Details for: ARL2

Gene ID: 402

Symbol: ARL2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000213465

Description: ARF like GTPase 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 265.9355
    Cell Significance Index: -41.3700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 143.3903
    Cell Significance Index: -36.3700
  • Cell Name: embryonic stem cell (CL0002322)
    Fold Change: 123.9114
    Cell Significance Index: -51.0500
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 108.7006
    Cell Significance Index: -51.3200
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 99.3583
    Cell Significance Index: -40.3700
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 90.2631
    Cell Significance Index: -46.4300
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 43.0639
    Cell Significance Index: -41.1200
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 39.5837
    Cell Significance Index: -48.8100
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 12.9826
    Cell Significance Index: -51.2300
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 11.7371
    Cell Significance Index: -36.0500
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 11.1801
    Cell Significance Index: -29.9500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 3.4129
    Cell Significance Index: 397.7400
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 3.3975
    Cell Significance Index: 178.3800
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: 2.8467
    Cell Significance Index: 32.3400
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 2.2770
    Cell Significance Index: 136.7000
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 2.0686
    Cell Significance Index: 55.3400
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 2.0545
    Cell Significance Index: 36.3100
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: 1.8803
    Cell Significance Index: 97.9400
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 1.6369
    Cell Significance Index: 224.7900
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 1.2284
    Cell Significance Index: 157.4800
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 1.1234
    Cell Significance Index: 138.1300
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle myoblast (CL0000515)
    Fold Change: 1.1121
    Cell Significance Index: 12.0900
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 1.0198
    Cell Significance Index: 47.5500
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: 0.9674
    Cell Significance Index: 22.3500
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.8819
    Cell Significance Index: 158.9900
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.8445
    Cell Significance Index: 373.3700
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.8248
    Cell Significance Index: 450.4600
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.7885
    Cell Significance Index: 37.0600
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.6653
    Cell Significance Index: 47.0500
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 0.5854
    Cell Significance Index: 75.6300
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: 0.5823
    Cell Significance Index: 20.2400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.5052
    Cell Significance Index: 22.9000
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 0.4948
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0100
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 0.4888
    Cell Significance Index: 36.4300
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.4080
    Cell Significance Index: 26.3300
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.3993
    Cell Significance Index: 8.6500
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 0.3865
    Cell Significance Index: 10.5200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.3249
    Cell Significance Index: 55.4800
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: 0.3133
    Cell Significance Index: 9.2000
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.2614
    Cell Significance Index: 52.4400
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.2472
    Cell Significance Index: 24.4500
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.2406
    Cell Significance Index: 12.5000
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 0.2283
    Cell Significance Index: 14.3900
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.2164
    Cell Significance Index: 41.1900
  • Cell Name: cone retinal bipolar cell (CL0000752)
    Fold Change: 0.1998
    Cell Significance Index: 1.5400
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: 0.0845
    Cell Significance Index: 63.9600
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.0502
    Cell Significance Index: 34.7500
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: 0.0389
    Cell Significance Index: 28.5200
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.0366
    Cell Significance Index: 13.1200
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: 0.0184
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9300
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0022
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0123
    Cell Significance Index: -9.0900
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0142
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5000
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0265
    Cell Significance Index: -49.9700
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: -0.0309
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2900
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0351
    Cell Significance Index: -64.8000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0422
    Cell Significance Index: -26.3600
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0422
    Cell Significance Index: -64.9500
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.0481
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0539
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5100
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0582
    Cell Significance Index: -32.8500
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.0659
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3800
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0682
    Cell Significance Index: -43.3000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1048
    Cell Significance Index: -22.0700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: -0.1063
    Cell Significance Index: -17.3000
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.1113
    Cell Significance Index: -50.5100
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -0.1221
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8300
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.1328
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4400
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.1455
    Cell Significance Index: -41.8600
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.1498
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0200
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.1786
    Cell Significance Index: -5.7200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1875
    Cell Significance Index: -21.4800
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.1958
    Cell Significance Index: -23.0900
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.2039
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2100
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of placenta (CL0009092)
    Fold Change: -0.2102
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.2500
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1700
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.2629
    Cell Significance Index: -52.1700
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.2840
    Cell Significance Index: -22.4900
  • Cell Name: kidney cell (CL1000497)
    Fold Change: -0.2887
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3000
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.3395
    Cell Significance Index: -49.3500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.3566
    Cell Significance Index: -40.7000
  • Cell Name: microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell (CL0008035)
    Fold Change: -0.4822
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0500
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.4950
    Cell Significance Index: -51.5400
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.5553
    Cell Significance Index: -42.6100
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.5559
    Cell Significance Index: -34.1700
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.5928
    Cell Significance Index: -17.4600
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.6022
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8300
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.6684
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1200
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.6875
    Cell Significance Index: -38.5800
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.7007
    Cell Significance Index: -42.9600
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.7986
    Cell Significance Index: -53.7000
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.9290
    Cell Significance Index: -41.0900
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -1.0499
    Cell Significance Index: -38.5400
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -1.1068
    Cell Significance Index: -41.9100
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex neuron (CL0010012)
    Fold Change: -1.2297
    Cell Significance Index: -11.7000
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: -1.2620
    Cell Significance Index: -26.9800
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: -1.3036
    Cell Significance Index: -10.6300
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -1.3748
    Cell Significance Index: -35.3400
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -1.3879
    Cell Significance Index: -48.6200
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -1.3993
    Cell Significance Index: -14.4900

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **GTPase activity:** ARL2 is a GTP-binding protein that cycles between a GTP-bound and a GDP-bound state, allowing it to regulate various cellular processes. 2. **Protein transport:** ARL2 is involved in the transport of proteins and lipids across cellular membranes, influencing cell signaling and cytoskeletal organization. 3. **Cytoskeletal organization:** ARL2 regulates microtubule polymerization, which is essential for maintaining cellular shape, morphology, and cell-cell interactions. 4. **Cell signaling:** ARL2 interacts with various signaling molecules, including MAPK kinases, Raf kinases, and Ras proteins, to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival. 5. **Expression:** ARL2 is widely expressed in various cell types, including neurons, immune cells, epithelial cells, and stem cells. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Bicellular tight junction assembly:** ARL2 regulates the formation of tight junctions between epithelial cells, maintaining barrier function and tissue integrity. 2. **Centrosome cycle:** ARL2 is involved in the regulation of centrosome duplication and separation, ensuring proper cell division and cytoskeletal organization. 3. **Cilium formation:** ARL2 regulates the formation and maintenance of cilia, which are essential for sensory perception and signaling. 4. **Mapk1/mapk3 signaling:** ARL2 interacts with MAPK kinases to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival pathways. 5. **Raf/map kinase cascade:** ARL2 regulates the Raf MAPK cascade, which is involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Neurological disorders:** Mutations in the ARL2 gene have been associated with neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder and spinocerebellar ataxia. 2. **Cancer:** ARL2 is involved in the regulation of cell growth and survival pathways, making it a potential target for cancer therapy. 3. **Immunological disorders:** ARL2 plays a role in regulating immune cell function and signaling, which may contribute to the development of immunological disorders, such as autoimmune diseases. 4. **Infectious diseases:** ARL2 may be involved in the regulation of host defense mechanisms, making it a potential target for the treatment of infectious diseases. In conclusion, the ARL2 gene is a crucial regulator of various cellular processes, including protein transport, cell signaling, and cytoskeletal organization. Its significant expression in different cell types and its involvement in multiple signaling pathways underscore its importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the functions and significance of ARL2 in various diseases and disorders.

Genular Protein ID: 2111126002

Symbol: ARL2_HUMAN

Name: ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P36404 G3V184 Q9BUK8

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 2 CDD 1 CORUM 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 4 ChEMBL 1 DIP 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 6 Ensembl 3 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 26 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 NCBIfam 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 2 PDBsum 2 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 2 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 3 RefSeq 2 SMART 3 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8415637

Title: Selective amplification of additional members of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family: cloning of additional human and Drosophila ARF-like genes.

PubMed ID: 8415637

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8952

PubMed ID: 15146197

Title: Transcriptome characterization elucidates signaling networks that control human ES cell growth and differentiation.

PubMed ID: 15146197

DOI: 10.1038/nbt971

PubMed ID: 16554811

Title: Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification.

PubMed ID: 16554811

DOI: 10.1038/nature04632

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 10488091

Title: The ARF-like 2 (ARL2)-binding protein, BART. Purification, cloning, and initial characterization.

PubMed ID: 10488091

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.39.27553

PubMed ID: 10831612

Title: ADP ribosylation factor-like protein 2 (Arl2) regulates the interaction of tubulin-folding cofactor D with native tubulin.

PubMed ID: 10831612

DOI: 10.1083/jcb.149.5.1087

PubMed ID: 11303027

Title: ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) and ARF-like 1 (ARL1) have both specific and shared effectors: characterizing ARL1-binding proteins.

PubMed ID: 11303027

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102359200

PubMed ID: 11847227

Title: Functional overlap between retinitis pigmentosa 2 protein and the tubulin-specific chaperone cofactor C.

PubMed ID: 11847227

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200128200

PubMed ID: 11809823

Title: ARL2 and BART enter mitochondria and bind the adenine nucleotide transporter.

PubMed ID: 11809823

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.01-05-0245

PubMed ID: 16525022

Title: Arl2 and Arl3 regulate different microtubule-dependent processes.

PubMed ID: 16525022

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-10-0929

PubMed ID: 17452337

Title: ELMOD2 is an Arl2 GTPase-activating protein that also acts on Arfs.

PubMed ID: 17452337

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701347200

PubMed ID: 18588884

Title: Specificity of Arl2/Arl3 signaling is mediated by a ternary Arl3-effector-GAP complex.

PubMed ID: 18588884

DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.05.053

PubMed ID: 18234692

Title: BART is essential for nuclear retention of STAT3.

PubMed ID: 18234692

DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm154

PubMed ID: 18981177

Title: The structure of binder of Arl2 (BART) reveals a novel G protein binding domain: implications for function.

PubMed ID: 18981177

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806167200

PubMed ID: 20740604

Title: Effect of TBCD and its regulatory interactor Arl2 on tubulin and microtubule integrity.

PubMed ID: 20740604

DOI: 10.1002/cm.20480

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 27666374

Title: Biallelic TBCD mutations cause early-onset neurodegenerative encephalopathy.

PubMed ID: 27666374

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.08.005

PubMed ID: 30945270

Title: Whole-exome sequencing identified ARL2 as a novel candidate gene for MRCS (microcornea, rod-cone dystrophy, cataract, and posterior staphyloma) syndrome.

PubMed ID: 30945270

DOI: 10.1111/cge.13541

PubMed ID: 19368893

Title: Crystal structure of the ARL2-GTP-BART complex reveals a novel recognition and binding mode of small GTPase with effector.

PubMed ID: 19368893

DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2009.01.014

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 184
  • Mass: 20878
  • Checksum: 0823F005719C17F9
  • Sequence:
    • MGLLTILKKM KQKERELRLL MLGLDNAGKT TILKKFNGED IDTISPTLGF NIKTLEHRGF 
KLNIWDVGGQ KSLRSYWRNY FESTDGLIWV VDSADRQRMQ DCQRELQSLL VEERLAGATL 
LIFANKQDLP GALSSNAIRE VLELDSIRSH HWCIQGCSAV TGENLLPGID WLLDDISSRI 
FTAD

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.