.63%
    PRS 50.84
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 1.96
    rCSI 1.46%
    PRS 62.89
  • Schwann cell CL0002573
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 5.54%
    PRS 48.57
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 46.58%
    PRS 32.46
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 1.15%
    PRS 65.65
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 1.94
    rCSI 1.35%
    PRS 63.1
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 1.93
    rCSI 2.07%
    PRS 47.63
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 4.92%
    PRS 45.18
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 1.86
    rCSI 1.63%
    PRS 54.76
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 1.85
    rCSI 2.14%
    PRS 43.51
  • renal alpha-intercalated cell CL0005011
    CSI 1.85
    rCSI 2.47%
    PRS 58.04
  • inflammatory macrophage CL0000863
    CSI 1.85
    rCSI 3.15%
    PRS 75.52
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 1.82
    rCSI 1.58%
    PRS 59.59
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI 1.81
    rCSI 7.39%
    PRS 45.97
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI 1.75
    rCSI 11.29%
    PRS 70.83
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 1.75
    rCSI 1.69%
    PRS 49.73
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 1.74
    rCSI 1.21%
    PRS 51.64
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 1.71
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 52.76
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 1.71
    rCSI 2.37%
    PRS 48.82
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.78%
    PRS 46.41
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.17%
    PRS 54.23
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.69
    rCSI 2.01%
    PRS 32.85
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 1.38%
    PRS 54.43
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 1.59
    rCSI 2.44%
    PRS 65.29
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI 1.57
    rCSI 5.06%
    PRS 48.21
  • pluripotent stem cell CL0002248
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 72.6%
  • parietal cell CL0000162
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 82.9%
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 34.4%
  • enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine CL1000334
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 72.7%
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 33.9%
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 37.1%
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 31.8%
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 40.4%
  • renal intercalated cell CL0005010
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 91.2%
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 34.4%
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 36.7%
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 48.3%
  • primitive red blood cell CL0002355
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 64.0%
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 31.9%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 42.2%
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 64.6%
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 48.0%
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 59.9%
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 68.3%
  • myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000839
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 73.3%
  • primordial germ cell CL0000670
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 86.3%
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 50.6%
  • transit amplifying cell of small intestine CL0009012
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 67.3%
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 54.8%
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 48.3%
  • colon goblet cell CL0009039
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 60.9%
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 64.3%
  • luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002326
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 65.8%
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 54.7%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 39.5%
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 59.1%
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 48.0%
  • hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell CL0000837
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 68.1%
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 45.9%
  • kidney epithelial cell CL0002518
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 72.0%
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 52.7%
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 44.5%
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 43.4%
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 56.3%
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 42.4%
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 47.4%
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine CL0009017
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 57.9%
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 47.1%
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 47.4%
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 0.9%
    PRS 62.8%
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 29.5%
    PRS 33.4%
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 55.4%
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 43.0%
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 50.3%
  • renal principal cell CL0005009
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 54.0%
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 34.0%
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 8.0%
    PRS 41.7%
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 50.1%
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 67.7%
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 39.6%
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 56.9%
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 54.2%
  • transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 52.5%
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 57.3%
  • muscle cell CL0000187
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 70.5%
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 52.0%
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 32.9%
  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 57.5%
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 50.4%
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 51.9%
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 47.4%
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 46.2%
  • paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 63.4%
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 38.7%
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 47.4%
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 66.3%
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 60.9%
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 66.8%
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 46.9%
  • dendritic cell, human CL0001056
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 57.0%
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 31.3%
  • renal beta-intercalated cell CL0002201
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 51.0%
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 48.2%
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 65.3%
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 54.4%
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 32.9%
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 54.2%
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 46.4%
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 48.8%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 52.8%
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 51.6%
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 49.7%
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 11.3%
    PRS 70.8%
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 46.0%
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 59.6%
  • inflammatory macrophage CL0000863
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 75.5%
  • renal alpha-intercalated cell CL0005011
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 58.0%
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 43.5%
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 54.8%
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 45.2%
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 47.6%
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 63.1%
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 65.7%
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 46.6%
    PRS 32.5%
  • Schwann cell CL0002573
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 48.6%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, encoded by the [DLD](/details-gene/1738) gene, is a critical mitochondrial flavoprotein enzyme that functions as a shared E3 component for several alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes. These include the pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, placing [DLD](/details-gene/1738) at the intersection of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and amino acid catabolism. Its primary role is to catalyze the reoxidation of dihydrolipoamide, a crucial step in cellular energy production. Reflecting this fundamental metabolic function, [DLD](/details-gene/1738) is broadly expressed across a diverse range of metabolically active cell types, with particularly high significance in [tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell](/details-cell/CL0019019), [astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605), and [ciliated cell](/details-cell/CL0000064). Mutations in [DLD](/details-gene/1738) are associated with severe inherited metabolic disorders, including Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Deficiency ([246900](https://omim.org/entry/246900)) and a form of Maple Syrup Urine Disease ([238331](https://omim.org/entry/238331)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [DLD](/details-gene/1738) underscores its role as a ubiquitous and indispensable "workhorse" enzyme for cellular respiration. **Overall**, its significance is highest in cells with substantial energy demands for mechanical work, transport, or biosynthesis. The top-ranking cell type, [tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell](/details-cell/CL0019019) (CSI: 11.78), alongside other contractile cells like [myoepithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000185), highlights a critical need for [DLD](/details-gene/1738)-mediated energy production to fuel muscle contraction. Similarly, high significance in [ciliated cell](/details-cell/CL0000064) and [kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL1001111) is consistent with the high ATP requirements for ciliary movement and active ion transport, respectively. In the nervous system, its high significance in [astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605) and [central nervous system neuron](/details-cell/CL2000029) reflects the brain's immense metabolic activity and the role of astrocytes in metabolic support for neurons. Furthermore, its prominence in biosynthetically active cells such as [IgA plasma cell](/details-cell/CL0000987) (antibody production), [intestine goblet cell](/details-cell/CL0019031) (mucus secretion), and [enteroendocrine cell](/details-cell/CL0000164) (hormone synthesis) demonstrates its importance in providing the energy and metabolic intermediates for complex macromolecular synthesis. ## Pathways and Molecular Function Functional annotations confirm that [DLD](/details-gene/1738) is a central node in mitochondrial metabolism. Its molecular function is defined by its `dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity` ([GO:0004148](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0004148)), which is essential for the function of multiple enzyme complexes. Accordingly, its primary localization is the `mitochondrial matrix` ([GO:0005759](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005759)), where it serves as a component of the `pyruvate dehydrogenase complex` ([GO:0045254](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0045254)), `oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex` ([GO:0045252](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0045252)), and `branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex` ([GO:0160157](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0160157)). These roles place [DLD](/details-gene/1738) at the heart of several interconnected metabolic pathways, including the `Citric acid cycle (tca cycle)` ([R-HSA-71403](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-71403)), `Pyruvate metabolism` ([R-HSA-70268](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-70268)), and `Branched-chain amino acid catabolism` ([R-HSA-70895](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-70895)). The clinical importance of these functions is highlighted by pathways such as `Loss-of-function mutations in dld cause msud3/dldd` ([R-HSA-9907570](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-9907570)) and `Maple syrup urine disease` ([R-HSA-9865114](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-9865114)). Beyond its canonical metabolic roles, GO annotations suggest functions in `sperm capacitation` ([GO:0048240](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0048240)) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m500310200)) and `proteolysis` ([GO:0006508](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0006508)) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610618104)), indicating potential non-canonical activities. ## Research Directions While [DLD](/details-gene/1738) is well-characterized as a core metabolic enzyme, its cell-type-specific dependencies and non-canonical functions present avenues for further research. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. The exceptionally high CSI score of [DLD](/details-gene/1738) in [tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell](/details-cell/CL0019019) suggests that this cell type has a unique and critical reliance on [DLD](/details-gene/1738)-mediated oxidative phosphorylation for maintaining contractile tone and function. Pathological downregulation or dysfunction of [DLD](/details-gene/1738) in these cells could be a contributing factor to the aberrant smooth muscle contractility seen in diseases like asthma. 2. Based on evidence for `proteolysis` ([GO:0006508](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0006508)) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610618104)) and a role in `sperm capacitation` ([GO:0048240](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0048240)), it is hypothesized that [DLD](/details-gene/1738) possesses context-dependent, non-canonical functions outside of the large dehydrogenase complexes. This alternative activity may be regulated by subcellular localization or post-translational modifications, contributing to signaling events or protein turnover in specific cellular compartments like the sperm acrosome. **Experimental Approach:** To test the first hypothesis regarding the role of [DLD](/details-gene/1738) in airway smooth muscle, a conditional knockout mouse model could be generated to specifically delete [DLD](/details-gene/1738) in smooth muscle cells (e.g., using a tamoxifen-inducible Myh11-Cre driver). Tracheal rings from these knockout mice could be isolated for ex vivo organ bath experiments to measure contractile responses to agonists like methacholine. This would be complemented by Seahorse XF analysis of cultured primary airway smooth muscle cells to directly quantify the impact of [DLD](/details-gene/1738) deletion on mitochondrial respiration (Oxygen Consumption Rate) and glycolysis (Extracellular Acidification Rate). A significant impairment in both contractility and oxidative phosphorylation would validate the hypothesis. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a ubiquitous and essential enzyme for central metabolism, systemic inhibition of [DLD](/details-gene/1738) is not a viable therapeutic strategy due to the high probability of severe, multi-organ toxicity. Therapeutic interest in [DLD](/details-gene/1738) is primarily focused on addressing the severe metabolic diseases ([OMIM: 246900](https://omim.org/entry/246900)) caused by its deficiency. Therefore, therapeutic approaches would involve activation or restoration of function, such as through gene therapy to deliver a functional copy of the gene to affected tissues or the development of small-molecule chaperones to stabilize misfolded mutant DLD protein and restore partial enzymatic activity.

Genular Protein ID: 2953229596

Symbol: DLDH_HUMAN

Name: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3693355

Title: Isolation and sequence determination of cDNA clones for porcine and human lipoamide dehydrogenase. Homology to other disulfide oxidoreductases.

PubMed ID: 3693355

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45379-3

PubMed ID: 3278312

Title: Cloning and cDNA sequence of the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase component human alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes.

PubMed ID: 3278312

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1422

PubMed ID: 8406489

Title: The structure of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene (DLD) and its upstream elements.

PubMed ID: 8406489

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1335

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 12853948

Title: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7.

PubMed ID: 12853948

DOI: 10.1038/nature01782

PubMed ID: 12690205

Title: Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology.

PubMed ID: 12690205

DOI: 10.1126/science.1083423

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 1332063

Title: Characterization of the transcriptional regulatory region of the human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene.

PubMed ID: 1332063

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10964

PubMed ID: 14638692

Title: Organization of the cores of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex formed by E2 and E2 plus the E3-binding protein and their capacities to bind the E1 and E3 components.

PubMed ID: 14638692

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308172200

PubMed ID: 15888450

Title: Novelty of the pyruvate metabolic enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in spermatozoa: correlation of its localization, tyrosine phosphorylation, and activity during sperm capacitation.

PubMed ID: 15888450

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500310200

PubMed ID: 17404228

Title: Cryptic proteolytic activity of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase.

PubMed ID: 17404228

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610618104

PubMed ID: 20160912

Title: Interaction of E1 and E3 components with the core proteins of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

PubMed ID: 20160912

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.05.001

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 20385101

Title: Characterization of interactions of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase with its binding protein in the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

PubMed ID: 20385101

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.038

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 22905912

Title: Resveratrol-induced changes of the human adipocyte secretion profile.

PubMed ID: 22905912

DOI: 10.1021/pr300539b

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 29211711

Title: KAT2A coupled with the alpha-KGDH complex acts as a histone H3 succinyltransferase.

PubMed ID: 29211711

DOI: 10.1038/nature25003

PubMed ID: 15946682

Title: Crystal structure of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase: NAD+/NADH binding and the structural basis of disease-causing mutations.

PubMed ID: 15946682

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.05.014

PubMed ID: 16263718

Title: How dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein binds dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

PubMed ID: 16263718

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507850200

PubMed ID: 16442803

Title: Structural insight into interactions between dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) and E3 binding protein of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

PubMed ID: 16442803

DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2006.01.001

PubMed ID: 20361979

Title: Solution structure and characterisation of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex core assembly.

PubMed ID: 20361979

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.03.043

PubMed ID: 8506365

Title: Identification of two missense mutations in a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-deficient patient.

PubMed ID: 8506365

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.11.5186

PubMed ID: 9540846

Title: Deficiency of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase due to two mutant alleles (E340K and G101del). Analysis of a family and prenatal testing.

PubMed ID: 9540846

DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(97)00073-2

PubMed ID: 8968745

Title: Identification of two mutations in a compound heterozygous child with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency.

PubMed ID: 8968745

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/5.12.1925

PubMed ID: 10448086

Title: Lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency due to a novel mutation in the interface domain.

PubMed ID: 10448086

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1133

PubMed ID: 11687750

Title: Novel mutations in a boy with dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency.

PubMed ID: 11687750

PubMed ID: 12925875

Title: Leigh syndrome due to compound heterozygosity of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene mutations. Description of the first E3 splice site mutation.

PubMed ID: 12925875

DOI: 10.1007/s00431-003-1282-z

PubMed ID: 15712224

Title: A novel mutation in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase E3 subunit gene (DLD) resulting in an atypical form of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency.

PubMed ID: 15712224

DOI: 10.1002/humu.9319

PubMed ID: 16770810

Title: Novel mutations in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in two cousins with borderline-normal PDH complex activity.

PubMed ID: 16770810

DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31313

PubMed ID: 9934985

Title: Molecular basis of lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews.

PubMed ID: 9934985

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990115)82:2<177::aid-ajmg15>3.3.co;2-0

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 509
  • Mass: 54177
  • Checksum: 7613492C516F3835
  • Sequence:
  • MQSWSRVYCS LAKRGHFNRI SHGLQGLSAV PLRTYADQPI DADVTVIGSG PGGYVAAIKA 
    AQLGFKTVCI EKNETLGGTC LNVGCIPSKA LLNNSHYYHM AHGKDFASRG IEMSEVRLNL 
    DKMMEQKSTA VKALTGGIAH LFKQNKVVHV NGYGKITGKN QVTATKADGG TQVIDTKNIL 
    IATGSEVTPF PGITIDEDTI VSSTGALSLK KVPEKMVVIG AGVIGVELGS VWQRLGADVT 
    AVEFLGHVGG VGIDMEISKN FQRILQKQGF KFKLNTKVTG ATKKSDGKID VSIEAASGGK 
    AEVITCDVLL VCIGRRPFTK NLGLEELGIE LDPRGRIPVN TRFQTKIPNI YAIGDVVAGP 
    MLAHKAEDEG IICVEGMAGG AVHIDYNCVP SVIYTHPEVA WVGKSEEQLK EEGIEYKVGK 
    FPFAANSRAK TNADTDGMVK ILGQKSTDRV LGAHILGPGA GEMVNEAALA LEYGASCEDI 
    ARVCHAHPTL SEAFREANLA ASFGKSINF

Genular Protein ID: 895214609

Symbol: E9PEX6_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 12853948

Title: The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7.

PubMed ID: 12853948

DOI: 10.1038/nature01782

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 22905912

Title: Resveratrol-induced changes of the human adipocyte secretion profile.

PubMed ID: 22905912

DOI: 10.1021/pr300539b

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 486
  • Mass: 51815
  • Checksum: 256F9EA37D0740B6
  • Sequence:
  • MQSWSRVYCS LAKRGHFNRI SHGLQGLSAV PLRTYADQPI DADVTVIGSG PGGYVAAIKA 
    AQLGFKALLN NSHYYHMAHG KDFASRGIEM SEVRLNLDKM MEQKSTAVKA LTGGIAHLFK 
    QNKVVHVNGY GKITGKNQVT ATKADGGTQV IDTKNILIAT GSEVTPFPGI TIDEDTIVSS 
    TGALSLKKVP EKMVVIGAGV IGVELGSVWQ RLGADVTAVE FLGHVGGVGI DMEISKNFQR 
    ILQKQGFKFK LNTKVTGATK KSDGKIDVSI EAASGGKAEV ITCDVLLVCI GRRPFTKNLG 
    LEELGIELDP RGRIPVNTRF QTKIPNIYAI GDVVAGPMLA HKAEDEGIIC VEGMAGGAVH 
    IDYNCVPSVI YTHPEVAWVG KSEEQLKEEG IEYKVGKFPF AANSRAKTNA DTDGMVKILG 
    QKSTDRVLGA HILGPGAGEM VNEAALALEY GASCEDIARV CHAHPTLSEA FREANLAASF 
    GKSINF