Details for: GLUL

Gene ID: 2752

Symbol: GLUL

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135821

Description: glutamate-ammonia ligase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Marker Scores and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: 4.51
    Marker Score: 2,966
  • Cell Name: mature astrocyte (CL0002627)
    Fold Change: 4.21
    Marker Score: 2,773
  • Cell Name: thyroid follicular cell (CL0002258)
    Fold Change: 3.83
    Marker Score: 3,002
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epithelium of trachea (CL1000348)
    Fold Change: 3.77
    Marker Score: 28,082
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle satellite stem cell (CL0008011)
    Fold Change: 3.67
    Marker Score: 3,924
  • Cell Name: secretory cell (CL0000151)
    Fold Change: 3.61
    Marker Score: 6,595
  • Cell Name: subcutaneous fat cell (CL0002521)
    Fold Change: 3.37
    Marker Score: 1,233
  • Cell Name: lung macrophage (CL1001603)
    Fold Change: 3.29
    Marker Score: 3,765
  • Cell Name: basophil (CL0000767)
    Fold Change: 3.27
    Marker Score: 1,552
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of urethra (CL1000296)
    Fold Change: 3.09
    Marker Score: 2,438
  • Cell Name: nasal mucosa goblet cell (CL0002480)
    Fold Change: 3.06
    Marker Score: 2,046
  • Cell Name: alveolar macrophage (CL0000583)
    Fold Change: 2.98
    Marker Score: 76,328
  • Cell Name: mucous neck cell (CL0000651)
    Fold Change: 2.97
    Marker Score: 6,739
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 2.96
    Marker Score: 3,120
  • Cell Name: Kupffer cell (CL0000091)
    Fold Change: 2.96
    Marker Score: 2,964
  • Cell Name: peptic cell (CL0000155)
    Fold Change: 2.9
    Marker Score: 1,214
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 2.89
    Marker Score: 98,429
  • Cell Name: ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002145)
    Fold Change: 2.85
    Marker Score: 24,758
  • Cell Name: eurydendroid cell (CL0000253)
    Fold Change: 2.85
    Marker Score: 1,163
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: 2.8
    Marker Score: 5,696
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: 2.76
    Marker Score: 58,963
  • Cell Name: squamous epithelial cell (CL0000076)
    Fold Change: 2.75
    Marker Score: 1,870
  • Cell Name: Mueller cell (CL0000636)
    Fold Change: 2.74
    Marker Score: 3,805
  • Cell Name: alternatively activated macrophage (CL0000890)
    Fold Change: 2.74
    Marker Score: 1,143
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    Fold Change: 2.73
    Marker Score: 6,536
  • Cell Name: club cell (CL0000158)
    Fold Change: 2.72
    Marker Score: 3,179
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of exocrine pancreas (CL1001433)
    Fold Change: 2.62
    Marker Score: 1,479
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 2.61
    Marker Score: 6,379
  • Cell Name: basal cell (CL0000646)
    Fold Change: 2.61
    Marker Score: 3,366
  • Cell Name: non-classical monocyte (CL0000875)
    Fold Change: 2.59
    Marker Score: 6,240
  • Cell Name: foveolar cell of stomach (CL0002179)
    Fold Change: 2.58
    Marker Score: 16,433
  • Cell Name: elicited macrophage (CL0000861)
    Fold Change: 2.55
    Marker Score: 15,499
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 2.55
    Marker Score: 9,819
  • Cell Name: epicardial adipocyte (CL1000309)
    Fold Change: 2.55
    Marker Score: 1,236
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 2.55
    Marker Score: 10,976
  • Cell Name: fibroblast (CL0000057)
    Fold Change: 2.54
    Marker Score: 2,453
  • Cell Name: lung secretory cell (CL1000272)
    Fold Change: 2.53
    Marker Score: 2,253
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 2.52
    Marker Score: 140,660
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002397)
    Fold Change: 2.5
    Marker Score: 4,876
  • Cell Name: classical monocyte (CL0000860)
    Fold Change: 2.5
    Marker Score: 10,376
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell (CL0000064)
    Fold Change: 2.5
    Marker Score: 8,586
  • Cell Name: alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cell (CL4028002)
    Fold Change: 2.48
    Marker Score: 6,303
  • Cell Name: bronchial goblet cell (CL1000312)
    Fold Change: 2.45
    Marker Score: 1,209
  • Cell Name: fat cell (CL0000136)
    Fold Change: 2.44
    Marker Score: 1,366
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stratum germinativum of esophagus (CL1000447)
    Fold Change: 2.42
    Marker Score: 583
  • Cell Name: lung ciliated cell (CL1000271)
    Fold Change: 2.39
    Marker Score: 1,134
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of lung (CL0002553)
    Fold Change: 2.39
    Marker Score: 6,255
  • Cell Name: keratocyte (CL0002363)
    Fold Change: 2.33
    Marker Score: 536
  • Cell Name: corneal endothelial cell (CL0000132)
    Fold Change: 2.31
    Marker Score: 1,345
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 2.3
    Marker Score: 3,389
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate (CL1000304)
    Fold Change: 2.3
    Marker Score: 1,957
  • Cell Name: medullary thymic epithelial cell (CL0002365)
    Fold Change: 2.29
    Marker Score: 3,758
  • Cell Name: glandular cell of esophagus (CL0002657)
    Fold Change: 2.29
    Marker Score: 726
  • Cell Name: respiratory goblet cell (CL0002370)
    Fold Change: 2.28
    Marker Score: 657
  • Cell Name: luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland (CL0002326)
    Fold Change: 2.27
    Marker Score: 4,031
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 2.25
    Marker Score: 658
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: 2.24
    Marker Score: 1,106
  • Cell Name: granulocyte (CL0000094)
    Fold Change: 2.23
    Marker Score: 1,001
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: 2.22
    Marker Score: 9,096
  • Cell Name: glycinergic amacrine cell (CL4030028)
    Fold Change: 2.22
    Marker Score: 2,093
  • Cell Name: skin fibroblast (CL0002620)
    Fold Change: 2.22
    Marker Score: 575
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: 2.21
    Marker Score: 1,218
  • Cell Name: stromal cell (CL0000499)
    Fold Change: 2.19
    Marker Score: 2,563
  • Cell Name: multi-ciliated epithelial cell (CL0005012)
    Fold Change: 2.19
    Marker Score: 4,157
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 2.19
    Marker Score: 2,640
  • Cell Name: CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell (CL0002399)
    Fold Change: 2.18
    Marker Score: 5,657
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 2.18
    Marker Score: 22,085
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic cell (CL0000988)
    Fold Change: 2.17
    Marker Score: 1,441
  • Cell Name: supporting cell (CL0000630)
    Fold Change: 2.16
    Marker Score: 4,060
  • Cell Name: astrocyte (CL0000127)
    Fold Change: 2.15
    Marker Score: 1,863
  • Cell Name: neutrophil (CL0000775)
    Fold Change: 2.14
    Marker Score: 1,305
  • Cell Name: adventitial cell (CL0002503)
    Fold Change: 2.14
    Marker Score: 528
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lung (CL0000082)
    Fold Change: 2.11
    Marker Score: 11,070
  • Cell Name: type II pneumocyte (CL0002063)
    Fold Change: 2.09
    Marker Score: 13,617
  • Cell Name: small pre-B-II cell (CL0000954)
    Fold Change: 2.09
    Marker Score: 2,507
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 2.05
    Marker Score: 20,657
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of nephron (CL1000449)
    Fold Change: 2.05
    Marker Score: 4,280
  • Cell Name: duct epithelial cell (CL0000068)
    Fold Change: 2.05
    Marker Score: 956
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 2.04
    Marker Score: 3,458
  • Cell Name: theca cell (CL0000503)
    Fold Change: 2.02
    Marker Score: 1,447
  • Cell Name: interstitial cell of ovary (CL0002094)
    Fold Change: 2
    Marker Score: 13,031
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 2
    Marker Score: 1,054
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    Fold Change: 2
    Marker Score: 3,181
  • Cell Name: luminal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002340)
    Fold Change: 2
    Marker Score: 1,162
  • Cell Name: colon epithelial cell (CL0011108)
    Fold Change: 1.98
    Marker Score: 6,229
  • Cell Name: kidney collecting duct intercalated cell (CL1001432)
    Fold Change: 1.98
    Marker Score: 3,279
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    Fold Change: 1.97
    Marker Score: 2,190
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian (CL0001066)
    Fold Change: 1.97
    Marker Score: 631
  • Cell Name: pulmonary artery endothelial cell (CL1001568)
    Fold Change: 1.96
    Marker Score: 1,687
  • Cell Name: intestine goblet cell (CL0019031)
    Fold Change: 1.96
    Marker Score: 1,878
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell (CL0000192)
    Fold Change: 1.96
    Marker Score: 1,289
  • Cell Name: pro-B cell (CL0000826)
    Fold Change: 1.95
    Marker Score: 1,880
  • Cell Name: CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell (CL0001024)
    Fold Change: 1.94
    Marker Score: 1,408
  • Cell Name: P/D1 enteroendocrine cell (CL0002268)
    Fold Change: 1.94
    Marker Score: 724
  • Cell Name: vascular leptomeningeal cell (CL4023051)
    Fold Change: 1.93
    Marker Score: 2,223
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of breast (CL4006000)
    Fold Change: 1.92
    Marker Score: 1,095
  • Cell Name: respiratory epithelial cell (CL0002368)
    Fold Change: 1.92
    Marker Score: 1,055
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 1.91
    Marker Score: 2,574
  • Cell Name: myofibroblast cell (CL0000186)
    Fold Change: 1.9
    Marker Score: 2,341
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: 1.89
    Marker Score: 3,221

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Marker Score to the Marker Score Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Marker Score: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** GLUL is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine, and the reverse reaction to produce glutamate from glutamine. This enzyme is highly specific, with a high affinity for its substrates, and is involved in the regulation of glutamate and glutamine levels in the brain and other tissues. **Pathways and Functions:** GLUL plays a central role in various cellular pathways, including: 1. **Astrocytic glutamate-glutamine uptake and metabolism:** GLUL is involved in the uptake of glutamate by astrocytes, which is then converted to glutamine, a key player in the glutamate-glutamine cycle. 2. **Glutamate catabolic process:** GLUL catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, a critical step in the degradation of glutamate. 3. **Glutamine biosynthetic process:** The enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. 4. **Regulation of endothelial cell migration:** GLUL has been implicated in the regulation of endothelial cell migration, a process critical for angiogenesis and wound healing. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of GLUL has been implicated in various neurological and metabolic disorders, including: 1. **Neurodegenerative diseases:** Alterations in glutamate and glutamine metabolism have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 2. **Metabolic disorders:** GLUL dysfunction has been associated with metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. 3. **Cancer:** GLUL has been shown to play a role in cancer progression, particularly in the regulation of angiogenesis and metastasis. 4. **Inflammatory disorders:** GLUL has been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory responses, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. **Significantly Expressed Cells:** GLUL is highly expressed in various cell types, including: 1. **Mature astrocytes:** GLUL is highly expressed in mature astrocytes, which are key players in glutamate and glutamine metabolism. 2. **Skeletal muscle fibroblasts:** GLUL is also expressed in skeletal muscle fibroblasts, which are involved in muscle regeneration and repair. 3. **Basal cells of epithelial tissues:** GLUL is expressed in basal cells of epithelial tissues, which are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, GLUL plays a crucial role in glutamate and glutamine metabolism, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various neurological and metabolic disorders. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying GLUL dysfunction and to explore its therapeutic potential.

Genular Protein ID: 2717441795

Symbol: GLNA_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P15104 Q499Y9 Q5T9Z1 Q7Z3W4 Q8IZ17

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 28 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DIP 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 10 DrugCentral 1 EC 2 EMBL 13 EMDB 1 EPD 1 Ensembl 4 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 25 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 Genevisible 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 2 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 6 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 MaxQB 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 10 PDBsum 4 PIR 1 PRIDE 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 4 PROSITE-ProRule 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 REPRODUCTION-2DPAGE 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 4 Rhea 4 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCD-2DPAGE 1 UCSC 1 UniProtKB 3 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2888076

Title: Sequence of a human glutamine synthetase cDNA.

PubMed ID: 2888076

DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.15.6293

PubMed ID: 1681907

Title: cDNA sequence of the long mRNA for human glutamine synthase.

PubMed ID: 1681907

DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(91)90111-x

PubMed ID: 7909780

Title: Overexpression of glutamine synthetase in human primary liver cancer.

PubMed ID: 7909780

DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90024-8

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 16710414

Title: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.

PubMed ID: 16710414

DOI: 10.1038/nature04727

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 12387715

Title: Glutamine synthetase isolated from human brain: octameric structure and homology of partial primary structure with human liver glutamine synthetase.

PubMed ID: 12387715

DOI: 10.1023/a:1020574003027

PubMed ID: 18662667

Title: Glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.

PubMed ID: 18662667

DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.07.009

PubMed ID: 18555765

Title: Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells.

PubMed ID: 18555765

DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.016

PubMed ID: 19413330

Title: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.

PubMed ID: 19413330

DOI: 10.1021/ac9004309

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 26711351

Title: Genome-wide RNAi Screening Identifies Protein Modules Required for 40S Subunit Synthesis in Human Cells.

PubMed ID: 26711351

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.061

PubMed ID: 30158707

Title: Role of glutamine synthetase in angiogenesis beyond glutamine synthesis.

PubMed ID: 30158707

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0466-7

PubMed ID: 18005987

Title: Crystal structures of mammalian glutamine synthetases illustrate substrate-induced conformational changes and provide opportunities for drug and herbicide design.

PubMed ID: 18005987

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.029

PubMed ID: 16267323

Title: Congenital glutamine deficiency with glutamine synthetase mutations.

PubMed ID: 16267323

DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa050456

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 373
  • Mass: 42064
  • Checksum: 45390C100924FAF3
  • Sequence:
    • MTTSASSHLN KGIKQVYMSL PQGEKVQAMY IWIDGTGEGL RCKTRTLDSE PKCVEELPEW 
NFDGSSTLQS EGSNSDMYLV PAAMFRDPFR KDPNKLVLCE VFKYNRRPAE TNLRHTCKRI 
MDMVSNQHPW FGMEQEYTLM GTDGHPFGWP SNGFPGPQGP YYCGVGADRA YGRDIVEAHY 
RACLYAGVKI AGTNAEVMPA QWEFQIGPCE GISMGDHLWV ARFILHRVCE DFGVIATFDP 
KPIPGNWNGA GCHTNFSTKA MREENGLKYI EEAIEKLSKR HQYHIRAYDP KGGLDNARRL 
TGFHETSNIN DFSAGVANRS ASIRIPRTVG QEKKGYFEDR RPSANCDPFS VTEALIRTCL 
LNETGDEPFQ YKN

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.