REL | ENSG00000162924 | NCBI 5966

Details for: REL

Associated with

Activation of nf-kappab in b cells
(R-HSA-1169091)
Adaptive immune system
(R-HSA-1280218)
Downstream signaling events of b cell receptor (bcr)
(R-HSA-1168372)
Immune system
(R-HSA-168256)
Signaling by the b cell receptor (bcr)
(R-HSA-983705)
Canonical nf-kappab signal transduction
(GO:0007249)
Chromatin
(GO:0000785)
Cytoplasm
(GO:0005737)
Cytosol
(GO:0005829)
Dna-binding transcription activator activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
(GO:0001228)
Dna-binding transcription factor activity
(GO:0003700)
Dna-binding transcription factor activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
(GO:0000981)
Inflammatory response
(GO:0006954)
Innate immune response
(GO:0045087)
Negative regulation of gene expression
(GO:0010629)
Negative regulation of interferon-beta production
(GO:0032688)
Nf-kappab complex
(GO:0071159)
Non-canonical nf-kappab signal transduction
(GO:0038061)
Nucleoplasm
(GO:0005654)
Nucleus
(GO:0005634)
Positive regulation of canonical nf-kappab signal transduction
(GO:0043123)
Positive regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii
(GO:0045944)
Protein binding
(GO:0005515)
Response to cytokine
(GO:0034097)
Rna polymerase ii cis-regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
(GO:0000978)

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396

CSI 65.84

rCSI 50.73%

PRS 44.7
myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782

CSI 51.72

rCSI 74.93%

PRS 61.99
mature B cell CL0000785

CSI 46.57

rCSI 40.49%

PRS 55.37
memory B cell CL0000787

CSI 40.13

rCSI 39.63%

PRS 78.31
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human CL0001049

CSI 36.08

rCSI 61.73%

PRS 66.41
naive B cell CL0000788

CSI 35.7

rCSI 30.62%

PRS 54.53
immature B cell CL0000816

CSI 35.46

rCSI 26.34%

PRS 59.13
Langerhans cell CL0000453

CSI 33.18

rCSI 50.68%

PRS 63.01
intermediate monocyte CL0002393

CSI 30.98

rCSI 46.74%

PRS 47.87
CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399

CSI 30.9

rCSI 37.33%

PRS 53.68
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907

CSI 26.91

rCSI 18.13%

PRS 56.28
class switched memory B cell CL0000972

CSI 26.72

rCSI 19.95%

PRS 64.19
early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936

CSI 26.31

rCSI 23.11%

PRS 50.9
conventional dendritic cell CL0000990

CSI 24.96

rCSI 20.84%

PRS 65.62
group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071

CSI 24.04

rCSI 18.07%

PRS 49.4
dendritic cell, human CL0001056

CSI 23.23

rCSI 35.68%

PRS 52.92
CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human CL0000938

CSI 21.96

rCSI 16.47%

PRS 77.6
dendritic cell CL0000451

CSI 21.47

rCSI 26.45%

PRS 68.76
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000920

CSI 21.23

rCSI 42.32%

PRS 63.62
transit amplifying cell CL0009010

CSI 19.3

rCSI 29.52%

PRS 61.93
bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093

CSI 17.76

rCSI 14.43%

PRS 46.49
CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human CL0000939

CSI 17.72

rCSI 11.81%

PRS 71.37
T-helper 1 cell CL0000545

CSI 16.87

rCSI 30.45%

PRS 71.93
granulocyte CL0000094

CSI 16.79

rCSI 25.64%

PRS 55.07
plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058

CSI 16.65

rCSI 11.62%

PRS 47.63
keratinocyte CL0000312

CSI 15.55

rCSI 13.04%

PRS 50.71
goblet cell CL0000160

CSI 15.41

rCSI 14.57%

PRS 46.58
B cell CL0000236

CSI 15.25

rCSI 20.41%

PRS 74.52
mature NK T cell CL0000814

CSI 15.25

rCSI 19.5%

PRS 76.62
stem cell CL0000034

CSI 14.94

rCSI 14.4%

PRS 36.66
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897

CSI 14.88

rCSI 10.68%

PRS 58.82
common lymphoid progenitor CL0000051

CSI 14.67

rCSI 19.6%

PRS 68.23
tissue-resident macrophage CL0000864

CSI 14.6

rCSI 68.33%

PRS 64.2
sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015

CSI 14.54

rCSI 23.39%

PRS 32.36
elicited macrophage CL0000861

CSI 14.31

rCSI 13.14%

PRS 53.3
kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768

CSI 14.13

rCSI 35.84%

PRS 36.48
myofibroblast cell CL0000186

CSI 14.08

rCSI 19.5%

PRS 50.61
colon macrophage CL0009038

CSI 14.07

rCSI 65.01%

PRS 67.92
unswitched memory B cell CL0000970

CSI 13.89

rCSI 11.69%

PRS 63.13
alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890

CSI 13.51

rCSI 16.99%

PRS 59.34
macrophage CL0000235

CSI 13.37

rCSI 24.32%

PRS 73.23
vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359

CSI 13.1

rCSI 42.49%

PRS 48.59
naive T cell CL0000898

CSI 13.01

rCSI 9.05%

PRS 58.75
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203

CSI 12.98

rCSI 15.72%

PRS 40.41
lung pericyte CL0009089

CSI 12.88

rCSI 33.98%

PRS 53.68
common dendritic progenitor CL0001029

CSI 12.67

rCSI 15.91%

PRS 55.73
mucosal invariant T cell CL0000940

CSI 12.41

rCSI 10.03%

PRS 56.35
Mueller cell CL0000636

CSI 12.32

rCSI 28.12%

PRS 39.31
follicular B cell CL0000843

CSI 12.14

rCSI 44.15%

PRS 78.16
myeloid dendritic cell, human CL0001057

CSI 12.05

rCSI 67.8%

PRS 76.68
multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012

CSI 11.98

rCSI 11.96%

PRS 40.13
ciliated cell CL0000064

CSI 11.76

rCSI 19.06%

PRS 44.28
basal cell of epidermis CL0002187

CSI 11.69

rCSI 20.72%

PRS 28.15
pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000

CSI 11.22

rCSI 13.66%

PRS 53.53
basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002324

CSI 11.15

rCSI 21.08%

PRS 68.65
plasmacytoid dendritic cell CL0000784

CSI 11.09

rCSI 11.24%

PRS 83
precursor B cell CL0000817

CSI 11.07

rCSI 9.7%

PRS 55.45
pro-B cell CL0000826

CSI 10.7

rCSI 8.86%

PRS 46.8
intestinal tuft cell CL0019032

CSI 10.69

rCSI 16.33%

PRS 50.43
germinal center B cell CL0000844

CSI 10.66

rCSI 31.79%

PRS 68.37
mesenchymal cell CL0008019

CSI 10.26

rCSI 26.06%

PRS 41.83
monocyte CL0000576

CSI 10.07

rCSI 18.2%

PRS 67.14
pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell CL0002062

CSI 10.01

rCSI 57.71%

PRS 47.44
T-helper 17 cell CL0000899

CSI 9.74

rCSI 7.73%

PRS 67.96
astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605

CSI 9.67

rCSI 21.68%

PRS 31.01
non-classical monocyte CL0000875

CSI 9.63

rCSI 15.44%

PRS 73.8
secretory cell CL0000151

CSI 9.54

rCSI 9.96%

PRS 46.37
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000906

CSI 9.54

rCSI 9.38%

PRS 72.31
conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432

CSI 9.4

rCSI 14.35%

PRS 46.38
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000896

CSI 9.37

rCSI 8.66%

PRS 65.9
skin fibroblast CL0002620

CSI 9.36

rCSI 8.07%

PRS 54.27
vein endothelial cell CL0002543

CSI 9.31

rCSI 25.39%

PRS 73.19
inflammatory macrophage CL0000863

CSI 9.3

rCSI 15.88%

PRS 72.02
T follicular helper cell CL0002038

CSI 9.2

rCSI 6.89%

PRS 60.51
CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492

CSI 8.91

rCSI 6.74%

PRS 58.29
retina horizontal cell CL0000745

CSI 8.85

rCSI 13.49%

PRS 42.55
nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480

CSI 8.78

rCSI 10.18%

PRS 56.26
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000909

CSI 8.77

rCSI 9.16%

PRS 74.75
central nervous system macrophage CL0000878

CSI 8.74

rCSI 28.98%

PRS 47.45
mononuclear phagocyte CL0000113

CSI 8.64

rCSI 19.03%

PRS 49.67
group 2 innate lymphoid cell CL0001069

CSI 8.55

rCSI 46.24%

PRS 80.3
melanocyte CL0000148

CSI 8.32

rCSI 6.16%

PRS 39.4
Kupffer cell CL0000091

CSI 8.18

rCSI 18.71%

PRS 45.23
renal principal cell CL0005009

CSI 8.17

rCSI 21.23%

PRS 50.76
basophil CL0000767

CSI 8.11

rCSI 17.16%

PRS 66.28
endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel CL0002138

CSI 8.1

rCSI 16.05%

PRS 67.97
plasmablast CL0000980

CSI 8

rCSI 6.3%

PRS 52.29
CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397

CSI 7.55

rCSI 9.9%

PRS 58.95
transitional stage B cell CL0000818

CSI 7.53

rCSI 24.65%

PRS 77.28
hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001

CSI 7.46

rCSI 7.67%

PRS 63.73
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632

CSI 7.33

rCSI 5.68%

PRS 46.36
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794

CSI 7.24

rCSI 8.65%

PRS 66.14
blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071

CSI 7.12

rCSI 14.77%

PRS 43.78
alpha-beta T cell CL0000789

CSI 7.1

rCSI 8.32%

PRS 61.48
CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054

CSI 6.95

rCSI 8.66%

PRS 57
small pre-B-II cell CL0000954

CSI 6.77

rCSI 6.51%

PRS 69.95
kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695

CSI 6.77

rCSI 17.64%

PRS 44.92
pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001

CSI 6.48

rCSI 12.36%

PRS 62.73
IgA plasma cell CL0000987

CSI 6.47

rCSI 6.62%

PRS 63.98
lung interstitial macrophage CL4033043

CSI 6.41

rCSI 14.39%

PRS 65.6

myelocyte CL0002193

CSI 0.2

rCSI 1.1%

PRS 78.0%
mesenchymal stem cell CL0000134

CSI 0.2

rCSI 2.2%

PRS 62.1%
tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001

CSI 0.2

rCSI 1.0%

PRS 62.0%
prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell CL2000059

CSI 0.2

rCSI 5.6%

PRS 71.2%
NKp44-negative group 3 innate lymphoid cell, human CL0001080

CSI 0.3

rCSI 8.6%

PRS 89.1%
acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623

CSI 0.3

rCSI 7.0%

PRS 68.6%
direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026

CSI 0.3

rCSI 7.3%

PRS 29.7%
epithelial cell of urethra CL1000296

CSI 0.3

rCSI 7.7%

PRS 70.8%
blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018

CSI 0.3

rCSI 2.6%

PRS 40.5%
double negative T regulatory cell CL0011024

CSI 0.3

rCSI 6.5%

PRS 86.0%
pre-conventional dendritic cell CL0002010

CSI 0.4

rCSI 5.3%

PRS 78.3%
cytotoxic T cell CL0000910

CSI 0.4

rCSI 2.4%

PRS 57.8%
myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000839

CSI 0.6

rCSI 2.9%

PRS 69.6%
placental villous trophoblast CL2000060

CSI 0.6

rCSI 0.9%

PRS 43.6%
amacrine cell CL0000561

CSI 0.6

rCSI 1.8%

PRS 37.3%
indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029

CSI 0.6

rCSI 15.3%

PRS 30.6%
enteroglial cell CL4040002

CSI 0.7

rCSI 3.7%

PRS 54.0%
intestinal crypt stem cell of colon CL0009043

CSI 0.7

rCSI 5.3%

PRS 65.7%
L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038

CSI 0.7

rCSI 2.3%

PRS 31.5%
deuterosomal cell CL4033044

CSI 0.7

rCSI 2.5%

PRS 54.9%
endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092

CSI 0.8

rCSI 3.7%

PRS 57.8%
respiratory epithelial cell CL0002368

CSI 0.8

rCSI 4.7%

PRS 80.5%
metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage CL4033042

CSI 0.8

rCSI 8.4%

PRS 75.6%
stromal cell of ovary CL0002132

CSI 0.8

rCSI 2.2%

PRS 61.3%
podocyte CL0000653

CSI 0.9

rCSI 3.8%

PRS 44.5%
kidney epithelial cell CL0002518

CSI 0.9

rCSI 1.7%

PRS 69.0%
pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064

CSI 0.9

rCSI 1.2%

PRS 50.7%
small intestine goblet cell CL1000495

CSI 0.9

rCSI 2.1%

PRS 55.4%
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000838

CSI 0.9

rCSI 3.7%

PRS 66.2%
interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088

CSI 1.0

rCSI 1.2%

PRS 51.3%
retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748

CSI 1.0

rCSI 1.9%

PRS 35.7%
eosinophil CL0000771

CSI 1.0

rCSI 6.8%

PRS 76.2%
caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064

CSI 1.1

rCSI 1.9%

PRS 29.3%
type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279

CSI 1.1

rCSI 2.1%

PRS 65.1%
type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577

CSI 1.1

rCSI 4.0%

PRS 58.4%
L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040

CSI 1.1

rCSI 2.8%

PRS 29.4%
fibroblast of breast CL4006000

CSI 1.1

rCSI 4.8%

PRS 66.8%
megakaryocyte CL0000556

CSI 1.2

rCSI 5.2%

PRS 61.3%
natural T-regulatory cell CL0000903

CSI 1.2

rCSI 2.3%

PRS 79.1%
tracheal goblet cell CL1000329

CSI 1.3

rCSI 2.8%

PRS 65.1%
memory T cell CL0000813

CSI 1.3

rCSI 2.6%

PRS 75.5%
lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011

CSI 1.3

rCSI 2.2%

PRS 30.3%
hair follicular keratinocyte CL2000092

CSI 1.4

rCSI 23.4%

PRS 78.9%
vein endothelial cell of respiratory system CL4033008

CSI 1.4

rCSI 9.4%

PRS 64.1%
periportal region hepatocyte CL0019026

CSI 1.4

rCSI 5.4%

PRS 54.6%
CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive common innate lymphoid precursor, human CL0001074

CSI 1.4

rCSI 16.6%

PRS 80.0%
bronchial goblet cell CL1000312

CSI 1.5

rCSI 5.9%

PRS 66.9%
Hofbauer cell CL3000001

CSI 1.5

rCSI 2.8%

PRS 56.1%
mucus secreting cell CL0000319

CSI 1.5

rCSI 2.4%

PRS 56.6%
decidual natural killer cell, human CL0002343

CSI 1.5

rCSI 15.6%

PRS 83.8%
chondrocyte CL0000138

CSI 1.6

rCSI 2.5%

PRS 39.0%
brush cell CL0002204

CSI 1.6

rCSI 3.1%

PRS 70.3%
respiratory goblet cell CL0002370

CSI 1.6

rCSI 17.1%

PRS 65.7%
promonocyte CL0000559

CSI 1.6

rCSI 2.7%

PRS 55.2%
corneal epithelial cell CL0000575

CSI 1.6

rCSI 4.6%

PRS 62.5%
IgG plasma cell CL0000985

CSI 1.7

rCSI 2.0%

PRS 64.8%
mesodermal cell CL0000222

CSI 1.7

rCSI 2.1%

PRS 43.9%
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002326

CSI 1.7

rCSI 3.2%

PRS 62.2%
mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570

CSI 1.7

rCSI 9.7%

PRS 63.0%
tendon cell CL0000388

CSI 1.8

rCSI 4.6%

PRS 68.4%
hepatocyte CL0000182

CSI 1.8

rCSI 3.2%

PRS 44.3%
lung ciliated cell CL1000271

CSI 1.8

rCSI 2.1%

PRS 36.2%
L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041

CSI 1.9

rCSI 6.7%

PRS 29.1%
glandular epithelial cell CL0000150

CSI 1.9

rCSI 4.9%

PRS 68.2%
keratocyte CL0002363

CSI 1.9

rCSI 4.5%

PRS 55.9%
pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079

CSI 1.9

rCSI 3.7%

PRS 47.9%
intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538

CSI 1.9

rCSI 4.6%

PRS 61.2%
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062

CSI 1.9

rCSI 9.7%

PRS 56.9%
large pre-B-II cell CL0000957

CSI 2.0

rCSI 5.6%

PRS 60.3%
lung endothelial cell CL1001567

CSI 2.0

rCSI 4.6%

PRS 70.3%
epithelial cell of lung CL0000082

CSI 2.1

rCSI 1.7%

PRS 44.3%
B-1 B cell CL0000819

CSI 2.2

rCSI 55.6%

PRS 84.7%
basal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002341

CSI 2.2

rCSI 6.3%

PRS 63.0%
colonocyte CL1000347

CSI 2.2

rCSI 3.2%

PRS 52.7%
respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048

CSI 2.2

rCSI 2.9%

PRS 50.5%
parietal epithelial cell CL1000452

CSI 2.3

rCSI 6.1%

PRS 38.8%
enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504

CSI 2.3

rCSI 3.3%

PRS 48.5%
promyelocyte CL0000836

CSI 2.3

rCSI 3.3%

PRS 55.8%
paneth cell CL0000510

CSI 2.4

rCSI 3.5%

PRS 63.3%
respiratory hillock cell CL4030023

CSI 2.4

rCSI 4.2%

PRS 61.3%
IgM plasma cell CL0000986

CSI 2.4

rCSI 10.7%

PRS 84.5%
pancreatic A cell CL0000171

CSI 2.5

rCSI 2.6%

PRS 48.8%
hepatic stellate cell CL0000632

CSI 2.5

rCSI 9.4%

PRS 39.0%
intestine goblet cell CL0019031

CSI 2.5

rCSI 2.2%

PRS 44.8%
lung resident memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033038

CSI 2.5

rCSI 24.9%

PRS 84.1%
mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327

CSI 2.6

rCSI 9.0%

PRS 61.2%
ON-bipolar cell CL0000749

CSI 2.6

rCSI 3.9%

PRS 48.2%
B-2 B cell CL0000822

CSI 2.6

rCSI 55.5%

PRS 84.1%
duct epithelial cell CL0000068

CSI 2.7

rCSI 3.9%

PRS 48.9%
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000905

CSI 2.7

rCSI 3.7%

PRS 73.3%
brush cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002075

CSI 2.9

rCSI 8.5%

PRS 57.1%
double negative thymocyte CL0002489

CSI 2.9

rCSI 2.0%

PRS 54.5%
stromal cell CL0000499

CSI 2.9

rCSI 8.2%

PRS 45.6%
lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033039

CSI 2.9

rCSI 7.6%

PRS 75.9%
fraction A pre-pro B cell CL0002045

CSI 3.0

rCSI 3.4%

PRS 68.4%
perivascular cell CL4033054

CSI 3.0

rCSI 4.1%

PRS 50.9%
colon epithelial cell CL0011108

CSI 3.0

rCSI 3.1%

PRS 42.9%
ionocyte CL0005006

CSI 3.0

rCSI 3.2%

PRS 43.9%
pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018

CSI 3.1

rCSI 3.8%

PRS 28.7%
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904

CSI 3.1

rCSI 1.8%

PRS 61.1%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Interaction Source:

Pathway Categories (for ONTOLOGY source):

Baseline Cell Type:

Baseline Cell Context(s): Comma-separated if multiple.

Target Cell Type:

Target Cell Context(s): Comma-separated if multiple.

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Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
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- High
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- Low
- Very Low
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Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

Description
Proteins

## Summary [REL](/details-gene/5966), known as the REL proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 2p16.1. It encodes the c-Rel protein, a critical component of the NF-κB transcription factor complex. Functionally, [REL](/details-gene/5966) is integral to both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways, playing a central role in regulating the immune system, inflammatory responses, and gene expression. Its proto-oncogenic nature is linked to its function as a transcription activator. Expression data reveals that **Overall**, [REL](/details-gene/5966) is a highly significant gene in a broad range of immune cells, with particularly high expression in myeloid lineages such as [CD14-low, CD16-positive monocytes](/details-cell/CL0002396) and [myeloid dendritic cells](/details-cell/CL0000782), as well as in lymphoid cells, including various subsets of [B cells](/details-cell/CL0000239). Inherited deficiencies have been linked to combined immunodeficiency, underscoring its essential role in host defense ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.003); [Link](https://doi.org/10.1172/jci150143)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [REL](/details-gene/5966) firmly establishes it as a key regulator within the immune system. **Overall**, its significance is highest in both myeloid and lymphoid compartments, suggesting a fundamental role in innate and adaptive immunity. The gene shows its greatest significance in [CD14-low, CD16-positive monocytes](/details-cell/CL0002396) (CSI: 65.84), followed by professional antigen-presenting cells such as [myeloid dendritic cells](/details-cell/CL0000782) (CSI: 51.72) and [Langerhans cells](/details-cell/CL0000453) (CSI: 33.18). This pattern highlights its importance in the effector functions of these cells, which are critical for initiating inflammatory responses and shaping adaptive immunity. This is consistent with studies showing its role in macrophage responses to pathogens ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.5.2582-2589.2004)). Within the lymphoid lineage, [REL](/details-gene/5966) is a prominent marker across multiple stages of B cell development and maturation, including [mature B cells](/details-cell/CL0000785) (CSI: 46.57), [memory B cells](/details-cell/CL0000787) (CSI: 40.13), [naive B cells](/details-cell/CL0000788) (CSI: 35.70), and [immature B cells](/details-cell/CL0000816) (CSI: 35.46). This sustained high expression underscores its continuous involvement in B cell biology, from development to the execution of memory responses. It is also significantly expressed in activated T cell populations, such as [activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells, human](/details-cell/CL0001049) (CSI: 36.08), indicating a role in cytotoxic T cell function post-activation. The presence of [REL](/details-gene/5966) in [group 3 innate lymphoid cells](/details-cell/CL0001071) further broadens its role to include tissue homeostasis and defense at mucosal barriers. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [REL](/details-gene/5966) functions primarily as a DNA-binding transcription factor. As a subunit of the NF-κB complex ([GO:0071159](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0071159)), it translocates from the [cytoplasm](/details-cell/GO:0005737) to the [nucleus](/details-cell/GO:0005634) upon cellular stimulation to bind DNA and regulate gene expression. Multiple studies have confirmed its activity as a component of NF-κB/Rel DNA-binding complexes activated by stimuli like TNF-alpha ([Link](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8152812/)). The functional annotations for [REL](/details-gene/5966) are heavily concentrated on immune signaling. It is a key participant in the '[Canonical nf-kappab signal transduction](/details-gene/5966)' pathway ([GO:0007249](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007249)) and the '[Non-canonical nf-kappab signal transduction](/details-gene/5966)' pathway ([GO:0038061](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0038061)). Its high significance in B cells is directly explained by its involvement in '[Signaling by the b cell receptor (bcr)](/details-gene/5966)' ([R-HSA-983705](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-983705)) and '[Activation of nf-kappab in b cells](/details-gene/5966)' ([R-HSA-1169091](https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-1169091)). These pathways are essential for B cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation upon antigen encounter. More broadly, [REL](/details-gene/5966) contributes to the '[Inflammatory response](/details-gene/5966)' ([GO:0006954](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0006954)) and the '[Innate immune response](/details-gene/5966)' ([GO:0045087](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0045087)), consistent with its high expression in monocytes and dendritic cells. Its function is not purely activating; it is also implicated in the '[Negative regulation of gene expression](/details-gene/5966)' ([GO:0010629](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0010629)), suggesting it plays a nuanced role in fine-tuning transcriptional programs during an immune response. ## Research Directions The established role of [REL](/details-gene/5966) as a central hub in immune regulation and its association with human immunodeficiency ([OMIM](/details-gene/5966): [164910](https://omim.org/entry/164910)) presents several avenues for future research. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its high significance in multiple B cell subsets, from immature to memory states, it is hypothesized that [REL](/details-gene/5966) is a master regulator of B cell terminal differentiation and is essential for the formation and maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Its dysregulation may therefore be a key event in the pathogenesis of B cell-derived lymphomas. 2. The prominent expression of [REL](/details-gene/5966) in professional antigen-presenting cells like [myeloid dendritic cells](/details-cell/CL0000782) suggests that it orchestrates the transcriptional programs necessary for their maturation and T cell-priming capacity. We hypothesize that the loss of [REL](/details-gene/5966) function in these cells would lead to impaired expression of co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., CD80/CD86) and cytokines (e.g., IL-12), resulting in defective Th1 polarization. **Experimental Approach:** To test the second hypothesis, one could utilize a conditional knockout mouse model where [REL](/details-gene/5966) is specifically deleted in dendritic cells (e.g., using a *CD11c-Cre* driver). Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from these knockout mice and wild-type controls would be stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists (e.g., LPS). The impact of [REL](/details-gene/5966) deletion would be assessed by measuring the expression of maturation markers (CD80, CD86, MHC-II) via flow cytometry and quantifying cytokine production (IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α) using ELISA. Furthermore, a co-culture experiment with naive CD4+ T cells would determine if [REL](/details-gene/5966)-deficient DCs are capable of inducing proper T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector subsets. **Therapeutic Potential:** As a proto-oncogene and a linchpin of inflammatory signaling, [REL](/details-gene/5966) represents a compelling therapeutic target. **Inhibition** of the REL/NF-κB pathway is a promising strategy for treating B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases characterized by excessive B cell or myeloid cell activation. However, because [REL](/details-gene/5966) is an intracellular transcription factor, it poses a difficult drug target. Therapeutic strategies would likely focus on developing small molecule inhibitors that disrupt its interaction with DNA or with other transcriptional co-activators. A major challenge would be achieving specificity to avoid widespread immunosuppression, as evidenced by the severe phenotypes of inherited c-Rel deficiency ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1172/jci150143)).

Disclaimer: This in-silico analysis is generated by an AI language model and may contain inaccuracies or hallucinations. However, it is cross-referenced with curated gene expression data from major biological sources. Please verify the information before use.

Proto-oncogene c-Rel
A0A8V8TPL7_HUMAN

Genular Protein ID: 921745193

Symbol: REL_HUMAN

Name: Proto-oncogene c-Rel

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q04864 Q17RU2 Q2PNZ7 Q6LDY0

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2666912

Title: A human rel proto-oncogene cDNA containing an Alu fragment as a potential coding exon.

PubMed ID: 2666912

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 3016517

Title: Genetic characterization of human c-rel sequences.

PubMed ID: 3016517

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2826-2831.1985

PubMed ID: 1740106

Title: A novel complex between the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B and c-Rel binds to a DNA element involved in the phorbol ester induction of the human urokinase gene.

PubMed ID: 1740106

DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05043.x

PubMed ID: 8152812

Title: Activation of multiple NF-kappa B/Rel DNA-binding complexes by tumor necrosis factor.

PubMed ID: 8152812

PubMed ID: 9056676

Title: Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by the nuclear factor-kappaB heterodimers p65/p65 and p65/c-Rel in the absence of p50.

PubMed ID: 9056676

PubMed ID: 9315679

Title: A new member of the IkappaB protein family, IkappaB epsilon, inhibits RelA (p65)-mediated NF-kappaB transcription.

PubMed ID: 9315679

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.10.6184

PubMed ID: 10823840

Title: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha activation of NF-kappa B requires the phosphorylation of Ser-471 in the transactivation domain of c-Rel.

PubMed ID: 10823840

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909396199

PubMed ID: 15102766

Title: Leishmania major amastigotes induce p50/c-Rel NF-kappa B transcription factor in human macrophages: involvement in cytokine synthesis.

PubMed ID: 15102766

DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2582-2589.2004

PubMed ID: 15024091

Title: Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by IkappaBbeta in association with kappaB-Ras.

PubMed ID: 15024091

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.7.3048-3056.2004

PubMed ID: 22814378

Title: N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.

PubMed ID: 22814378

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210303109

PubMed ID: 31103457

Title: Combined immunodeficiency in a patient with c-Rel deficiency.

PubMed ID: 31103457

DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.003

PubMed ID: 34623332

Title: Inherited human c-Rel deficiency disrupts myeloid and lymphoid immunity to multiple infectious agents.

PubMed ID: 34623332

DOI: 10.1172/jci150143

Sequence Information:

Length: 619
Mass: 68520
Checksum: 03E1033BDF7B1B30
Sequence:

MASGAYNPYI EIIEQPRQRG MRFRYKCEGR SAGSIPGEHS TDNNRTYPSI QIMNYYGKGK 
VRITLVTKND PYKPHPHDLV GKDCRDGYYE AEFGQERRPL FFQNLGIRCV KKKEVKEAII 
TRIKAGINPF NVPEKQLNDI EDCDLNVVRL CFQVFLPDEH GNLTTALPPV VSNPIYDNRA 
PNTAELRICR VNKNCGSVRG GDEIFLLCDK VQKDDIEVRF VLNDWEAKGI FSQADVHRQV 
AIVFKTPPYC KAITEPVTVK MQLRRPSDQE VSESMDFRYL PDEKDTYGNK AKKQKTTLLF 
QKLCQDHVET GFRHVDQDGL ELLTSGDPPT LASQSAGITV NFPERPRPGL LGSIGEGRYF 
KKEPNLFSHD AVVREMPTGV SSQAESYYPS PGPISSGLSH HASMAPLPSS SWSSVAHPTP 
RSGNTNPLSS FSTRTLPSNS QGIPPFLRIP VGNDLNASNA CIYNNADDIV GMEASSMPSA 
DLYGISDPNM LSNCSVNMMT TSSDSMGETD NPRLLSMNLE NPSCNSVLDP RDLRQLHQMS 
SSSMSAGANS NTTVFVSQSD AFEGSDFSCA DNSMINESGP SNSTNPNSHG FVQDSQYSGI 
GSMQNEQLSD SFPYEFFQV

Genular Protein ID: 2467715084

Symbol: A0A8V8TPL7_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

A0A8V8TPL7

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

Sequence Information:

Length: 564
Mass: 62625
Checksum: 5307D1A4F7B0291F
Sequence:

MASGAYNPYI EIIEQPRQRG MRFRYKCEGR SAGSIPGEHS TDNNRTYPSI QIMNYYGKGK 
VRITLVTKND PYKPHPHDLV GKDCRDGYYE AEFGQERRPL FFQNLGIRCV KKKEVKEAII 
TRIKAGINPF NVPEKQLNDI EDCDLNVVRL CFQVFLPDEH GNLTTALPPV VSNPIYDNRA 
PNTAELRICR VNKNCGSVRG GDEIFLLCDK VQKDDIEVRF VLNDWEAKGI FSQADVHRQV 
AIVFKTPPYC KAITEPVTVK MQLRRPSDQE VSESMDFRYL PDEKDTYGNK AKKQKTTLLF 
QKLCQDHEPN LFSHDAVVRE MPTGVSSQAE SYYPSPGPIS SGLSHHASMA PLPSSSWSSV 
AHPTPRSGNT NPLSSFSTRT LPSNSQGIPP FLRIPVGNDL NASNACIYNN ADDIVGMEAS 
SMPSADLYGI SDPNMLSNCS VNMMTTSSDS MGETDNPRLL SMNLENPSCN SVLDPRDLRQ 
LHQMSSSSMS AGANSNTTVF VSQSDAFEGS DFSCADNSMI NESGPSNSTN PNSHGFVQDS 
QYSGIGSMQN EQLSDSFPYE FFQV

	Overall overall
	Acute kidney failure MONDO0002492
	Adrenal gland UBERON0002369
	Alzheimer disease MONDO0004975
	Ascending colon UBERON0001156
	\|— Ascending colon Healthy UBERON0001156_PATO0000461
	Atherosclerosis MONDO0005311
	Basal cell carcinoma MONDO0020804
	Bipolar I disorder MONDO0001866
	Blood UBERON0000178
	\|— Blood COVID-19 UBERON0000178_MONDO0100096
	\|— Blood Cytomegalovirus infection UBERON0000178_MONDO0005132
	\|— Blood Healthy UBERON0000178_PATO0000461
	Body of stomach UBERON0001161
	Bone marrow UBERON0002371
	\|— Bone marrow Healthy UBERON0002371_PATO0000461
	Brain UBERON0000955
	Breast UBERON0000310
	\|— Breast Healthy UBERON0000310_PATO0000461
	\|— Breast cancer MONDO0007254
	Bronchus UBERON0002185
	Caecum UBERON0001153
	Caudate lobe of liver UBERON0001117
	Cerebellum UBERON0002037
	\|— Cerebellum Healthy UBERON0002037_PATO0000461
	Cerebral cortex UBERON0000956
	\|— Cerebral cortex Healthy UBERON0000956_PATO0000461
	Cerebrospinal fluid UBERON0001359
	Choroid plexus UBERON0001886
	Chronic kidney disease MONDO0005300
	Colon UBERON0001155
	Colorectal cancer MONDO0005575
	Colorectum UBERON0012652
	Cortex of kidney UBERON0001225
	\|— Cortex of kidney Healthy UBERON0001225_PATO0000461
	COVID-19 MONDO0100096
	Crohn disease MONDO0005011
	Cytomegalovirus infection MONDO0005132
	Dementia MONDO0001627
	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex UBERON0009834
	\|— Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Bipolar I disorder UBERON0009834_MONDO0001866
	\|— Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Dementia UBERON0009834_MONDO0001627
	\|— Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Healthy UBERON0009834_PATO0000461
	\|— Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Schizophrenia UBERON0009834_MONDO0005090
	Duodenum UBERON0002114
	\|— Duodenum Healthy UBERON0002114_PATO0000461
	Fallopian tube UBERON0003889
	Fovea centralis UBERON0001786
	Frontal cortex UBERON0001870
	Glioblastoma MONDO0018177
	Healthy PATO0000461
	Heart left ventricle UBERON0002084
	\|— Heart left ventricle Healthy UBERON0002084_PATO0000461
	Heart right ventricle UBERON0002080
	\|— Heart right ventricle Healthy UBERON0002080_PATO0000461
	Hippocampal formation UBERON0002421
	\|— Hippocampal formation Healthy UBERON0002421_PATO0000461
	Hypothalamus UBERON0001898
	\|— Hypothalamus Healthy UBERON0001898_PATO0000461
	Ileum UBERON0002116
	\|— Ileum Healthy UBERON0002116_PATO0000461
	\|— Ileum lamina propria UBERON8600035
	Interventricular septum UBERON0002094
	Isolated focal cortical dysplasia type II MONDO0011818
	Kidney UBERON0002113
	\|— Kidney Healthy UBERON0002113_PATO0000461
	Lamina propria of small intestine UBERON0001238
	Leukoencephalopathy, diffuse hereditary, with spheroids 1 MONDO0800027
	Liver UBERON0002107
	\|— Liver Healthy UBERON0002107_PATO0000461
	Lung UBERON0002048
	\|— Lung Healthy UBERON0002048_PATO0000461
	\|— Lung adenocarcinoma MONDO0005061
	\|— Lung parenchyma UBERON0008946
	Lymph node UBERON0000029
	Malignant ovarian serous tumor MONDO0024885
	Medial orbital frontal cortex UBERON0022352
	Mesenteric lymph node UBERON0002509
	\|— Mesenteric lymph node Healthy UBERON0002509_PATO0000461
	Midbrain UBERON0001891
	\|— Midbrain Healthy UBERON0001891_PATO0000461
	Middle lobe of right lung UBERON0002174
	Nasopharynx UBERON0001728
	Neuroblastoma MONDO0005072
	Occipital cortex UBERON0016540
	Ovary UBERON0000992
	\|— Ovary Healthy UBERON0000992_PATO0000461
	Parkinson disease MONDO0005180
	Placenta UBERON0001987
	Pleural effusion UBERON0000175
	Pons UBERON0000988
	\|— Pons Healthy UBERON0000988_PATO0000461
	Prefrontal cortex UBERON0000451
	Primary motor cortex UBERON0001384
	Renal medulla UBERON0000362
	\|— Renal medulla Healthy UBERON0000362_PATO0000461
	Respiratory airway UBERON0001005
	\|— Respiratory airway COVID-19 UBERON0001005_MONDO0100096
	Retina UBERON0000966
	\|— Retina Healthy UBERON0000966_PATO0000461
	Right atrium auricular region UBERON0006631
	Schizophrenia MONDO0005090
	Sigmoid colon UBERON0001159
	\|— Sigmoid colon Healthy UBERON0001159_PATO0000461
	Skin of body UBERON0002097
	\|— Skin of body Healthy UBERON0002097_PATO0000461
	Small cell lung carcinoma MONDO0008433
	Small intestine UBERON0002108
	\|— Small intestine Healthy UBERON0002108_PATO0000461
	Spleen UBERON0002106
	\|— Spleen Healthy UBERON0002106_PATO0000461
	Stomach UBERON0000945
	Thalamic complex UBERON0010225
	\|— Thalamic complex Healthy UBERON0010225_PATO0000461
	Thymus UBERON0002370
	\|— Thymus Healthy UBERON0002370_PATO0000461
	Trachea UBERON0003126
	Transverse colon UBERON0001157
	UBERON0005290 UBERON0005290
	\|— UBERON0005290 Healthy UBERON0005290_PATO0000461
	UBERON8440012 UBERON8440012
	\|— UBERON8440012 Healthy UBERON8440012_PATO0000461
	Upper lobe of left lung UBERON0008952

Details for: REL

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Network Configuration

Legend:

Other Information

A human rel proto-oncogene cDNA containing an Alu fragment as a potential coding exon. PubMed ID: 2666912

Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. PubMed ID: 15815621

The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). PubMed ID: 15489334

Genetic characterization of human c-rel sequences. PubMed ID: 3016517

A novel complex between the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B and c-Rel binds to a DNA element involved in the phorbol ester induction of the human urokinase gene. PubMed ID: 1740106

Activation of multiple NF-kappa B/Rel DNA-binding complexes by tumor necrosis factor. PubMed ID: 8152812

Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by the nuclear factor-kappaB heterodimers p65/p65 and p65/c-Rel in the absence of p50. PubMed ID: 9056676

A new member of the IkappaB protein family, IkappaB epsilon, inhibits RelA (p65)-mediated NF-kappaB transcription. PubMed ID: 9315679

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha activation of NF-kappa B requires the phosphorylation of Ser-471 in the transactivation domain of c-Rel. PubMed ID: 10823840

Leishmania major amastigotes induce p50/c-Rel NF-kappa B transcription factor in human macrophages: involvement in cytokine synthesis. PubMed ID: 15102766

Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by IkappaBbeta in association with kappaB-Ras. PubMed ID: 15024091

N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB. PubMed ID: 22814378

Combined immunodeficiency in a patient with c-Rel deficiency. PubMed ID: 31103457

Inherited human c-Rel deficiency disrupts myeloid and lymphoid immunity to multiple infectious agents. PubMed ID: 34623332

Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. PubMed ID: 11237011

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. PubMed ID: 15496913

Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4. PubMed ID: 15815621

PubMed ID: 2666912

PubMed ID: 15815621

PubMed ID: 15489334

PubMed ID: 3016517

PubMed ID: 1740106

PubMed ID: 8152812

PubMed ID: 9056676

PubMed ID: 9315679

PubMed ID: 10823840

PubMed ID: 15102766

PubMed ID: 15024091

PubMed ID: 22814378

PubMed ID: 31103457

PubMed ID: 34623332

PubMed ID: 11237011

PubMed ID: 15496913

PubMed ID: 15815621