Details for: GLUL

Gene ID: 2752

Symbol: GLUL

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000135821

Description: glutamate-ammonia ligase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 652.4790
    Cell Significance Index: -101.4900
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 386.4481
    Cell Significance Index: -98.0200
  • Cell Name: embryonic stem cell (CL0002322)
    Fold Change: 252.6535
    Cell Significance Index: -104.0800
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 238.6033
    Cell Significance Index: -112.6500
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 208.4624
    Cell Significance Index: -107.2300
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 168.1316
    Cell Significance Index: -112.8200
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 101.4095
    Cell Significance Index: -96.8200
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 83.6607
    Cell Significance Index: -103.1500
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 40.1925
    Cell Significance Index: -107.6700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 29.6727
    Cell Significance Index: -117.0900
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 22.6128
    Cell Significance Index: -49.4900
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: 10.0450
    Cell Significance Index: 68.0600
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 2.7209
    Cell Significance Index: 74.0600
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 2.6892
    Cell Significance Index: 200.4300
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 2.6872
    Cell Significance Index: 77.0300
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 2.1025
    Cell Significance Index: 38.8600
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 2.0973
    Cell Significance Index: 135.3100
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 1.9640
    Cell Significance Index: 103.1200
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 1.8032
    Cell Significance Index: 357.8600
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 1.7982
    Cell Significance Index: 221.1100
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 1.7720
    Cell Significance Index: 319.4400
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 1.6264
    Cell Significance Index: 719.0600
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 1.5060
    Cell Significance Index: 193.0600
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 1.4993
    Cell Significance Index: 205.9000
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 1.3079
    Cell Significance Index: 61.4700
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 1.1515
    Cell Significance Index: 628.8800
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: 1.0689
    Cell Significance Index: 26.0800
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.9864
    Cell Significance Index: 97.5800
  • Cell Name: type II muscle cell (CL0002212)
    Fold Change: 0.9467
    Cell Significance Index: 15.2800
  • Cell Name: vascular lymphangioblast (CL0005022)
    Fold Change: 0.9201
    Cell Significance Index: 16.2600
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: 0.8355
    Cell Significance Index: 22.3500
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.6789
    Cell Significance Index: 243.5000
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 0.6720
    Cell Significance Index: 86.8200
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 0.5727
    Cell Significance Index: 15.0600
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.4894
    Cell Significance Index: 310.8300
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.4579
    Cell Significance Index: 31.6700
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.4304
    Cell Significance Index: 19.5100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.3718
    Cell Significance Index: 63.4900
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.3548
    Cell Significance Index: 57.7100
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.2272
    Cell Significance Index: 205.1700
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.1853
    Cell Significance Index: 348.8100
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: 0.1623
    Cell Significance Index: 5.6400
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.1134
    Cell Significance Index: 209.1900
  • Cell Name: subcutaneous adipocyte (CL0002521)
    Fold Change: 0.0965
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4200
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.0941
    Cell Significance Index: 17.9100
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.0706
    Cell Significance Index: 3.6700
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.0521
    Cell Significance Index: 5.3200
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0100
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0342
    Cell Significance Index: -25.8800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0538
    Cell Significance Index: -39.8800
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0633
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0638
    Cell Significance Index: -39.8600
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0661
    Cell Significance Index: -48.4900
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0927
    Cell Significance Index: -125.9800
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.1020
    Cell Significance Index: -46.3000
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.1631
    Cell Significance Index: -91.9600
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.3434
    Cell Significance Index: -68.8800
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.3562
    Cell Significance Index: -102.5000
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.3582
    Cell Significance Index: -52.0700
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.3825
    Cell Significance Index: -13.4400
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.3904
    Cell Significance Index: -10.9100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.4083
    Cell Significance Index: -86.0000
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -0.4424
    Cell Significance Index: -12.7500
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.4574
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2400
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.4852
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.4869
    Cell Significance Index: -55.7800
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.5039
    Cell Significance Index: -23.4900
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.5590
    Cell Significance Index: -6.3500
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.5877
    Cell Significance Index: -69.3100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.6001
    Cell Significance Index: -68.5000
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.6117
    Cell Significance Index: -71.2900
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.6691
    Cell Significance Index: -51.3500
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.7347
    Cell Significance Index: -14.3400
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.7680
    Cell Significance Index: -19.6200
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.8629
    Cell Significance Index: -61.0300
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.9376
    Cell Significance Index: -57.6300
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.9827
    Cell Significance Index: -102.3200
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -1.1288
    Cell Significance Index: -89.4000
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: -1.3152
    Cell Significance Index: -16.3100
  • Cell Name: Mueller cell (CL0000636)
    Fold Change: -1.3232
    Cell Significance Index: -10.1800
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -1.3342
    Cell Significance Index: -84.0900
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -1.3733
    Cell Significance Index: -69.4000
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -1.3832
    Cell Significance Index: -77.6200
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: -1.4159
    Cell Significance Index: -23.8500
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -1.4490
    Cell Significance Index: -88.8400
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -1.5493
    Cell Significance Index: -23.2200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -1.5711
    Cell Significance Index: -105.6400
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -1.6471
    Cell Significance Index: -52.7600
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -1.7698
    Cell Significance Index: -44.2400
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: -1.7897
    Cell Significance Index: -27.6900
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -1.8121
    Cell Significance Index: -94.3900
  • Cell Name: hippocampal astrocyte (CL0002604)
    Fold Change: -1.8322
    Cell Significance Index: -25.6200
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -2.0524
    Cell Significance Index: -43.7100
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -2.0627
    Cell Significance Index: -60.5800
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: -2.1309
    Cell Significance Index: -49.2300
  • Cell Name: luminal hormone-sensing cell of mammary gland (CL4033058)
    Fold Change: -2.2253
    Cell Significance Index: -13.7000
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: -2.3165
    Cell Significance Index: -18.8900
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -2.3374
    Cell Significance Index: -95.7700
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: -2.3467
    Cell Significance Index: -21.6100
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -2.3535
    Cell Significance Index: -69.3200

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** GLUL is a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of glutamate and ammonia to form glutamine, and the reverse reaction to produce glutamate from glutamine. This enzyme is highly specific, with a high affinity for its substrates, and is involved in the regulation of glutamate and glutamine levels in the brain and other tissues. **Pathways and Functions:** GLUL plays a central role in various cellular pathways, including: 1. **Astrocytic glutamate-glutamine uptake and metabolism:** GLUL is involved in the uptake of glutamate by astrocytes, which is then converted to glutamine, a key player in the glutamate-glutamine cycle. 2. **Glutamate catabolic process:** GLUL catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate, a critical step in the degradation of glutamate. 3. **Glutamine biosynthetic process:** The enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. 4. **Regulation of endothelial cell migration:** GLUL has been implicated in the regulation of endothelial cell migration, a process critical for angiogenesis and wound healing. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of GLUL has been implicated in various neurological and metabolic disorders, including: 1. **Neurodegenerative diseases:** Alterations in glutamate and glutamine metabolism have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. 2. **Metabolic disorders:** GLUL dysfunction has been associated with metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. 3. **Cancer:** GLUL has been shown to play a role in cancer progression, particularly in the regulation of angiogenesis and metastasis. 4. **Inflammatory disorders:** GLUL has been implicated in the regulation of inflammatory responses, particularly in the context of neuroinflammation. **Significantly Expressed Cells:** GLUL is highly expressed in various cell types, including: 1. **Mature astrocytes:** GLUL is highly expressed in mature astrocytes, which are key players in glutamate and glutamine metabolism. 2. **Skeletal muscle fibroblasts:** GLUL is also expressed in skeletal muscle fibroblasts, which are involved in muscle regeneration and repair. 3. **Basal cells of epithelial tissues:** GLUL is expressed in basal cells of epithelial tissues, which are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. In conclusion, GLUL plays a crucial role in glutamate and glutamine metabolism, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various neurological and metabolic disorders. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying GLUL dysfunction and to explore its therapeutic potential.

Genular Protein ID: 2717441795

Symbol: GLNA_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P15104 Q499Y9 Q5T9Z1 Q7Z3W4 Q8IZ17

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 28 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DIP 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 9 DrugCentral 1 EC 2 EMBL 13 EMDB 1 Ensembl 4 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 25 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 7 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 5 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 4 PDBsum 4 PIR 1 PRIDE 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 4 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 REPRODUCTION-2DPAGE 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 4 Rhea 4 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2888076

Title: Sequence of a human glutamine synthetase cDNA.

PubMed ID: 2888076

DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.15.6293

PubMed ID: 1681907

Title: cDNA sequence of the long mRNA for human glutamine synthase.

PubMed ID: 1681907

DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(91)90111-x

PubMed ID: 7909780

Title: Overexpression of glutamine synthetase in human primary liver cancer.

PubMed ID: 7909780

DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90024-8

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 16710414

Title: The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.

PubMed ID: 16710414

DOI: 10.1038/nature04727

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 12387715

Title: Glutamine synthetase isolated from human brain: octameric structure and homology of partial primary structure with human liver glutamine synthetase.

PubMed ID: 12387715

DOI: 10.1023/a:1020574003027

PubMed ID: 18662667

Title: Glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts.

PubMed ID: 18662667

DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.07.009

PubMed ID: 18555765

Title: Wnt and steroid pathways control glutamate signalling by regulating glutamine synthetase activity in osteoblastic cells.

PubMed ID: 18555765

DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.04.016

PubMed ID: 19413330

Title: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.

PubMed ID: 19413330

DOI: 10.1021/ac9004309

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 26711351

Title: Genome-wide RNAi Screening Identifies Protein Modules Required for 40S Subunit Synthesis in Human Cells.

PubMed ID: 26711351

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.061

PubMed ID: 26990986

Title: Glutamine triggers acetylation-dependent degradation of glutamine synthetase via the thalidomide receptor cereblon.

PubMed ID: 26990986

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.02.032

PubMed ID: 30158707

Title: Role of glutamine synthetase in angiogenesis beyond glutamine synthesis.

PubMed ID: 30158707

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0466-7

PubMed ID: 36289327

Title: Bestrophin-2 and glutamine synthetase form a complex for glutamate release.

PubMed ID: 36289327

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05373-x

PubMed ID: 18005987

Title: Crystal structures of mammalian glutamine synthetases illustrate substrate-induced conformational changes and provide opportunities for drug and herbicide design.

PubMed ID: 18005987

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.029

PubMed ID: 16267323

Title: Congenital glutamine deficiency with glutamine synthetase mutations.

PubMed ID: 16267323

DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa050456

PubMed ID: 38579670

Title: Clustered de novo start-loss variants in GLUL result in a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy via stabilization of glutamine synthetase.

PubMed ID: 38579670

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.03.005

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 373
  • Mass: 42064
  • Checksum: 45390C100924FAF3
  • Sequence:
    • MTTSASSHLN KGIKQVYMSL PQGEKVQAMY IWIDGTGEGL RCKTRTLDSE PKCVEELPEW 
NFDGSSTLQS EGSNSDMYLV PAAMFRDPFR KDPNKLVLCE VFKYNRRPAE TNLRHTCKRI 
MDMVSNQHPW FGMEQEYTLM GTDGHPFGWP SNGFPGPQGP YYCGVGADRA YGRDIVEAHY 
RACLYAGVKI AGTNAEVMPA QWEFQIGPCE GISMGDHLWV ARFILHRVCE DFGVIATFDP 
KPIPGNWNGA GCHTNFSTKA MREENGLKYI EEAIEKLSKR HQYHIRAYDP KGGLDNARRL 
TGFHETSNIN DFSAGVANRS ASIRIPRTVG QEKKGYFEDR RPSANCDPFS VTEALIRTCL 
LNETGDEPFQ YKN

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.