TXN | ENSG00000136810 | NCBI 7295

Details for: TXN

Gene ID: 7295

Gene Type: Protein-coding - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: TXN

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000136810

Description: thioredoxin

Cell Significance Landscape

Display Count:

Associated with

Cell recruitment (pro-inflammatory response)
(R-HSA-9664424)
Cellular responses to stimuli
(R-HSA-8953897)
Cellular responses to stress
(R-HSA-2262752)
Cellular response to chemical stress
(R-HSA-9711123)
Cellular senescence
(R-HSA-2559583)
Detoxification of reactive oxygen species
(R-HSA-3299685)
Disease
(R-HSA-1643685)
Foxo-mediated transcription
(R-HSA-9614085)
Gene expression (transcription)
(R-HSA-74160)
Generic transcription pathway
(R-HSA-212436)
Immune system
(R-HSA-168256)
Infectious disease
(R-HSA-5663205)
Inflammasomes
(R-HSA-622312)
Innate immune system
(R-HSA-168249)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates
(R-HSA-499943)
Keap1-nfe2l2 pathway
(R-HSA-9755511)
Leishmania infection
(R-HSA-9658195)
Metabolism
(R-HSA-1430728)
Metabolism of nucleotides
(R-HSA-15869)
Metabolism of proteins
(R-HSA-392499)
Nfe2l2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes
(R-HSA-9818027)
Nuclear events mediated by nfe2l2
(R-HSA-9759194)
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (nlr) signaling pathways
(R-HSA-168643)
Oxidative stress induced senescence
(R-HSA-2559580)
Parasitic infection pathways
(R-HSA-9824443)
Protein repair
(R-HSA-5676934)
Purinergic signaling in leishmaniasis infection
(R-HSA-9660826)
Regulation of foxo transcriptional activity by acetylation
(R-HSA-9617629)
Rna polymerase ii transcription
(R-HSA-73857)
The nlrp3 inflammasome
(R-HSA-844456)
Tp53 regulates metabolic genes
(R-HSA-5628897)
Transcriptional regulation by tp53
(R-HSA-3700989)
Cell redox homeostasis
(GO:0045454)
Cellular detoxification of hydrogen peroxide
(GO:0061692)
Cytoplasm
(GO:0005737)
Cytosol
(GO:0005829)
Extracellular exosome
(GO:0070062)
Extracellular region
(GO:0005576)
Negative regulation of protein export from nucleus
(GO:0046826)
Negative regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii
(GO:0000122)
Nucleoplasm
(GO:0005654)
Nucleus
(GO:0005634)
Positive regulation of dna binding
(GO:0043388)
Positive regulation of peptidyl-cysteine s-nitrosylation
(GO:2000170)
Positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
(GO:0033138)
Positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase b signal transduction
(GO:0051897)
Protein-disulfide reductase (nad(p)h) activity
(GO:0047134)
Protein-disulfide reductase activity
(GO:0015035)
Protein binding
(GO:0005515)
Protein homodimerization activity
(GO:0042803)
Response to nitric oxide
(GO:0071731)
Response to radiation
(GO:0009314)
Rna binding
(GO:0003723)
Thioredoxin-disulfide reductase (nadph) activity
(GO:0004791)

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037

CSI 113.76

rCSI 75.61%

PRS 5.04
ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067

CSI 107.13

rCSI 94.21%

PRS 3.05
plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058

CSI 105.79

rCSI 73.86%

PRS 4.46
multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012

CSI 95.98

rCSI 95.79%

PRS 3.57
common myeloid progenitor CL0000049

CSI 94.91

rCSI 76.74%

PRS 4.15
keratinocyte CL0000312

CSI 93.64

rCSI 78.5%

PRS 5.08
megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050

CSI 91.49

rCSI 82.62%

PRS 3.73
epithelial cell of lung CL0000082

CSI 89.82

rCSI 74.46%

PRS 3.95
granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557

CSI 89.12

rCSI 77.17%

PRS 4.7
stem cell CL0000034

CSI 88.12

rCSI 84.96%

PRS 2.15
intestine goblet cell CL0019031

CSI 87.98

rCSI 78.09%

PRS 4.23
colon epithelial cell CL0011108

CSI 85.58

rCSI 89.65%

PRS 3.94
elicited macrophage CL0000861

CSI 84.74

rCSI 77.81%

PRS 4.84
intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563

CSI 83.18

rCSI 86.93%

PRS 4.49
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632

CSI 80.8

rCSI 62.64%

PRS 4.03
transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011

CSI 78.86

rCSI 92.62%

PRS 5.12
plasmablast CL0000980

CSI 76.69

rCSI 60.33%

PRS 5.04
fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006

CSI 76.09

rCSI 73.25%

PRS 4.37
skin fibroblast CL0002620

CSI 72.09

rCSI 62.15%

PRS 7.01
M cell of gut CL0000682

CSI 71.79

rCSI 76.28%

PRS 7.56
goblet cell CL0000160

CSI 71.39

rCSI 67.45%

PRS 4.41
secretory cell CL0000151

CSI 71.3

rCSI 74.4%

PRS 4.32
nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480

CSI 70.22

rCSI 81.44%

PRS 6.34
early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936

CSI 68.01

rCSI 59.73%

PRS 4.73
extravillous trophoblast CL0008036

CSI 65.38

rCSI 80.88%

PRS 3.7
lung ciliated cell CL1000271

CSI 61.96

rCSI 71.65%

PRS 3.06
pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000

CSI 60.84

rCSI 74.07%

PRS 5.35
neural crest cell CL0011012

CSI 60.38

rCSI 47.72%

PRS 2.92
duct epithelial cell CL0000068

CSI 60.13

rCSI 87.98%

PRS 4.47
common dendritic progenitor CL0001029

CSI 59.63

rCSI 74.84%

PRS 5.37
respiratory basal cell CL0002633

CSI 58.98

rCSI 61.09%

PRS 4.96
ionocyte CL0005006

CSI 58.59

rCSI 62.79%

PRS 3.9
transit amplifying cell CL0009010

CSI 58.26

rCSI 89.11%

PRS 6.92
respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048

CSI 54.09

rCSI 69.37%

PRS 4.88
peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032

CSI 53.5

rCSI 72.9%

PRS 3.82
mucous neck cell CL0000651

CSI 52.73

rCSI 75.99%

PRS 6.85
epithelial cell CL0000066

CSI 52.66

rCSI 80.93%

PRS 6.1
enterocyte CL0000584

CSI 52.35

rCSI 84.42%

PRS 6.88
promyelocyte CL0000836

CSI 52.29

rCSI 75.42%

PRS 5.89
pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064

CSI 50.05

rCSI 66.52%

PRS 4.62
colonocyte CL1000347

CSI 49.93

rCSI 71.57%

PRS 5.91
enteroendocrine cell CL0000164

CSI 49.88

rCSI 68.15%

PRS 4.67
respiratory hillock cell CL4030023

CSI 48.81

rCSI 87.05%

PRS 7.36
mesodermal cell CL0000222

CSI 48.4

rCSI 58.09%

PRS 4.22
club cell CL0000158

CSI 48.3

rCSI 70.75%

PRS 5.02
tracheal goblet cell CL1000329

CSI 45.42

rCSI 99.16%

PRS 8.67
alveolar macrophage CL0000583

CSI 44.61

rCSI 73.48%

PRS 4.89
pancreatic D cell CL0000173

CSI 44.57

rCSI 43.84%

PRS 4.62
placental villous trophoblast CL2000060

CSI 44.2

rCSI 68.3%

PRS 3.96
bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093

CSI 43.34

rCSI 35.21%

PRS 4.44
foveolar cell of stomach CL0002179

CSI 42.8

rCSI 91.1%

PRS 6.87
promonocyte CL0000559

CSI 41.27

rCSI 70.71%

PRS 5.66
fraction A pre-pro B cell CL0002045

CSI 41.08

rCSI 47.02%

PRS 8.81
pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell CL0002063

CSI 40.66

rCSI 63.06%

PRS 6.71
conventional dendritic cell CL0000990

CSI 40.6

rCSI 33.9%

PRS 13.67
common lymphoid progenitor CL0000051

CSI 40.38

rCSI 53.96%

PRS 8.12
melanocyte CL0000148

CSI 39.66

rCSI 29.37%

PRS 3.97
conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432

CSI 38.91

rCSI 59.44%

PRS 4.21
mucus secreting cell CL0000319

CSI 38.88

rCSI 61.76%

PRS 5.53
alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890

CSI 38.74

rCSI 48.71%

PRS 6.51
progenitor cell CL0011026

CSI 38.74

rCSI 82.38%

PRS 8.14
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002326

CSI 38.52

rCSI 69.98%

PRS 6.47
acinar cell CL0000622

CSI 37.17

rCSI 54.5%

PRS 5.56
ciliated cell CL0000064

CSI 37.08

rCSI 60.08%

PRS 4.29
fibroblast of lung CL0002553

CSI 36.78

rCSI 34.23%

PRS 4.21
kidney epithelial cell CL0002518

CSI 35.9

rCSI 68.53%

PRS 10.39
intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538

CSI 35.79

rCSI 85.88%

PRS 8.05
BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026

CSI 35.26

rCSI 43.86%

PRS 4.51
pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079

CSI 35.02

rCSI 68.11%

PRS 4.31
plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL0000784

CSI 34.87

rCSI 35.32%

PRS 27.56
intestinal tuft cell CL0019032

CSI 34.28

rCSI 52.39%

PRS 4.89
colon goblet cell CL0009039

CSI 33.07

rCSI 78.61%

PRS 6.44
dendritic cell, human CL0001056

CSI 33.05

rCSI 50.76%

PRS 4.91
basal cell CL0000646

CSI 32.73

rCSI 43.77%

PRS 4.62
Hofbauer cell CL3000001

CSI 32.55

rCSI 61.44%

PRS 5.29
enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504

CSI 31.62

rCSI 45.13%

PRS 4.81
intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine CL0009017

CSI 30.48

rCSI 82.17%

PRS 5.51
hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001

CSI 30.08

rCSI 30.94%

PRS 6.9
ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145

CSI 29.87

rCSI 68.09%

PRS 4.45
type B pancreatic cell CL0000169

CSI 29.72

rCSI 65.8%

PRS 3.96
dendritic cell CL0000451

CSI 29.64

rCSI 36.52%

PRS 14.14
alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006

CSI 28.46

rCSI 44.95%

PRS 4.25
CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399

CSI 26.92

rCSI 32.52%

PRS 4.9
blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071

CSI 24.82

rCSI 51.51%

PRS 4.19
mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327

CSI 24.61

rCSI 86.36%

PRS 7.69
myeloid leukocyte CL0000766

CSI 24.53

rCSI 22.63%

PRS 4.27
microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035

CSI 24.44

rCSI 70.75%

PRS 4.79
lung macrophage CL1001603

CSI 24.14

rCSI 53.91%

PRS 4.78
glandular epithelial cell CL0000150

CSI 23.58

rCSI 62.08%

PRS 8.26
basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002324

CSI 23.52

rCSI 44.46%

PRS 9.54
deuterosomal cell CL4033044

CSI 23.38

rCSI 79.05%

PRS 7.29
basal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002341

CSI 23.26

rCSI 67.29%

PRS 9.48
granulocyte CL0000094

CSI 22.95

rCSI 35.07%

PRS 5.3
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907

CSI 22.58

rCSI 15.21%

PRS 5.14
type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279

CSI 22.43

rCSI 42.09%

PRS 8.44
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000920

CSI 22.21

rCSI 44.29%

PRS 7.29
hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell CL0000837

CSI 22.18

rCSI 53.37%

PRS 6.66
pro-B cell CL0000826

CSI 22.15

rCSI 18.34%

PRS 4.22
paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343

CSI 21.61

rCSI 60.57%

PRS 6.65
enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006

CSI 21.36

rCSI 47.02%

PRS 6.58

vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051

CSI -20.7

rCSI -36.3%

PRS 3.3%
pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018

CSI -18.0

rCSI -22.4%

PRS 2.4%
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904

CSI -12.9

rCSI -7.6%

PRS 5.9%
neural cell CL0002319

CSI -12.6

rCSI -47.5%

PRS 9.0%
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203

CSI -9.0

rCSI -10.9%

PRS 6.4%
inhibitory interneuron CL0000498

CSI -8.9

rCSI -20.6%

PRS 3.9%
GABAergic neuron CL0000617

CSI -6.7

rCSI -22.4%

PRS 3.9%
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913

CSI -6.2

rCSI -5.7%

PRS 6.7%
hepatic stellate cell CL0000632

CSI -5.7

rCSI -21.3%

PRS 3.7%
platelet CL0000233

CSI -5.5

rCSI -22.7%

PRS 12.8%
precursor B cell CL0000817

CSI -5.4

rCSI -4.7%

PRS 5.7%
Schwann cell CL0002573

CSI -5.0

rCSI -14.2%

PRS 5.8%
exhausted T cell CL0011025

CSI -4.4

rCSI -74.2%

PRS 21.9%
tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019

CSI -3.2

rCSI -5.7%

PRS 5.6%
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792

CSI -3.1

rCSI -3.1%

PRS 6.8%
L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040

CSI -3.0

rCSI -7.2%

PRS 2.6%
renal interstitial pericyte CL1001318

CSI -2.6

rCSI -7.2%

PRS 4.9%
neural progenitor cell CL0011020

CSI -2.4

rCSI -10.6%

PRS 4.3%
L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041

CSI -2.3

rCSI -8.3%

PRS 2.3%
pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001

CSI -2.2

rCSI -4.3%

PRS 6.8%
innate lymphoid cell CL0001065

CSI -2.2

rCSI -4.5%

PRS 7.0%
lung pericyte CL0009089

CSI -2.1

rCSI -5.6%

PRS 5.1%
naive T cell CL0000898

CSI -2.0

rCSI -1.4%

PRS 6.2%
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794

CSI -2.0

rCSI -2.4%

PRS 7.4%
skeletal muscle satellite cell CL0000594

CSI -2.0

rCSI -5.8%

PRS 17.6%
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044

CSI -1.8

rCSI -5.3%

PRS 6.2%
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050

CSI -1.5

rCSI -1.2%

PRS 5.6%
lung resident memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033038

CSI -1.4

rCSI -13.3%

PRS 45.6%
cord blood hematopoietic stem cell CL2000095

CSI -1.3

rCSI -24.4%

PRS 35.1%
mature T cell CL0002419

CSI -1.2

rCSI -1.0%

PRS 6.1%
lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033039

CSI -0.6

rCSI -1.6%

PRS 15.2%
mature B cell CL0000785

CSI -0.6

rCSI -0.5%

PRS 5.2%
decidual natural killer cell, human CL0002343

CSI -0.2

rCSI -1.7%

PRS 38.5%
B-2 B cell CL0000822

CSI 0.1

rCSI 1.2%

PRS 27.4%
L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038

CSI 0.1

rCSI 0.3%

PRS 2.7%
parietal epithelial cell CL1000452

CSI 0.1

rCSI 0.4%

PRS 4.3%
endothelial cell of arteriole CL1000412

CSI 0.3

rCSI 1.7%

PRS 20.7%
cytotoxic T cell CL0000910

CSI 0.3

rCSI 1.9%

PRS 6.6%
tracheobronchial goblet cell CL0019003

CSI 0.4

rCSI 7.0%

PRS 65.1%
transitional stage B cell CL0000818

CSI 0.5

rCSI 1.7%

PRS 13.3%
endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid CL0019021

CSI 0.8

rCSI 3.4%

PRS 16.0%
endothelial cell of vascular tree CL0002139

CSI 1.0

rCSI 5.3%

PRS 10.7%
midbrain dopaminergic neuron CL2000097

CSI 1.1

rCSI 7.2%

PRS 7.6%
CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive common innate lymphoid precursor, human CL0001074

CSI 1.2

rCSI 13.4%

PRS 18.8%
lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011

CSI 1.2

rCSI 2.0%

PRS 2.6%
Purkinje cell CL0000121

CSI 1.3

rCSI 17.4%

PRS 37.2%
odontoblast CL0000060

CSI 1.4

rCSI 32.1%

PRS 24.4%
sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017

CSI 1.4

rCSI 1.9%

PRS 2.7%
glutamatergic neuron CL0000679

CSI 1.5

rCSI 3.1%

PRS 4.8%
retinal rod cell CL0000604

CSI 1.6

rCSI 2.8%

PRS 4.5%
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062

CSI 1.6

rCSI 8.2%

PRS 5.6%
mesenchymal lymphangioblast CL0005021

CSI 1.7

rCSI 44.8%

PRS 23.7%
follicular dendritic cell CL0000442

CSI 1.7

rCSI 27.6%

PRS 28.2%
retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586

CSI 1.8

rCSI 3.7%

PRS 4.7%
enteroglial cell CL4040002

CSI 1.9

rCSI 9.9%

PRS 10.4%
kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell CL1000909

CSI 1.9

rCSI 39.8%

PRS 36.6%
intraepithelial lymphocyte CL0002496

CSI 1.9

rCSI 5.1%

PRS 20.6%
kidney interstitial cell CL1000500

CSI 2.0

rCSI 33.3%

PRS 42.8%
group 2 innate lymphoid cell CL0001069

CSI 2.0

rCSI 11.0%

PRS 15.0%
renal intercalated cell CL0005010

CSI 2.1

rCSI 18.8%

PRS 37.6%
endothelial cell of venule CL1000414

CSI 2.2

rCSI 19.2%

PRS 26.5%
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery CL0002591

CSI 2.2

rCSI 16.6%

PRS 24.4%
retinal cone cell CL0000573

CSI 2.2

rCSI 3.5%

PRS 3.3%
glial cell CL0000125

CSI 2.2

rCSI 8.3%

PRS 4.6%
osteoblast CL0000062

CSI 2.2

rCSI 54.4%

PRS 37.7%
lung microvascular endothelial cell CL2000016

CSI 2.2

rCSI 42.5%

PRS 15.5%
immature B cell CL0000816

CSI 2.3

rCSI 1.7%

PRS 6.3%
amacrine cell CL0000561

CSI 2.3

rCSI 6.7%

PRS 3.7%
Merkel cell CL0000242

CSI 2.3

rCSI 53.9%

PRS 31.2%
cerebral cortex pyramidal neuron CL4023111

CSI 2.3

rCSI 14.3%

PRS 16.1%
natural T-regulatory cell CL0000903

CSI 2.5

rCSI 4.7%

PRS 12.2%
mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570

CSI 2.6

rCSI 14.3%

PRS 16.0%
endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid CL0019022

CSI 2.6

rCSI 8.0%

PRS 8.6%
choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706

CSI 2.7

rCSI 4.4%

PRS 3.3%
uterine smooth muscle cell CL0002601

CSI 2.7

rCSI 18.0%

PRS 32.6%
cholangiocyte CL1000488

CSI 2.8

rCSI 16.8%

PRS 8.8%
pluripotent stem cell CL0002248

CSI 2.8

rCSI 84.1%

PRS 10.4%
T follicular helper cell CL0002038

CSI 2.9

rCSI 2.2%

PRS 7.0%
germinal center B cell CL0000844

CSI 2.9

rCSI 8.6%

PRS 11.5%
Bergmann glial cell CL0000644

CSI 3.0

rCSI 4.1%

PRS 4.7%
acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623

CSI 3.0

rCSI 70.8%

PRS 5.7%
enteric neuron CL0007011

CSI 3.1

rCSI 45.9%

PRS 12.5%
tuft cell of colon CL0009041

CSI 3.1

rCSI 7.3%

PRS 10.3%
tissue-resident macrophage CL0000864

CSI 3.1

rCSI 14.7%

PRS 11.9%
inflammatory macrophage CL0000863

CSI 3.2

rCSI 5.4%

PRS 8.8%
skeletal muscle satellite stem cell CL0008011

CSI 3.3

rCSI 14.5%

PRS 17.1%
VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016

CSI 3.3

rCSI 3.9%

PRS 2.6%
mesenchymal stem cell CL0000134

CSI 3.3

rCSI 36.3%

PRS 7.8%
pro-T cell CL0000827

CSI 3.4

rCSI 80.2%

PRS 27.4%
unswitched memory B cell CL0000970

CSI 3.5

rCSI 2.9%

PRS 7.1%
kidney collecting duct principal cell CL1001431

CSI 3.5

rCSI 17.8%

PRS 23.8%
professional antigen presenting cell CL0000145

CSI 3.6

rCSI 12.3%

PRS 19.4%
OFF-bipolar cell CL0000750

CSI 3.6

rCSI 4.9%

PRS 7.4%
epithelial cell of urethra CL1000296

CSI 3.6

rCSI 91.5%

PRS 15.1%
blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018

CSI 3.7

rCSI 30.4%

PRS 4.5%
megakaryocyte progenitor cell CL0000553

CSI 3.8

rCSI 69.8%

PRS 9.9%
prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell CL2000059

CSI 3.9

rCSI 92.2%

PRS 16.2%
rod bipolar cell CL0000751

CSI 3.9

rCSI 6.9%

PRS 3.6%
IgM plasma cell CL0000986

CSI 3.9

rCSI 17.4%

PRS 23.0%
memory B cell CL0000787

CSI 3.9

rCSI 3.8%

PRS 18.7%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Context Genes (max 20):

Interaction Source:

Pathway Categories (for ONTOLOGY source):

Baseline Cell Type:

Baseline Cell Context(s): Comma-separated if multiple.

Target Cell Type:

Target Cell Context(s): Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:

Query Gene
Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
- Very High
- High
- Medium
- Low
- Very Low
- CSI N/A
Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
STRING PPI Edge
Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

Description
Proteins

## Summary [TXN](/details-gene/7295), also known as thioredoxin, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 9q31.3. It encodes a small, multifunctional oxidoreductase enzyme that is central to cellular redox homeostasis and antioxidant defense ([OMIM: [187700](https://omim.org/entry/187700)]). As a key component of the thioredoxin system, [TXN](/details-gene/7295) reduces disulfide bonds in target proteins, thereby regulating their function and protecting cells from oxidative stress. Expression data indicates that **Overall**, [TXN](/details-gene/7295) is a highly significant gene in a diverse array of cell types, particularly in progenitor populations such as [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037) and in epithelial cells that form environmental barriers, like [ciliated epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000067) and [keratinocyte](/details-cell/CL0000312). This broad but pronounced expression pattern underscores its fundamental role in cellular maintenance, proliferation, and stress response across multiple tissues. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [TXN](/details-gene/7295) highlights its critical function in cells characterized by high metabolic activity, proliferative capacity, or direct exposure to environmental stressors. **Overall**, its highest significance is observed in hematopoietic progenitor cells, including [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037), [common myeloid progenitor](/details-cell/CL0000049), and [megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0000050). This pattern suggests an essential role in maintaining the redox balance necessary for stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Concurrently, [TXN](/details-gene/7295) is highly significant in various epithelial tissues that act as physiological barriers. These include [ciliated epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000067) and [multi-ciliated epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0005012) of the respiratory tract, [keratinocyte](/details-cell/CL0000312) in the skin, and both [intestine goblet cell](/details-cell/CL0019031) and [colon epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0011108) in the gut. This is consistent with its function in detoxifying reactive oxygen species, which are frequently generated in these tissues due to exposure to pathogens and environmental toxins. A notable immune cell with high significance is the [plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human](/details-cell/CL0001058), pointing to a role in innate immune responses. Conversely, [TXN](/details-gene/7295) shows low to negative significance in several terminally differentiated and quiescent cell types. This includes multiple neuronal subtypes such as [pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023018) and [inhibitory interneuron](/details-cell/CL0000498), as well as mature, memory lymphocyte populations like [central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell](/details-cell/CL0000904) and [effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell](/details-cell/CL0000913). This selective low expression reinforces its primary association with cellular proliferation and active defense mechanisms rather than the maintenance of quiescent cellular states. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [TXN](/details-gene/7295) is a central hub for cellular redox control and stress responses. Its primary molecular function is as a protein-disulfide reductase ([GO:0015035](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0015035)), which is fundamental to the biological process of [cell redox homeostasis](/details-go/GO:0045454) and the [detoxification of reactive oxygen species](/details-pathway/R-HSA-3299685). This activity is crucial for protecting cells from damage induced by oxidative stress, a key aspect of pathways like [Cellular responses to stress](/details-pathway/R-HSA-2262752) and [Oxidative stress induced senescence](/details-pathway/R-HSA-2559580). Beyond its direct antioxidant role, [TXN](/details-gene/7295) is deeply involved in regulating signal transduction and gene expression. It modulates transcription factor activity, such as the activator protein-1 (AP-1), through its interaction with redox factor-1 (Ref-1) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633)). This is reflected in its annotation to pathways like [Gene expression (transcription)](/details-pathway/R-HSA-74160) and its role in the [negative regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii](/details-go/GO:0000122). Furthermore, its involvement in the [Keap1-nfe2l2 pathway](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9755511) places it as a critical regulator of the NFE2L2 (Nrf2) master antioxidant response. [TXN](/details-gene/7295) also plays a significant part in the [immune system](/details-pathway/R-HSA-168256). Its activity is linked to the [innate immune system](/details-pathway/R-HSA-168249), including the regulation of [inflammasomes](/details-pathway/R-HSA-622312) and other [NLR signaling pathways](/details-pathway/R-HSA-168643). The secretion of [TXN](/details-gene/7295) from cells ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35742-9)) allows it to function as an extracellular cytokine-like factor, participating in [cell recruitment (pro-inflammatory response)](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9664424). This dual intracellular and extracellular function makes it a versatile modulator of cellular health and immune surveillance. ## Research Directions The widespread and critical functions of [TXN](/details-gene/7295) in cellular homeostasis present several avenues for future research, particularly concerning its roles in stem cell maintenance and disease pathology. ### Proposed Hypotheses: 1. **Hypothesis 1:** Given its exceptionally high significance in [hematopoietic stem cell](/details-cell/CL0000037) and other myeloid progenitors, [TXN](/details-gene/7295) is indispensable for maintaining hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and self-renewal by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that would otherwise force differentiation or apoptosis. 2. **Hypothesis 2:** The high expression of [TXN](/details-gene/7295) in epithelial barrier cells ([keratinocyte](/details-cell/CL0000312), [intestine goblet cell](/details-cell/CL0019031)) suggests that its localized downregulation or dysfunction is a key factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory barrier diseases, such as atopic dermatitis or inflammatory bowel disease, by compromising the tissue's ability to manage oxidative stress from environmental and microbial sources. ### Key Experimental Approach: To test the role of [TXN](/details-gene/7295) in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance (Hypothesis 1), a conditional knockout mouse model could be employed. Specifically, *Txn^fl/fl;Vav1-Cre* mice would allow for the specific deletion of [TXN](/details-gene/7295) within the hematopoietic system. Bone marrow from these mice and control littermates would be analyzed for HSC frequency and function. A series of competitive bone marrow transplantation experiments would definitively assess the long-term self-renewal and repopulation capacity of [TXN](/details-gene/7295)-deficient HSCs. In parallel, isolated HSCs would be cultured *in vitro* and assessed for ROS levels, apoptosis rates (via Annexin V staining), and cell cycle status to dissect the cellular mechanisms underlying any observed defects. ### Therapeutic Potential: [TXN](/details-gene/7295) presents a dual-edged sword for therapeutic intervention. Its overexpression is a common feature in many cancers, where it helps malignant cells survive high levels of intrinsic oxidative stress. This makes it an attractive target for **inhibition** to sensitize tumors to radiation or chemotherapy. However, its crucial role in healthy, high-turnover tissues like hematopoietic progenitors and gut epithelium poses a significant risk of on-target toxicity with systemic inhibitors. Therefore, therapeutic strategies would likely require tumor-specific delivery mechanisms or the development of inhibitors that target cancer-specific protein-protein interactions involving [TXN](/details-gene/7295). Conversely, enhancing [TXN](/details-gene/7295) activity or local delivery of recombinant [TXN](/details-gene/7295) could be explored as a protective strategy in ischemia-reperfusion injury or certain neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress, although this remains a less developed area of research.

Disclaimer: This in-silico analysis is generated by an AI language model and may contain inaccuracies or hallucinations. However, it is cross-referenced with curated gene expression data from major biological sources. Please verify the information before use.

Thioredoxin

Genular Protein ID: 1291118948

Symbol: THIO_HUMAN

Name: Thioredoxin

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P10599 B1ALW1 O60744 Q53X69 Q96KI3 Q9UDG5

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3170595

Title: Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin.

PubMed ID: 3170595

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37617-3

PubMed ID: 2785919

Title: ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction.

PubMed ID: 2785919

DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03436.x

PubMed ID: 1874447

Title: Isolation and characterization of human thioredoxin-encoding genes.

PubMed ID: 1874447

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90081-l

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15164053

Title: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9.

PubMed ID: 15164053

DOI: 10.1038/nature02465

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 7818492

Title: Characterization of a thioredoxin-related surface protein.

PubMed ID: 7818492

DOI: 10.1042/bj3040861

PubMed ID: 1998498

Title: Identification of a thioredoxin-related protein associated with plasma membranes.

PubMed ID: 1998498

DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81209-4

PubMed ID: 2176490

Title: Human thioredoxin reactivity-structure/function relationship.

PubMed ID: 2176490

DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80940-4

PubMed ID: 1332947

Title: Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway.

PubMed ID: 1332947

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35742-9

PubMed ID: 9108029

Title: AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1.

PubMed ID: 9108029

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3633

PubMed ID: 11118054

Title: Thioredoxin nuclear translocation and interaction with redox factor-1 activates the activator protein-1 transcription factor in response to ionizing radiation.

PubMed ID: 11118054

PubMed ID: 15246877

Title: S-nitrosation of thioredoxin in the nitrogen monoxide/superoxide system activates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1.

PubMed ID: 15246877

DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.06.004

PubMed ID: 16408020

Title: Thioredoxin catalyzes the S-nitrosation of the caspase-3 active site cysteine.

PubMed ID: 16408020

DOI: 10.1038/nchembio720

PubMed ID: 17182577

Title: Cross-reactivity and 1.4-A crystal structure of Malassezia sympodialis thioredoxin (Mala s 13), a member of a new pan-allergen family.

PubMed ID: 17182577

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.389

PubMed ID: 17606900

Title: Thioredoxin is required for S-nitrosation of procaspase-3 and the inhibition of apoptosis in Jurkat cells.

PubMed ID: 17606900

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704898104

PubMed ID: 19032234

Title: Auto- and cross-reactivity to thioredoxin allergens in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

PubMed ID: 19032234

DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01777.x

PubMed ID: 19690162

Title: Salmonella type III secretion effector SlrP is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for mammalian thioredoxin.

PubMed ID: 19690162

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.010363

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 21489611

Title: Malassezia sympodialis thioredoxin-specific T cells are highly cross-reactive to human thioredoxin in atopic dermatitis.

PubMed ID: 21489611

DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.043

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 2684271

Title: A proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure determination of recombinant human thioredoxin.

PubMed ID: 2684271

DOI: 10.1021/bi00443a045

PubMed ID: 2001356

Title: High-resolution three-dimensional structure of reduced recombinant human thioredoxin in solution.

PubMed ID: 2001356

DOI: 10.1021/bi00224a017

PubMed ID: 7922028

Title: The high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the oxidized and reduced states of human thioredoxin.

PubMed ID: 7922028

DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00051-4

PubMed ID: 7788295

Title: Solution structure of human thioredoxin in a mixed disulfide intermediate complex with its target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B.

PubMed ID: 7788295

DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00159-9

PubMed ID: 8736558

Title: The solution structure of human thioredoxin complexed with its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal.

PubMed ID: 8736558

DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00065-2

PubMed ID: 8805557

Title: Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer.

PubMed ID: 8805557

DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00079-2

PubMed ID: 9369469

Title: Human thioredoxin homodimers: regulation by pH, role of aspartate 60, and crystal structure of the aspartate 60 --> asparagine mutant.

PubMed ID: 9369469

DOI: 10.1021/bi971004s

PubMed ID: 17260951

Title: Buried S-nitrosocysteine revealed in crystal structures of human thioredoxin.

PubMed ID: 17260951

DOI: 10.1021/bi061878r

Sequence Information:

Length: 105
Mass: 11737
Checksum: 256F4E3C8A187693
Sequence:

MVKQIESKTA FQEALDAAGD KLVVVDFSAT WCGPCKMIKP FFHSLSEKYS NVIFLEVDVD 
DCQDVASECE VKCMPTFQFF KKGQKVGEFS GANKEKLEAT INELV

Details for: TXN

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Network Configuration

Legend:

Other Information

Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin. PubMed ID: 3170595

ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiol-reduction in the IL-2 receptor induction. PubMed ID: 2785919

Isolation and characterization of human thioredoxin-encoding genes. PubMed ID: 1874447

Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. PubMed ID: 14702039

DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 9. PubMed ID: 15164053

The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). PubMed ID: 15489334

Characterization of a thioredoxin-related surface protein. PubMed ID: 7818492

Identification of a thioredoxin-related protein associated with plasma membranes. PubMed ID: 1998498

Human thioredoxin reactivity-structure/function relationship. PubMed ID: 2176490

Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway. PubMed ID: 1332947

AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1. PubMed ID: 9108029

Thioredoxin nuclear translocation and interaction with redox factor-1 activates the activator protein-1 transcription factor in response to ionizing radiation. PubMed ID: 11118054

S-nitrosation of thioredoxin in the nitrogen monoxide/superoxide system activates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1. PubMed ID: 15246877

Thioredoxin catalyzes the S-nitrosation of the caspase-3 active site cysteine. PubMed ID: 16408020

Cross-reactivity and 1.4-A crystal structure of Malassezia sympodialis thioredoxin (Mala s 13), a member of a new pan-allergen family. PubMed ID: 17182577

Thioredoxin is required for S-nitrosation of procaspase-3 and the inhibition of apoptosis in Jurkat cells. PubMed ID: 17606900

Auto- and cross-reactivity to thioredoxin allergens in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. PubMed ID: 19032234

Salmonella type III secretion effector SlrP is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for mammalian thioredoxin. PubMed ID: 19690162

Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. PubMed ID: 19608861

Initial characterization of the human central proteome. PubMed ID: 21269460

Malassezia sympodialis thioredoxin-specific T cells are highly cross-reactive to human thioredoxin in atopic dermatitis. PubMed ID: 21489611

An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome. PubMed ID: 24275569

N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome. PubMed ID: 25944712

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignment and secondary structure determination of recombinant human thioredoxin. PubMed ID: 2684271

High-resolution three-dimensional structure of reduced recombinant human thioredoxin in solution. PubMed ID: 2001356

The high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the oxidized and reduced states of human thioredoxin. PubMed ID: 7922028

Solution structure of human thioredoxin in a mixed disulfide intermediate complex with its target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B. PubMed ID: 7788295

The solution structure of human thioredoxin complexed with its target from Ref-1 reveals peptide chain reversal. PubMed ID: 8736558

Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. PubMed ID: 8805557

Human thioredoxin homodimers: regulation by pH, role of aspartate 60, and crystal structure of the aspartate 60 --&gt; asparagine mutant. PubMed ID: 9369469

Buried S-nitrosocysteine revealed in crystal structures of human thioredoxin. PubMed ID: 17260951