Details for: S100A9

Gene ID: 6280

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: S100A9

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000163220

Description: S100 calcium binding protein A9

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 61.46
    rCSI 76.55%
    PRS 92.54
  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 51.9
    rCSI 47.65%
    PRS 91.52
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 50.75
    rCSI 76.57%
    PRS 90.04
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 50.18
    rCSI 38.66%
    PRS 88.56
  • classical monocyte CL0000860
    CSI 49.7
    rCSI 73.68%
    PRS 93.25
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 44.84
    rCSI 58.76%
    PRS 93.47
  • promonocyte CL0000559
    CSI 41.49
    rCSI 71.07%
    PRS 89.48
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 40.92
    rCSI 62.5%
    PRS 85.2
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 32.85
    rCSI 77.97%
    PRS 84.22
  • naive B cell CL0000788
    CSI 31.06
    rCSI 26.64%
    PRS 90.25
  • precursor B cell CL0000817
    CSI 31.04
    rCSI 27.19%
    PRS 90.81
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 30.15
    rCSI 29.02%
    PRS 84.42
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 30.07
    rCSI 56.77%
    PRS 91.64
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 29.68
    rCSI 25.7%
    PRS 88.47
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 29.63
    rCSI 35.38%
    PRS 96.19
  • monocyte CL0000576
    CSI 29.39
    rCSI 53.12%
    PRS 88.25
  • professional antigen presenting cell CL0000145
    CSI 28.19
    rCSI 97.08%
    PRS 92.29
  • non-classical monocyte CL0000875
    CSI 26.54
    rCSI 42.54%
    PRS 92.24
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 23.3
    rCSI 48.34%
    PRS 82.64
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 23.12
    rCSI 29.06%
    PRS 92.58
  • conventional dendritic cell CL0000990
    CSI 20.63
    rCSI 17.22%
    PRS 82.57
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 18.67
    rCSI 30.75%
    PRS 88.42
  • mature NK T cell CL0000814
    CSI 18.51
    rCSI 23.67%
    PRS 91.51
  • gamma-delta T cell CL0000798
    CSI 18.38
    rCSI 21.59%
    PRS 93.42
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 17.76
    rCSI 20.6%
    PRS 87.63
  • naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000900
    CSI 17.31
    rCSI 12.16%
    PRS 94.74
  • epithelial cell CL0000066
    CSI 16.39
    rCSI 25.19%
    PRS 73.99
  • CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human CL0000938
    CSI 16.17
    rCSI 12.13%
    PRS 96.45
  • mononuclear phagocyte CL0000113
    CSI 16.05
    rCSI 35.33%
    PRS 88.26
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 15.4
    rCSI 27.46%
    PRS 91.2
  • B cell CL0000236
    CSI 15.13
    rCSI 20.24%
    PRS 89.3
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 14.55
    rCSI 11.82%
    PRS 84.57
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 14.39
    rCSI 32.92%
    PRS 86.31
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 13.85
    rCSI 20.31%
    PRS 92.58
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 13.74
    rCSI 14.34%
    PRS 84.56
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 13.22
    rCSI 16.96%
    PRS 87.88
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 13.09
    rCSI 20.23%
    PRS 84.06
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 12.86
    rCSI 45.12%
    PRS 91.06
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000624
    CSI 12.82
    rCSI 16.41%
    PRS 91.51
  • macrophage CL0000235
    CSI 12.64
    rCSI 22.99%
    PRS 88.71
  • neutrophil CL0000775
    CSI 12.49
    rCSI 69.86%
    PRS 84.71
  • pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell CL0002063
    CSI 12.06
    rCSI 18.71%
    PRS 87.79
  • microglial cell CL0000129
    CSI 11.94
    rCSI 48.06%
    PRS 85.03
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 11.69
    rCSI 70.71%
    PRS 93.34
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 11.59
    rCSI 10.7%
    PRS 86.53
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 11.47
    rCSI 16.55%
    PRS 89.47
  • myeloid cell CL0000763
    CSI 11.16
    rCSI 45.94%
    PRS 90.47
  • myelocyte CL0002193
    CSI 10.98
    rCSI 72.12%
    PRS 94.39
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 10.68
    rCSI 23.86%
    PRS 91.15
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 10.64
    rCSI 7.9%
    PRS 93.35
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 10.47
    rCSI 8.68%
    PRS 86.34
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 10.25
    rCSI 19.55%
    PRS 92.66
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 10.21
    rCSI 8.59%
    PRS 95.14
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 10.01
    rCSI 7.19%
    PRS 95.24
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 9.9
    rCSI 7.44%
    PRS 90.01
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 9.81
    rCSI 10.17%
    PRS 88.19
  • naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000895
    CSI 9.61
    rCSI 12.08%
    PRS 95.52
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000909
    CSI 9.5
    rCSI 9.92%
    PRS 94.17
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 9.49
    rCSI 7.36%
    PRS 88.53
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 9.28
    rCSI 26.72%
    PRS 88.63
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 9.26
    rCSI 13.41%
    PRS 95.01
  • CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human CL0000939
    CSI 8.83
    rCSI 5.88%
    PRS 93.56
  • glandular epithelial cell CL0000150
    CSI 8.78
    rCSI 23.12%
    PRS 93.77
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 8.71
    rCSI 19.01%
    PRS 89.8
  • lung interstitial macrophage CL4033043
    CSI 8.6
    rCSI 19.31%
    PRS 94.13
  • activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000906
    CSI 8.52
    rCSI 8.37%
    PRS 94.94
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 8.48
    rCSI 10.24%
    PRS 91.56
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 8.46
    rCSI 11.72%
    PRS 81.68
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 8.23
    rCSI 5.72%
    PRS 94.57
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 8.12
    rCSI 6.72%
    PRS 87.46
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 8.1
    rCSI 6.05%
    PRS 94.25
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 8.07
    rCSI 9.98%
    PRS 83.67
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 8.02
    rCSI 8.01%
    PRS 79.62
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 8.01
    rCSI 12.79%
    PRS 88.51
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 7.89
    rCSI 11.55%
    PRS 89.48
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 7.74
    rCSI 5.22%
    PRS 95.42
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 7.73
    rCSI 11.32%
    PRS 80.29
  • dendritic cell CL0000451
    CSI 7.65
    rCSI 9.43%
    PRS 86.52
  • basal cell CL0000646
    CSI 7.12
    rCSI 9.53%
    PRS 83
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 7.03
    rCSI 10.75%
    PRS 90.95
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 6.98
    rCSI 4.12%
    PRS 96.78
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 6.98
    rCSI 6.13%
    PRS 89.38
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 6.87
    rCSI 8.36%
    PRS 90.35
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 6.49
    rCSI 5.25%
    PRS 87.31
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 6.46
    rCSI 14.67%
    PRS 84.77
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 6.01
    rCSI 17.41%
    PRS 84.41
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 5.91
    rCSI 5.38%
    PRS 94.56
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 5.72
    rCSI 5.33%
    PRS 86.28
  • epithelial cell of esophagus CL0002252
    CSI 5.68
    rCSI 56.13%
    PRS 87.21
  • platelet CL0000233
    CSI 5.33
    rCSI 22.1%
    PRS 82.24
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 5.32
    rCSI 6.15%
    PRS 78.73
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 5.29
    rCSI 8.08%
    PRS 93.61
  • memory B cell CL0000787
    CSI 5.24
    rCSI 5.17%
    PRS 93.75
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 5.14
    rCSI 7.06%
    PRS 96.26
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 5.09
    rCSI 8.03%
    PRS 86.37
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 5.04
    rCSI 4.22%
    PRS 87.23
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 5.01
    rCSI 3.81%
    PRS 95.27
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 4.77
    rCSI 5.11%
    PRS 87.27
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 4.74
    rCSI 20.59%
    PRS 88.65
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 4.66
    rCSI 18.62%
    PRS 90.37
  • myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000839
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 95.6%
  • myeloid dendritic cell, human CL0001057
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 94.9%
  • acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 16.2%
    PRS 93.1%
  • deuterosomal cell CL4033044
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 81.4%
  • corneal epithelial cell CL0000575
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 89.2%
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 83.2%
  • erythroid progenitor cell CL0000038
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 8.4%
    PRS 88.9%
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 92.4%
  • tissue-resident macrophage CL0000864
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 7.1%
    PRS 93.8%
  • stratified epithelial cell CL0000079
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 9.4%
    PRS 90.6%
  • basophil CL0000767
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 93.1%
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 85.8%
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 75.5%
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 8.4%
    PRS 91.0%
  • hair follicular keratinocyte CL2000092
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 30.2%
    PRS 91.4%
  • mature alpha-beta T cell CL0000791
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 96.7%
  • basal cell of epithelium of trachea CL1000348
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 12.8%
    PRS 88.1%
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 94.7%
  • luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002326
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 92.6%
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 84.4%
  • lung pericyte CL0009089
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 90.5%
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 86.6%
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 88.7%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 11.5%
    PRS 94.5%
  • dendritic cell, human CL0001056
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 92.1%
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 83.9%
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 91.8%
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 91.7%
  • metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage CL4033042
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 29.3%
    PRS 92.6%
  • respiratory goblet cell CL0002370
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 30.4%
    PRS 90.5%
  • muscle cell CL0000187
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 6.0%
    PRS 91.1%
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 83.4%
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 82.9%
  • alpha-beta T cell CL0000789
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 95.3%
  • effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000905
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 4.8%
    PRS 96.9%
  • T follicular helper cell CL0002038
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 94.7%
  • colon macrophage CL0009038
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 17.1%
    PRS 94.3%
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 87.9%
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 89.1%
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI 4.2
    rCSI 26.9%
    PRS 91.0%
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 18.5%
    PRS 89.8%
  • innate lymphoid cell CL0001065
    CSI 4.6
    rCSI 9.6%
    PRS 81.0%
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 4.7
    rCSI 18.6%
    PRS 90.4%
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 4.7
    rCSI 20.6%
    PRS 88.7%
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 4.8
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 87.3%
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 95.3%
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 5.0
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 87.2%
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 5.1
    rCSI 8.0%
    PRS 86.4%
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 5.1
    rCSI 7.1%
    PRS 96.3%
  • memory B cell CL0000787
    CSI 5.2
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 93.8%
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 5.3
    rCSI 8.1%
    PRS 93.6%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 5.3
    rCSI 6.2%
    PRS 78.7%
  • platelet CL0000233
    CSI 5.3
    rCSI 22.1%
    PRS 82.2%
  • epithelial cell of esophagus CL0002252
    CSI 5.7
    rCSI 56.1%
    PRS 87.2%
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 5.7
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 86.3%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 5.9
    rCSI 5.4%
    PRS 94.6%
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 6.0
    rCSI 17.4%
    PRS 84.4%
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 6.5
    rCSI 14.7%
    PRS 84.8%
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 6.5
    rCSI 5.3%
    PRS 87.3%
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 6.9
    rCSI 8.4%
    PRS 90.4%
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 7.0
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 89.4%
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 7.0
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 96.8%
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 7.0
    rCSI 10.8%
    PRS 91.0%
  • basal cell CL0000646
    CSI 7.1
    rCSI 9.5%
    PRS 83.0%
  • dendritic cell CL0000451
    CSI 7.7
    rCSI 9.4%
    PRS 86.5%
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 7.7
    rCSI 11.3%
    PRS 80.3%
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 7.7
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 95.4%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 7.9
    rCSI 11.6%
    PRS 89.5%
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 8.0
    rCSI 12.8%
    PRS 88.5%
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 8.0
    rCSI 8.0%
    PRS 79.6%
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 8.1
    rCSI 10.0%
    PRS 83.7%
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 8.1
    rCSI 6.1%
    PRS 94.3%
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 8.1
    rCSI 6.7%
    PRS 87.5%
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 8.2
    rCSI 5.7%
    PRS 94.6%
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 8.5
    rCSI 11.7%
    PRS 81.7%
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 8.5
    rCSI 10.2%
    PRS 91.6%
  • activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000906
    CSI 8.5
    rCSI 8.4%
    PRS 94.9%
  • lung interstitial macrophage CL4033043
    CSI 8.6
    rCSI 19.3%
    PRS 94.1%
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 8.7
    rCSI 19.0%
    PRS 89.8%
  • glandular epithelial cell CL0000150
    CSI 8.8
    rCSI 23.1%
    PRS 93.8%
  • CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human CL0000939
    CSI 8.8
    rCSI 5.9%
    PRS 93.6%
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 9.3
    rCSI 13.4%
    PRS 95.0%
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 9.3
    rCSI 26.7%
    PRS 88.6%
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 9.5
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 88.5%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000909
    CSI 9.5
    rCSI 9.9%
    PRS 94.2%
  • naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000895
    CSI 9.6
    rCSI 12.1%
    PRS 95.5%
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 9.8
    rCSI 10.2%
    PRS 88.2%
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 9.9
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 90.0%
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 10.0
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 95.2%
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 10.2
    rCSI 8.6%
    PRS 95.1%
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 10.3
    rCSI 19.6%
    PRS 92.7%
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 10.5
    rCSI 8.7%
    PRS 86.3%
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 10.6
    rCSI 7.9%
    PRS 93.4%
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 10.7
    rCSI 23.9%
    PRS 91.2%
  • myelocyte CL0002193
    CSI 11.0
    rCSI 72.1%
    PRS 94.4%
  • myeloid cell CL0000763
    CSI 11.2
    rCSI 45.9%
    PRS 90.5%
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 11.5
    rCSI 16.6%
    PRS 89.5%
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 11.6
    rCSI 10.7%
    PRS 86.5%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 11.7
    rCSI 70.7%
    PRS 93.3%
  • microglial cell CL0000129
    CSI 11.9
    rCSI 48.1%
    PRS 85.0%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 1q21.3 that encodes S100 calcium-binding protein A9. A member of the S100 family of proteins, [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) is a critical regulator of inflammatory processes and a key component of the innate immune system. It typically forms a heterodimer with S100A8 to create the calprotectin complex, which possesses potent antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory activities. **Overall**, expression data reveals that [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) is a defining marker of myeloid lineage cells, showing exceptionally high significance in various monocyte subsets and macrophages. Its function is deeply tied to pathways of '[Neutrophil degranulation](/details-pathway/R-HSA-6798695)' and '[Toll-like receptor cascades](/details-pathway/R-HSA-168898)', where it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) by engaging receptors like TLR4 and RAGE to amplify immune responses. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) firmly establishes it as a cornerstone protein of the myeloid compartment of the innate immune system. **Overall**, the gene exhibits its highest significance in professional phagocytes. It is the top marker in [CD14-positive monocytes](/details-cell/CL0001054) (CSI: 61.46) and is similarly prominent in [elicited macrophages](/details-cell/CL0000861) (CSI: 51.90), [intermediate monocytes](/details-cell/CL0002393) (CSI: 50.75), and [classical monocytes](/details-cell/CL0000860) (CSI: 49.70). Its high expression is also observed in myeloid precursor cells, including [promonocytes](/details-cell/CL0000559) and [granulocyte monocyte progenitor cells](/details-cell/CL0000557), which is consistent with its established role during myeloid differentiation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.6.2402-2410.1988)). The secretion of [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) from activated monocytes is a key event in the inflammatory response ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.14.9496)). Beyond the myeloid lineage, [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) also shows significant expression in certain epithelial cells, such as [conjunctival epithelial cells](/details-cell/CL1000432) and [squamous epithelial cells](/details-cell/CL0000076). This suggests a secondary role in mucosal immunity and epithelial barrier defense, where it may function as a secreted alarmin and antimicrobial peptide. While its significance is lower in lymphoid cells, its presence in [naive B cells](/details-cell/CL0000788) and [CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cells](/details-cell/CL0000794) may indicate a role in modulating adaptive immune responses. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The functional annotations for [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) are overwhelmingly concentrated in immunity and inflammation. It is a central participant in the '[Innate immune system](/details-pathway/R-HSA-168249)', particularly in processes like '[Neutrophil chemotaxis](/details-go/GO:0030593)' ([Link](https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3233)) and '[Chronic inflammatory response](/details-go/GO:0002544)'. As part of the calprotectin complex ([GO:1990660](/details-go/GO:1990660)), [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) exerts potent antimicrobial effects, which are mediated by its ability to sequester essential metal ions like zinc ([GO:0032119](/details-go/GO:0032119)), starving invading pathogens ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345930720020801)). This is highlighted by its involvement in '[Antimicrobial peptides](/details-pathway/R-HSA-6803157)' and '[Metal sequestration by antimicrobial proteins](/details-pathway/R-HSA-6799990)' pathways. Furthermore, [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) functions as an endogenous ligand, or alarmin, that signals cellular danger. Its molecular functions include '[Toll-like receptor 4 binding](/details-go/GO:0035662)' and '[RAGE receptor binding](/details-go/GO:0050786)', thereby activating critical pro-inflammatory signaling cascades ([R-HSA-166016](/details-pathway/R-HSA-166016)). This activation leads to the '[Positive regulation of nf-kappab transcription factor activity](/details-go/GO:0051092)', driving the production of inflammatory cytokines and amplifying the immune response. Its connection to the cytoskeleton ([GO:0005856](/details-go/GO:0005856)) and '[Microtubule binding](/details-go/GO:0008017)' is also critical for regulating phagocyte migration ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-02-0446)). ## Research Directions The role of [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) as a key inflammatory mediator makes it a focal point for understanding and potentially treating numerous diseases. The data presented here prompts several testable hypotheses. 1. **Hypothesis 1:** Given its high expression in monocytes/macrophages and its function as a ligand for TLR4, extracellular [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) likely establishes a positive feedback loop in these cells. This autocrine/paracrine signaling may be a key driver for sustaining chronic inflammation in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, where it is found in infiltrating macrophages ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/330080a0)). 2. **Hypothesis 2:** The significant expression of [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) in mucosal epithelial cells, such as [conjunctival epithelial cells](/details-cell/CL1000432), suggests that epithelial-derived S100A9 is a primary component of barrier immunity. It may act not only as a direct antimicrobial agent but also as a crucial first-response alarmin that initiates the recruitment of myeloid cells to sites of infection or injury. **Experimental Approach to Test Hypothesis 1:** To investigate the proposed autocrine/paracrine feedback loop, one could use a CRISPR-Cas9 approach to generate [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) knockout (KO) human monocytic cell lines (e.g., THP-1) or primary monocyte-derived macrophages. These KO cells, alongside wild-type controls, would be stimulated with a sub-maximal dose of a TLR agonist like LPS. The primary readouts would be the secretion of key inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6) and the activation status of the NF-kappaB pathway, measured by ELISA and immunoblotting for phosphorylated p65, respectively. A significantly blunted inflammatory response in KO cells would support the hypothesis that S100A9 is required for amplifying the initial inflammatory signal. **Therapeutic Potential:** [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) is a highly attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. As a secreted protein that acts on cell surface receptors, it is readily accessible to biologic drugs. The therapeutic strategy would be **inhibition**. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting extracellular [S100A9](/details-gene/6280) or small molecule inhibitors designed to block its interaction with TLR4 or RAGE could effectively dampen the pathogenic inflammation driven by myeloid cells in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis.

Genular Protein ID: 3919054124

Symbol: S10A9_HUMAN

Name: Protein S100-A9

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3313057

Title: Two calcium-binding proteins in infiltrate macrophages of rheumatoid arthritis.

PubMed ID: 3313057

DOI: 10.1038/330080a0

PubMed ID: 3405210

Title: Cloning and expression of two human genes encoding calcium-binding proteins that are regulated during myeloid differentiation.

PubMed ID: 3405210

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.6.2402-2410.1988

PubMed ID: 2656677

Title: A protein containing the cystic fibrosis antigen is an inhibitor of protein kinases.

PubMed ID: 2656677

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83189-1

PubMed ID: 16710414

Title: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.

PubMed ID: 16710414

DOI: 10.1038/nature04727

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 2478889

Title: Ionomycin-regulated phosphorylation of the myeloid calcium-binding protein p14.

PubMed ID: 2478889

DOI: 10.1038/342189a0

PubMed ID: 2776242

Title: Amino acid sequences of 60B8 antigens induced in HL-60 cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The antigens are identical with macrophage-related protein-14 and -8.

PubMed ID: 2776242

DOI: 10.1248/cpb.37.1576

PubMed ID: 1286667

Title: Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes.

PubMed ID: 1286667

DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501301199

PubMed ID: 8423249

Title: In vitro antimicrobial activity of the human neutrophil cytosolic S-100 protein complex, calprotectin, against Capnocytophaga sputigena.

PubMed ID: 8423249

DOI: 10.1177/00220345930720020801

PubMed ID: 9083090

Title: Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8 and MRP14, calcium-binding proteins of the S100 family, are secreted by activated monocytes via a novel, tubulin-dependent pathway.

PubMed ID: 9083090

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9496

PubMed ID: 11708798

Title: The microbial receptor CEACAM3 is linked to the calprotectin complex in granulocytes.

PubMed ID: 11708798

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5955

PubMed ID: 12626582

Title: Proinflammatory activities of S100: proteins S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/A9 induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion.

PubMed ID: 12626582

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3233

PubMed ID: 15331440

Title: MRP8 and MRP14 control microtubule reorganization during transendothelial migration of phagocytes.

PubMed ID: 15331440

DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0446

PubMed ID: 15598812

Title: Myeloid-related proteins 8 and 14 induce a specific inflammatory response in human microvascular endothelial cells.

PubMed ID: 15598812

DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2520

PubMed ID: 15642721

Title: The arachidonic acid-binding protein S100A8/A9 promotes NADPH oxidase activation by interaction with p67phox and Rac-2.

PubMed ID: 15642721

DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2377fje

PubMed ID: 15905572

Title: Myeloid-related protein-14 is a p38 MAPK substrate in human neutrophils.

PubMed ID: 15905572

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7257

PubMed ID: 16258195

Title: Regulation of S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) binding to tumor cells by zinc ion and its implication for apoptosis-inducing activity.

PubMed ID: 16258195

DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.280

PubMed ID: 18786929

Title: Interaction between S100A8/A9 and annexin A6 is involved in the calcium-induced cell surface exposition of S100A8/A9.

PubMed ID: 18786929

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803908200

PubMed ID: 19367720

Title: Phosphorylation analysis of primary human T lymphocytes using sequential IMAC and titanium oxide enrichment.

PubMed ID: 19367720

DOI: 10.1021/pr800500r

PubMed ID: 18318008

Title: Large-scale phosphoproteome analysis of human liver tissue by enrichment and fractionation of phosphopeptides with strong anion exchange chromatography.

PubMed ID: 18318008

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700884

PubMed ID: 20523765

Title: Anti-infective protective properties of S100 calgranulins.

PubMed ID: 20523765

DOI: 10.2174/187152309789838975

PubMed ID: 19534726

Title: A novel p53 target gene, S100A9, induces p53-dependent cellular apoptosis and mediates the p53 apoptosis pathway.

PubMed ID: 19534726

DOI: 10.1042/bj20090465

PubMed ID: 19835859

Title: S100A8/A9: a Janus-faced molecule in cancer therapy and tumorgenesis.

PubMed ID: 19835859

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.044

PubMed ID: 19087201

Title: Substitution of methionine 63 or 83 in S100A9 and cysteine 42 in S100A8 abrogate the antifungal activities of S100A8/A9: potential role for oxidative regulation.

PubMed ID: 19087201

DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00498.x

PubMed ID: 19122197

Title: Calprotectin S100A9 calcium-binding loops I and II are essential for keratinocyte resistance to bacterial invasion.

PubMed ID: 19122197

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806605200

PubMed ID: 19451397

Title: The endogenous Toll-like receptor 4 agonist S100A8/S100A9 (calprotectin) as innate amplifier of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer.

PubMed ID: 19451397

DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1008647

PubMed ID: 19402754

Title: Identification of human S100A9 as a novel target for treatment of autoimmune disease via binding to quinoline-3-carboxamides.

PubMed ID: 19402754

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000097

PubMed ID: 19935772

Title: S100A8/A9 induces autophagy and apoptosis via ROS-mediated cross-talk between mitochondria and lysosomes that involves BNIP3.

PubMed ID: 19935772

DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.129

PubMed ID: 19935766

Title: S100 Calgranulins in inflammatory arthritis.

PubMed ID: 19935766

DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.88

PubMed ID: 20103766

Title: Induction of neutrophil degranulation by S100A9 via a MAPK-dependent mechanism.

PubMed ID: 20103766

DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1009676

PubMed ID: 20068231

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis.

PubMed ID: 20068231

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000475

PubMed ID: 20213444

Title: Inflammation-associated S100 proteins: new mechanisms that regulate function.

PubMed ID: 20213444

DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0528-0

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 21325622

Title: Damage-associated molecular pattern S100A9 increases bactericidal activity of human neutrophils by enhancing phagocytosis.

PubMed ID: 21325622

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002956

PubMed ID: 22095980

Title: S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease.

PubMed ID: 22095980

DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236927

PubMed ID: 22804476

Title: Induction of nuclear factor-kappaB responses by the S100A9 protein is Toll-like receptor-4-dependent.

PubMed ID: 22804476

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03619.x

PubMed ID: 21487906

Title: Dynamic mobility of immunological cells expressing S100A8 and S100A9 in vivo: a variety of functional roles of the two proteins as regulators in acute inflammatory reaction.

PubMed ID: 21487906

DOI: 10.1007/s10753-011-9330-8

PubMed ID: 22489132

Title: Pro-inflammatory S100A8 and S100A9 proteins: self-assembly into multifunctional native and amyloid complexes.

PubMed ID: 22489132

DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032893

PubMed ID: 21912088

Title: S100A8 and S100A9: new insights into their roles in malignancy.

PubMed ID: 21912088

DOI: 10.1159/000330095

PubMed ID: 22808130

Title: Molecular interface of S100A8 with cytochrome b and NADPH oxidase activation.

PubMed ID: 22808130

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040277

PubMed ID: 22457725

Title: MRP14 (S100A9) protein interacts with Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide and induces its fibrillization.

PubMed ID: 22457725

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032953

PubMed ID: 22363402

Title: Constitutive neutrophil apoptosis: regulation by cell concentration via S100 A8/9 and the MEK-ERK pathway.

PubMed ID: 22363402

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029333

PubMed ID: 25417112

Title: Target-selective protein S-nitrosylation by sequence motif recognition.

PubMed ID: 25417112

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.032

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 26296369

Title: Glycosylation-dependent interaction between CD69 and S100A8/S100A9 complex is required for regulatory T-cell differentiation.

PubMed ID: 26296369

DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273987

PubMed ID: 11851337

Title: The crystal structure of human MRP14 (S100A9), a Ca(2+)-dependent regulator protein in inflammatory process.

PubMed ID: 11851337

DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5340

PubMed ID: 17553524

Title: The crystal structure of the human (S100A8/S100A9)2 heterotetramer, calprotectin, illustrates how conformational changes of interacting alpha-helices can determine specific association of two EF-hand proteins.

PubMed ID: 17553524

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.065

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 114
  • Mass: 13242
  • Checksum: C3BE19729E14C078
  • Sequence:
  • MTCKMSQLER NIETIINTFH QYSVKLGHPD TLNQGEFKEL VRKDLQNFLK KENKNEKVIE 
    HIMEDLDTNA DKQLSFEEFI MLMARLTWAS HEKMHEGDEG PGHHHKPGLG EGTP