Details for: DDIT3

Gene ID: 1649

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: DDIT3

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000175197

Description: DNA damage inducible transcript 3

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

  • Atf4 activates genes in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
    (R-HSA-380994)
  • Atf6 (atf6-alpha) activates chaperone genes
    (R-HSA-381183)
  • Atf6 (atf6-alpha) activates chaperones
    (R-HSA-381033)
  • Cellular responses to stimuli
    (R-HSA-8953897)
  • Cellular responses to stress
    (R-HSA-2262752)
  • Cellular response to starvation
    (R-HSA-9711097)
  • Foxo-mediated transcription
    (R-HSA-9614085)
  • Foxo-mediated transcription of cell death genes
    (R-HSA-9614657)
  • Gene expression (transcription)
    (R-HSA-74160)
  • Generic transcription pathway
    (R-HSA-212436)
  • Perk regulates gene expression
    (R-HSA-381042)
  • Response of eif2ak1 (hri) to heme deficiency
    (R-HSA-9648895)
  • Response of eif2ak4 (gcn2) to amino acid deficiency
    (R-HSA-9633012)
  • Rna polymerase ii transcription
    (R-HSA-73857)
  • Unfolded protein response (upr)
    (R-HSA-381119)
  • Anterior/posterior axis specification
    (GO:0009948)
  • Artery development
    (GO:0060840)
  • Atf6-mediated unfolded protein response
    (GO:0036500)
  • Blood vessel maturation
    (GO:0001955)
  • Camp response element binding protein binding
    (GO:0008140)
  • Cell redox homeostasis
    (GO:0045454)
  • Chop-atf3 complex
    (GO:1990622)
  • Chop-atf4 complex
    (GO:1990617)
  • Chop-c/ebp complex
    (GO:0036488)
  • Chromatin
    (GO:0000785)
  • Cytoplasm
    (GO:0005737)
  • Cytosol
    (GO:0005829)
  • Dna-binding transcription activator activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
    (GO:0001228)
  • Dna-binding transcription factor activity
    (GO:0003700)
  • Dna-binding transcription factor activity, rna polymerase ii-specific
    (GO:0000981)
  • Dna binding
    (GO:0003677)
  • Dna damage response
    (GO:0006974)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
    (GO:0030968)
  • Er overload response
    (GO:0006983)
  • Establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion
    (GO:0072655)
  • Gene expression
    (GO:0010467)
  • Hri-mediated signaling
    (GO:0140468)
  • Identical protein binding
    (GO:0042802)
  • Integrated stress response signaling
    (GO:0140467)
  • Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
    (GO:0070059)
  • Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress
    (GO:1990442)
  • Late endosome
    (GO:0005770)
  • Leucine zipper domain binding
    (GO:0043522)
  • Negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway
    (GO:0090090)
  • Negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis
    (GO:0120163)
  • Negative regulation of determination of dorsal identity
    (GO:2000016)
  • Negative regulation of dna-templated transcription
    (GO:0045892)
  • Negative regulation of fat cell differentiation
    (GO:0045599)
  • Negative regulation of interleukin-4 production
    (GO:0032713)
  • Negative regulation of interleukin-17 production
    (GO:0032700)
  • Negative regulation of myoblast differentiation
    (GO:0045662)
  • Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase b signal transduction
    (GO:0051898)
  • Negative regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii
    (GO:0000122)
  • Negative regulation of type ii interferon production
    (GO:0032689)
  • Nucleus
    (GO:0005634)
  • Perk-mediated unfolded protein response
    (GO:0036499)
  • Positive regulation of dna-binding transcription factor activity
    (GO:0051091)
  • Positive regulation of dna-templated transcription
    (GO:0045893)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
    (GO:0032757)
  • Positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
    (GO:2001244)
  • Positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
    (GO:0043525)
  • Positive regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii
    (GO:0045944)
  • Proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
    (GO:0043161)
  • Protein-dna complex
    (GO:0032993)
  • Protein binding
    (GO:0005515)
  • Protein heterodimerization activity
    (GO:0046982)
  • Protein homodimerization activity
    (GO:0042803)
  • Regulation of autophagy
    (GO:0010506)
  • Regulation of cell cycle
    (GO:0051726)
  • Regulation of dna-templated transcription
    (GO:0006355)
  • Regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii
    (GO:0006357)
  • Release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol
    (GO:0051209)
  • Response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
    (GO:0034976)
  • Response to platelet-derived growth factor
    (GO:0036119)
  • Response to starvation
    (GO:0042594)
  • Response to unfolded protein
    (GO:0006986)
  • Response to wounding
    (GO:0009611)
  • Rna polymerase ii-specific dna-binding transcription factor binding
    (GO:0061629)
  • Rna polymerase ii cis-regulatory region sequence-specific dna binding
    (GO:0000978)
  • Rna polymerase ii transcription regulator complex
    (GO:0090575)
  • Sensory perception of sound
    (GO:0007605)
  • Transcription cis-regulatory region binding
    (GO:0000976)
  • Transcription corepressor activity
    (GO:0003714)
  • Transcription regulator activator activity
    (GO:0140537)
  • Transcription regulator complex
    (GO:0005667)
  • Transcription regulator inhibitor activity
    (GO:0140416)
  • Vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration
    (GO:1904738)
  • Vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation
    (GO:1990874)
  • Wnt signaling pathway
    (GO:0016055)

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • OFF-bipolar cell CL0000750
    CSI 31.42
    rCSI 42.96%
    PRS 36.27
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 28.07
    rCSI 45.19%
    PRS 18.74
  • small pre-B-II cell CL0000954
    CSI 27.51
    rCSI 26.45%
    PRS 47.52
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 19.84
    rCSI 24.67%
    PRS 26.13
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 17.94
    rCSI 40.95%
    PRS 20.98
  • interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088
    CSI 16.14
    rCSI 20.54%
    PRS 28.17
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 15.12
    rCSI 36.11%
    PRS 35.6
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 13.59
    rCSI 26.44%
    PRS 25.13
  • forebrain radial glial cell CL0013000
    CSI 13.34
    rCSI 42.82%
    PRS 33.54
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 12.56
    rCSI 17.93%
    PRS 27.24
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 12.53
    rCSI 12.07%
    PRS 25.34
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 11.94
    rCSI 13.07%
    PRS 27.32
  • endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel CL0002138
    CSI 10.53
    rCSI 20.87%
    PRS 57.12
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 8.18
    rCSI 5.87%
    PRS 33.64
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 8.14
    rCSI 18.25%
    PRS 15.33
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 7.95
    rCSI 12.7%
    PRS 26.78
  • IgA plasma cell CL0000987
    CSI 7.95
    rCSI 8.14%
    PRS 43.13
  • activated type II NK T cell CL0000931
    CSI 7.38
    rCSI 8.3%
    PRS 38.55
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 7.06
    rCSI 22.89%
    PRS 28.93
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 6.85
    rCSI 29.61%
    PRS 42.49
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 6.7
    rCSI 8.04%
    PRS 23.84
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 6.58
    rCSI 5.45%
    PRS 23.24
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 6.49
    rCSI 37.77%
    PRS 35.46
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 6.47
    rCSI 11.4%
    PRS 23.89
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 5.17
    rCSI 5.54%
    PRS 22.53
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 4.97
    rCSI 6.79%
    PRS 27.56
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 4.48
    rCSI 9.92%
    PRS 22.61
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 4.42
    rCSI 4.26%
    PRS 18.02
  • activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human CL0001049
    CSI 4.34
    rCSI 7.43%
    PRS 45.11
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 4.32
    rCSI 10.96%
    PRS 24.1
  • memory T cell CL0000813
    CSI 4.28
    rCSI 8.24%
    PRS 52.97
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 4.27
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 26.24
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 4.24
    rCSI 12.29%
    PRS 19.05
  • neutrophil CL0000775
    CSI 4.21
    rCSI 23.54%
    PRS 41.5
  • activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000896
    CSI 4.09
    rCSI 3.78%
    PRS 43.01
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 4.04
    rCSI 3.73%
    PRS 25.57
  • memory B cell CL0000787
    CSI 4.01
    rCSI 3.96%
    PRS 69.12
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 3.99
    rCSI 24.9%
    PRS 19.3
  • alpha-beta T cell CL0000789
    CSI 3.96
    rCSI 4.64%
    PRS 34.33
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 3.95
    rCSI 2.62%
    PRS 29.16
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 3.81
    rCSI 18.78%
    PRS 32.85
  • natural T-regulatory cell CL0000903
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 7.01%
    PRS 60.06
  • ON-bipolar cell CL0000749
    CSI 3.69
    rCSI 5.48%
    PRS 28.45
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 3.68
    rCSI 5.93%
    PRS 35.87
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 3.64
    rCSI 4.35%
    PRS 41.68
  • odontoblast CL0000060
    CSI 3.63
    rCSI 82.21%
    PRS 70.72
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 3.58
    rCSI 8.87%
    PRS 22.74
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000810
    CSI 3.51
    rCSI 2.81%
    PRS 42.75
  • small intestine goblet cell CL1000495
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 7.44%
    PRS 32.32
  • P/D1 enteroendocrine cell CL0002268
    CSI 3.32
    rCSI 18.1%
    PRS 51.7
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 3.25
    rCSI 9.41%
    PRS 27.35
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 3.11
    rCSI 3.78%
    PRS 30.38
  • lung endothelial cell CL1001567
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 7.22%
    PRS 52.63
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 3.09
    rCSI 3.24%
    PRS 25.97
  • unswitched memory B cell CL0000970
    CSI 3.01
    rCSI 2.53%
    PRS 38.57
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 3
    rCSI 15.04%
    PRS 32.37
  • mononuclear phagocyte CL0000113
    CSI 2.97
    rCSI 6.53%
    PRS 28.01
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 5.02%
    PRS 18.72
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 2.87
    rCSI 7.28%
    PRS 18.65
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 2.84
    rCSI 6.27%
    PRS 17.5
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 2.74
    rCSI 5.13%
    PRS 17.77
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 2.73
    rCSI 2.02%
    PRS 21
  • tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019
    CSI 2.68
    rCSI 4.72%
    PRS 31.4
  • immature B cell CL0000816
    CSI 2.68
    rCSI 1.99%
    PRS 35.71
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 2.67
    rCSI 4.68%
    PRS 18.84
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 2.66
    rCSI 2.78%
    PRS 22.84
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 2.62
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 36.73
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 2.58
    rCSI 4.92%
    PRS 38.07
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 2.53
    rCSI 2.18%
    PRS 35.98
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 2.46
    rCSI 2.57%
    PRS 25.37
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 2.44
    rCSI 3.37%
    PRS 32.84
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 2.42
    rCSI 2.15%
    PRS 24.7
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 2.41
    rCSI 1.84%
    PRS 32.48
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 2.41
    rCSI 2.24%
    PRS 24.45
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 2.39
    rCSI 5.61%
    PRS 34.27
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 1.96%
    PRS 24.94
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 2.35
    rCSI 3.71%
    PRS 24.58
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 2.34
    rCSI 2.92%
    PRS 33.8
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 2.28
    rCSI 2.93%
    PRS 23.44
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 2.26
    rCSI 1.71%
    PRS 33.45
  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 2.18
    rCSI 6.14%
    PRS 30.74
  • deuterosomal cell CL4033044
    CSI 2.15
    rCSI 7.26%
    PRS 37.43
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 2.69%
    PRS 31.72
  • precursor B cell CL0000817
    CSI 2.13
    rCSI 1.86%
    PRS 32.3
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 2.12
    rCSI 2.89%
    PRS 36.23
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 2.08
    rCSI 1.56%
    PRS 40.24
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 2.08
    rCSI 1.62%
    PRS 23.7
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 2.04
    rCSI 1.42%
    PRS 26.13
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 2.03
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 26.84
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 2.02
    rCSI 1.59%
    PRS 29.69
  • intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538
    CSI 2.01
    rCSI 4.82%
    PRS 41.73
  • inflammatory macrophage CL0000863
    CSI 2
    rCSI 3.42%
    PRS 47.92
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 2
    rCSI 3.06%
    PRS 27.92
  • lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033039
    CSI 1.99
    rCSI 5.14%
    PRS 57.9
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 1.98
    rCSI 1.94%
    PRS 37.61
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000811
    CSI 1.96
    rCSI 3.06%
    PRS 52.02
  • basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland CL0002324
    CSI 1.94
    rCSI 3.67%
    PRS 49
  • type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577
    CSI 1.92
    rCSI 6.8%
    PRS 38.67
  • glial cell CL0000125
    CSI 1.91
    rCSI 7.28%
    PRS 23
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 2.56%
    PRS 27.11
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 35.7%
  • GABAergic amacrine cell CL4030027
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 0.6%
    PRS 21.1%
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 23.5%
  • lung microvascular endothelial cell CL2000016
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 58.2%
  • bronchiolar smooth muscle cell CL4033017
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 58.4%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 0.4%
    PRS 25.9%
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 0.9%
    PRS 15.5%
  • prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell CL2000059
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 61.1%
  • group 2 innate lymphoid cell CL0001069
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 67.3%
  • cone retinal bipolar cell CL0000752
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 61.9%
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of colon CL0009043
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 43.4%
  • enteroglial cell CL4040002
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 38.1%
  • eosinophil CL0000771
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 57.3%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte CL0002057
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 50.7%
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 13.9%
  • pancreatic epsilon cell CL0005019
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 50.0%
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 40.8%
  • CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000920
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.9%
    PRS 40.2%
  • peptic cell CL0000155
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 56.4%
  • cerebral cortex pyramidal neuron CL4023111
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 53.7%
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.9%
    PRS 14.7%
  • eye photoreceptor cell CL0000287
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 6.2%
    PRS 53.3%
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 14.4%
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 15.3%
  • fibroblast of breast CL4006000
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 53.5%
  • luminal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002340
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 41.1%
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 25.0%
  • IgM plasma cell CL0000986
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 75.8%
  • lung resident memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL4033038
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 6.2%
    PRS 78.0%
  • follicular B cell CL0000843
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 65.9%
  • paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 37.4%
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 14.5%
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 16.0%
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 45.6%
  • large pre-B-II cell CL0000957
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 39.8%
  • basal cell of epidermis CL0002187
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 18.6%
  • helper T cell CL0000912
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 33.9%
  • stromal cell of ovary CL0002132
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 39.2%
  • germinal center B cell CL0000844
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 51.3%
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine CL0009017
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 31.6%
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 41.7%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 29.0%
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 23.8%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 3.9%
    PRS 22.2%
  • late pro-B cell CL0002048
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 59.2%
  • transitional stage B cell CL0000818
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 58.6%
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 48.1%
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 37.8%
  • keratocyte CL0002363
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 35.1%
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 37.7%
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 36.3%
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 30.9%
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 24.7%
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 31.9%
  • centrilobular region hepatocyte CL0019029
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 35.7%
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 25.1%
  • dendritic cell, human CL0001056
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 29.4%
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 0.9%
    PRS 27.6%
  • epicardial adipocyte CL1000309
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 29.1%
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 28.8%
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 20.3%
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 40.3%
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 4.2%
    PRS 15.2%
  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 29.1%
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 31.1%
  • kidney epithelial cell CL0002518
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 49.3%
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 22.3%
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 29.9%
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 41.6%
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 42.8%
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 36.7%
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 28.8%
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 31.7%
  • mesenchymal stem cell CL0000134
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 13.3%
    PRS 41.6%
  • mature alpha-beta T cell CL0000791
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 4.4%
    PRS 41.2%
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 31.7%
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 5.0%
    PRS 40.3%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 18.1%
  • mast cell CL0000097
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 68.7%
  • myoepithelial cell CL0000185
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 30.0%
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 22.9%
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 24.6%
  • glandular epithelial cell CL0000150
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 45.7%
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 41.1%
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 16.8%
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 33.9%
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 20.8%
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 28.3%
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 39.0%
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 29.0%
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 24.8%
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 21.6%
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 18.9%
  • lung neuroendocrine cell CL1000223
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 27.9%
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 26.2%
  • double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000809
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 34.8%
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 42.8%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 34.7%
  • promonocyte CL0000559
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 33.0%
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 29.6%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) (DNA damage inducible transcript 3), also known as CHOP or GADD153, is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 12q13.3. It encodes a key transcription factor that is a central component of the integrated stress response (ISR). As a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors, [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) plays a critical role in mediating apoptosis following cellular insults, particularly endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401373)). Expression data from the **Overall** context indicates its significance is highest in metabolically active or developing cell types, such as `[OFF-bipolar cell](/details-cell/CL0000750)`, `[retinal cone cell](/details-cell/CL0000573)`, and `[small pre-B-II cell](/details-cell/CL0000954)`, suggesting a role in cellular quality control and stress-induced cell fate decisions across diverse tissues. Clinically, translocations involving [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) are pathognomonic for myxoid liposarcoma ([126337](https://omim.org/entry/126337), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/363640a0)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) suggests it functions not as a lineage-defining marker but as a crucial sensor of cellular state, particularly stress. In the **Overall** context, its high significance is observed across a functionally diverse array of cell types, underscoring its role in a fundamental biological process rather than a tissue-specific function. The highest significance scores are found in several specialized cell populations. Notably, multiple retinal cell types, including `[OFF-bipolar cell](/details-cell/CL0000750)`, `[retinal cone cell](/details-cell/CL0000573)`, and `[Mueller cell](/details-cell/CL0000636)`, exhibit high CSI values. This pattern may reflect the high metabolic demand and potential for photo-oxidative stress inherent to the retina, environments where the unfolded protein response (UPR) is likely to be frequently engaged. Beyond the retina, [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) shows high significance in the developing immune system, specifically in `[small pre-B-II cell](/details-cell/CL0000954)`. This is consistent with a role in the stringent quality control checkpoints during lymphocyte development, where ER stress can be triggered by the high-level synthesis and assembly of antigen receptors. Further high expression is noted in specialized secretory or contractile cells such as `[BEST4+ enteroycte](/details-cell/CL4030026)`, `[pancreatic ductal cell](/details-cell/CL0002079)`, and `[enteric smooth muscle cell](/details-cell/CL0002504)`, all of which have high protein synthesis or metabolic loads that may predispose them to ER stress. The gene's broad significance, extending to mesenchymal cells like `[adventitial cell](/details-cell/CL0002503)` and glial cells like `[forebrain radial glial cell](/details-cell/CL0013000)`, further solidifies its identity as a ubiquitous stress response factor. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) functions as a `[DNA-binding transcription factor activity, rna polymerase ii-specific](/details-go/GO:0000981)` located primarily in the `[nucleus](/details-go/GO:0005634)`. Its molecular activities are overwhelmingly associated with the cellular response to stress, particularly the `[unfolded protein response (upr)](/details-pathway/R-HSA-381119)`. Functional annotations place [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) as a downstream effector in several branches of the UPR. It is a key component of the `[PERK-mediated unfolded protein response](/details-go/GO:0036499)` and is involved in pathways where `[ATF4 activates genes in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress](/details-pathway/R-HSA-380994)`. Under conditions of prolonged or severe ER stress, [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) accumulation triggers the `[intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress](/details-go/GO:0070059)`. It executes this pro-apoptotic function by modulating the expression of other genes, including the upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors and the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m406933200)). Beyond its central role in apoptosis, [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) is implicated in a wide range of regulatory functions. It participates in the `[negative regulation of fat cell differentiation](/details-go/GO:0045599)`, `[negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway](/details-go/GO:0090090)` ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209380)), and the `[regulation of autophagy](/details-go/GO:0010506)`. Its ability to form heterodimers with other transcription factors ([GO:0046982](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0046982)), such as ATF4, allows it to act as both a transcriptional activator and repressor, contributing to the complex downstream effects of the integrated stress response ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m806874200)). ## Research Directions The expression profile and known functions of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) suggest several avenues for future research into its role in physiology and disease. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given the exceptionally high CSI of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) in multiple retinal cell types (`[retinal cone cell](/details-cell/CL0000573)`, `[OFF-bipolar cell](/details-cell/CL0000750)`), it is hypothesized that [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) is a critical executioner of photoreceptor and neuronal cell death in degenerative retinal diseases. Chronic metabolic stress, protein misfolding, or light-induced damage may converge on [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) activation, making it a key driver of disease progression in conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. 2. The high significance of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) in `[small pre-B-II cell](/details-cell/CL0000954)` suggests it functions as an essential quality control factor during B-lymphocyte development. It is hypothesized that [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) mediates the apoptotic elimination of pre-B cells that fail to correctly assemble or express a functional pre-B cell receptor, a process known to impose significant ER stress due to high immunoglobulin synthesis. **Experimental Approach:** To test the first hypothesis regarding the role of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) in retinal degeneration, a robust experimental approach would involve using a conditional knockout mouse model. One could generate mice with a retina-specific deletion of *Ddit3* (e.g., using a Chx10-Cre driver). These mice, alongside wild-type controls, would be subjected to a model of retinal stress, such as light-induced damage or chemically-induced ER stress. Retinal function could be assessed longitudinally via electroretinography (ERG), and cellular-level changes could be quantified using histology and TUNEL staining to measure apoptosis. A significant preservation of retinal structure and function in the knockout mice compared to controls would provide strong evidence for [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) as a key mediator of retinal cell death. **Therapeutic Potential:** The role of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) as a pro-apoptotic transcription factor makes it a compelling, albeit complex, therapeutic target. **Inhibition** of [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) activity or expression could be a valuable strategy for diseases characterized by excessive ER stress-induced cell death, such as neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic injury, and certain forms of diabetes. Small molecule inhibitors targeting its transcriptional activity could be cytoprotective in these contexts. Conversely, **activation** of the [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) pathway could be beneficial in oncology. Many cancer cells experience chronic ER stress and have adaptations to suppress the UPR's pro-apoptotic branches. Drugs that specifically enhance [DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) expression or function could selectively push these stressed cancer cells into apoptosis. Furthermore, in specific cancers like myxoid liposarcoma, the FUS-[DDIT3](/details-gene/1649) fusion protein itself represents a highly specific target for therapies aimed at disrupting its oncogenic function ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0693-175)).

Genular Protein ID: 1650833018

Symbol: DDIT3_HUMAN

Name: DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 1339368

Title: Isolation, characterization and chromosomal localization of the human GADD153 gene.

PubMed ID: 1339368

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90523-r

PubMed ID: 8510758

Title: Fusion of CHOP to a novel RNA-binding protein in human myxoid liposarcoma.

PubMed ID: 8510758

DOI: 10.1038/363640a0

PubMed ID: 7503811

Title: Fusion of the dominant negative transcription regulator CHOP with a novel gene FUS by translocation t(12;16) in malignant liposarcoma.

PubMed ID: 7503811

DOI: 10.1038/ng0693-175

PubMed ID: 16541075

Title: The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.

PubMed ID: 16541075

DOI: 10.1038/nature04569

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 14685163

Title: Roles of CHOP/GADD153 in endoplasmic reticulum stress.

PubMed ID: 14685163

DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401373

PubMed ID: 15322075

Title: CHOP is involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by enhancing DR5 expression in human carcinoma cells.

PubMed ID: 15322075

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406933200

PubMed ID: 15775988

Title: TRB3, a novel ER stress-inducible gene, is induced via ATF4-CHOP pathway and is involved in cell death.

PubMed ID: 15775988

DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600596

PubMed ID: 16434966

Title: The C/EBP homologous protein CHOP (GADD153) is an inhibitor of Wnt/TCF signals.

PubMed ID: 16434966

DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209380

PubMed ID: 17872950

Title: Critical and functional regulation of CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) through the N-terminal portion.

PubMed ID: 17872950

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703735200

PubMed ID: 17709599

Title: CHOP transcription factor mediates IL-8 signaling in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells.

PubMed ID: 17709599

DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0197oc

PubMed ID: 18940792

Title: C/EBP homology protein (CHOP) interacts with activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and negatively regulates the stress-dependent induction of the asparagine synthetase gene.

PubMed ID: 18940792

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806874200

PubMed ID: 19855386

Title: Adaptive suppression of the ATF4-CHOP branch of the unfolded protein response by toll-like receptor signalling.

PubMed ID: 19855386

DOI: 10.1038/ncb1996

PubMed ID: 19672300

Title: ER stress-inducible factor CHOP affects the expression of hepcidin by modulating C/EBPalpha activity.

PubMed ID: 19672300

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006618

PubMed ID: 20829347

Title: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated C/EBP homologous protein enhances nuclear factor-kappaB signals via repression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

PubMed ID: 20829347

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136259

PubMed ID: 20876114

Title: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced transcription factor, CHOP, is crucial for dendritic cell IL-23 expression.

PubMed ID: 20876114

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011736107

PubMed ID: 22210905

Title: CHOP is a multifunctional transcription factor in the ER stress response.

PubMed ID: 22210905

DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr143

PubMed ID: 22761832

Title: CHOP potentially co-operates with FOXO3a in neuronal cells to regulate PUMA and BIM expression in response to ER stress.

PubMed ID: 22761832

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039586

PubMed ID: 29083303

Title: Deep transcriptome annotation enables the discovery and functional characterization of cryptic small proteins.

PubMed ID: 29083303

DOI: 10.7554/elife.27860

PubMed ID: 33384352

Title: QRICH1 dictates the outcome of ER stress through transcriptional control of proteostasis.

PubMed ID: 33384352

DOI: 10.1126/science.abb6896

PubMed ID: 16959974

Title: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.

PubMed ID: 16959974

DOI: 10.1126/science.1133427

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 169
  • Mass: 19175
  • Checksum: 31905293FB1FBBE2
  • Sequence:
  • MAAESLPFSF GTLSSWELEA WYEDLQEVLS SDENGGTYVS PPGNEEEESK IFTTLDPASL 
    AWLTEEEPEP AEVTSTSQSP HSPDSSQSSL AQEEEEEDQG RTRKRKQSGH SPARAGKQRM 
    KEKEQENERK VAQLAEENER LKQEIERLTR EVEATRRALI DRMVNLHQA