Details for: KARS1

Gene ID: 3735

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: KARS1

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000065427

Description: lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 18.72
    rCSI 17.05%
    PRS 55.56
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 11.53
    rCSI 18.34%
    PRS 34.93
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 10.67
    rCSI 34.59%
    PRS 44.51
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 10.61
    rCSI 9.79%
    PRS 42.13
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 9.48
    rCSI 15.14%
    PRS 44.56
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 9.32
    rCSI 9.15%
    PRS 56.04
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 8.9
    rCSI 6%
    PRS 50.68
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 8.25
    rCSI 13.03%
    PRS 42.05
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 8.2
    rCSI 9.9%
    PRS 48.36
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 7.64
    rCSI 10.16%
    PRS 45.48
  • IgG plasma cell CL0000985
    CSI 7.34
    rCSI 8.79%
    PRS 59.94
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 6.14
    rCSI 11.93%
    PRS 42.96
  • erythroid progenitor cell CL0000038
    CSI 5.16
    rCSI 29.58%
    PRS 52.01
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 5.12
    rCSI 6.33%
    PRS 37.24
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 4.77
    rCSI 7.37%
    PRS 39.18
  • dendritic cell, human CL0001056
    CSI 4.67
    rCSI 7.17%
    PRS 47.72
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 4.49
    rCSI 3.48%
    PRS 41.37
  • effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001044
    CSI 4.45
    rCSI 12.76%
    PRS 57.94
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 4.37
    rCSI 7.03%
    PRS 32.66
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 4.21
    rCSI 12.42%
    PRS 45.17
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 3.81
    rCSI 8.69%
    PRS 40.02
  • tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell CL0019019
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 6.52%
    PRS 49.4
  • erythroid lineage cell CL0000764
    CSI 3.62
    rCSI 23.31%
    PRS 63.94
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 3.45
    rCSI 8.76%
    PRS 37.82
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 5.41%
    PRS 51.14
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 3.26
    rCSI 3.21%
    PRS 43.3
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 3.12
    rCSI 5.49%
    PRS 39.79
  • hematopoietic stem cell CL0000037
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 2.06%
    PRS 45.17
  • basal cell of epidermis CL0002187
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 25.91
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 3.02
    rCSI 4.34%
    PRS 33.25
  • effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000905
    CSI 3.02
    rCSI 4.11%
    PRS 68.76
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 3.02
    rCSI 8.73%
    PRS 43.73
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 2.87
    rCSI 2%
    PRS 53.46
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 2.85
    rCSI 2.74%
    PRS 41.75
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte CL0000810
    CSI 2.8
    rCSI 2.25%
    PRS 62.38
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 1.88%
    PRS 49.11
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 2.66
    rCSI 5.08%
    PRS 57.7
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 2.71%
    PRS 40.87
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 2.59
    rCSI 2.83%
    PRS 44.86
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 2.52
    rCSI 2.38%
    PRS 42.33
  • hematopoietic precursor cell CL0008001
    CSI 2.48
    rCSI 2.56%
    PRS 58.36
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 2.45
    rCSI 5.6%
    PRS 40.52
  • ON-bipolar cell CL0000749
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 3.51%
    PRS 44.04
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 1.39%
    PRS 55.1
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 2.31
    rCSI 5.1%
    PRS 30.5
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 1.64%
    PRS 53.27
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 2.39%
    PRS 41.73
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 2.27
    rCSI 1.99%
    PRS 31.22
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 1.74%
    PRS 47.2
  • ciliated cell CL0000064
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 3.59%
    PRS 39.89
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 2.12
    rCSI 1.72%
    PRS 41.59
  • mature alpha-beta T cell CL0000791
    CSI 2.12
    rCSI 7.67%
    PRS 60.06
  • mature T cell CL0002419
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 1.64%
    PRS 57.18
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 3.01%
    PRS 43.93
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 2.09
    rCSI 2.41%
    PRS 35.93
  • mononuclear phagocyte CL0000113
    CSI 2.08
    rCSI 4.57%
    PRS 44.89
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 2.06
    rCSI 1.63%
    PRS 29.87
  • hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell CL0000837
    CSI 2.04
    rCSI 4.91%
    PRS 58.34
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 2.02
    rCSI 1.79%
    PRS 40.39
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 2
    rCSI 1.76%
    PRS 45.81
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 1.97
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 45.71
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 1.94
    rCSI 2.65%
    PRS 35.19
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 1.93
    rCSI 2.79%
    PRS 54.86
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 1.92
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 39.69
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 1.91
    rCSI 1.52%
    PRS 62.63
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 1.91
    rCSI 2.32%
    PRS 48.51
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 10.9%
    PRS 53.19
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 1.88
    rCSI 3.77%
    PRS 31.8
  • promonocyte CL0000559
    CSI 1.83
    rCSI 3.14%
    PRS 50.13
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 1.83
    rCSI 2.19%
    PRS 39.34
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 1.78
    rCSI 1.87%
    PRS 43.51
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 1.75
    rCSI 8.8%
    PRS 51.6
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 1.57%
    PRS 37.9
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 2%
    PRS 32
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 1.71
    rCSI 3.06%
    PRS 56.87
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 1.69
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 50.63
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 1.66
    rCSI 1.37%
    PRS 41.94
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 1.65
    rCSI 1.39%
    PRS 46.2
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 2.27%
    PRS 40.71
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 1.63
    rCSI 1.23%
    PRS 44.12
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 1.63
    rCSI 1.42%
    PRS 49.72
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 1.62
    rCSI 2.92%
    PRS 35.01
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 1.59
    rCSI 3.54%
    PRS 47.25
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 1.56
    rCSI 2.28%
    PRS 43.93
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 1.56
    rCSI 2.92%
    PRS 61.25
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 1.55
    rCSI 1.95%
    PRS 54.34
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 1.55
    rCSI 2.12%
    PRS 43.79
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 1.54
    rCSI 1.65%
    PRS 39.08
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 1.53
    rCSI 2.33%
    PRS 41.62
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 1.52
    rCSI 1.77%
    PRS 52.07
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 2.08%
    PRS 61.6
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 2.71%
    PRS 39.64
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 2.65%
    PRS 34.12
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 1.13%
    PRS 59.17
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.49%
    PRS 35.79
  • T follicular helper cell CL0002038
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.12%
    PRS 55.31
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 1.48
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 42.14
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 1.47
    rCSI 2.25%
    PRS 58.42
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 1.46
    rCSI 6.29%
    PRS 58.05
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 1.45
    rCSI 6.28%
    PRS 57
  • eosinophil CL0000771
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 72.4%
  • acinar cell of salivary gland CL0002623
    CSI 0.2
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 64.1%
  • pre-conventional dendritic cell CL0002010
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 75.0%
  • paneth cell of colon CL0009009
    CSI 0.3
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 67.2%
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 38.4%
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 52.4%
  • cord blood hematopoietic stem cell CL2000095
    CSI 0.4
    rCSI 7.5%
    PRS 88.6%
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 52.2%
  • pancreatic PP cell CL0002275
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 56.6%
  • myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell CL0000839
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 64.9%
  • helper T cell CL0000912
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 50.1%
  • type EC enteroendocrine cell CL0000577
    CSI 0.5
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 54.4%
  • colon macrophage CL0009038
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 63.9%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 38.1%
  • paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 55.8%
  • primitive red blood cell CL0002355
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 56.2%
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 61.1%
  • foveolar cell of stomach CL0002179
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 56.2%
  • elicited macrophage CL0000861
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 0.7%
    PRS 48.1%
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 39.7%
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 57.0%
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 63.0%
  • erythroblast CL0000765
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 54.4%
  • forebrain radial glial cell CL0013000
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 49.1%
  • syncytiotrophoblast cell CL0000525
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 59.0%
  • large pre-B-II cell CL0000957
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 55.8%
  • transit amplifying cell CL0009010
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 57.3%
  • deuterosomal cell CL4033044
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 51.3%
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 46.9%
  • granulocyte CL0000094
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 49.9%
  • basal cell of prostate epithelium CL0002341
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 59.9%
  • colonocyte CL1000347
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 48.6%
  • kidney epithelial cell CL0002518
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 64.5%
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 46.4%
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 38.0%
  • activated type II NK T cell CL0000931
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 56.9%
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 42.8%
  • common dendritic progenitor CL0001029
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 50.4%
  • T-helper 1 cell CL0000545
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 68.0%
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 39.3%
  • muscle cell CL0000187
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 63.5%
  • promyelocyte CL0000836
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 51.1%
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 43.7%
  • memory T cell CL0000813
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 70.8%
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 27.4%
  • colon epithelial cell CL0011108
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 38.7%
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 35.5%
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 41.3%
  • paneth cell CL0000510
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 58.2%
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 39.1%
  • small pre-B-II cell CL0000954
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 64.8%
  • enteroendocrine cell of small intestine CL0009006
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 55.5%
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 39.7%
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 0.9%
    PRS 42.8%
  • colon goblet cell CL0009039
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 53.6%
  • fraction A pre-pro B cell CL0002045
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 63.8%
  • erythrocyte CL0000232
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.3%
    PRS 46.8%
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 44.8%
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 57.0%
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 6.3%
    PRS 58.1%
  • Langerhans cell CL0000453
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 58.4%
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 42.1%
  • T follicular helper cell CL0002038
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 55.3%
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 35.8%
  • class switched memory B cell CL0000972
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 59.2%
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 34.1%
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 39.6%
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000934
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 61.6%
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 52.1%
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 41.6%
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 39.1%
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 43.8%
  • alternatively activated macrophage CL0000890
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 54.3%
  • type L enteroendocrine cell CL0002279
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 61.3%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 43.9%
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 47.3%
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 35.0%
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 49.7%
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 44.1%
  • radial glial cell CL0000681
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 40.7%
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 46.2%
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 41.9%
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 50.6%
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 56.9%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 32.0%
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 37.9%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 8.8%
    PRS 51.6%
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 43.5%
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 39.3%
  • promonocyte CL0000559
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 50.1%
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 31.8%
  • cytotoxic T cell CL0000910
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 10.9%
    PRS 53.2%
  • pulmonary ionocyte CL0017000
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 48.5%
  • T-helper 17 cell CL0000899
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 62.6%
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 39.7%
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 54.9%
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 35.2%
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 45.7%
  • early lymphoid progenitor CL0000936
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 45.8%
  • intestine goblet cell CL0019031
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 40.4%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) (lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 16q23.1. It encodes a crucial enzyme, lysine--tRNA ligase, which is fundamentally responsible for attaching the amino acid lysine to its corresponding tRNA molecule. This function is an indispensable step in protein synthesis, known as [Lysyl-trna aminoacylation](/details-go/GO:0006430). Through alternative splicing of its primary transcript, the [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) gene produces isoforms that function in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria, ensuring protein synthesis in both compartments ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m006265200)). Beyond this canonical housekeeping role, [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) is involved in non-translational functions, including immune signaling and transcriptional regulation. Data indicates its expression is particularly significant in metabolically active cells, including various immune subsets like [effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0000913) and structural cells such as [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138). Mutations in [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) are associated with several developmental disorders, as documented in OMIM ([601421](https://omim.org/entry/601421)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) highlights its critical role in a diverse array of cell types, reflecting its foundational importance in protein synthesis. **Overall**, the gene shows the highest significance in cells characterized by high metabolic activity, protein production, or rapid proliferation. A prominent functional cluster for [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) expression is within the immune system. It is a top marker in adaptive immune cells, including [effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0000913) (CSI: 18.72), [CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells](/details-cell/CL0000792) (CSI: 9.32), and [central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0000907) (CSI: 8.90). Its significance also extends to myeloid lineages, such as [myeloid leukocytes](/details-cell/CL0000766) (CSI: 10.61) and [CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cells](/details-cell/CL0002399) (CSI: 8.20). This pattern is consistent with its non-canonical role in immune modulation, as [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) can be secreted to act as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, promoting responses like [macrophage activation](/details-go/GO:0043032) ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500226102)). Beyond immunity, [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) is highly significant in structural and secretory cells that require robust protein synthesis machinery. These include [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) (CSI: 11.53), which are responsible for producing cartilage matrix, [vascular associated smooth muscle cells](/details-cell/CL0000359) (CSI: 10.67), and [pancreatic acinar cells](/details-cell/CL0002064) (CSI: 7.64), which synthesize and secrete large quantities of digestive enzymes. The broad yet distinctively high expression in these specific cell types underscores its dual function as both a universal housekeeping gene and a key contributor to specialized cellular activities. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The primary molecular function of [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) is its [Lysine-trna ligase activity](/details-go/GO:0004824), a vital component of the [Translation](/details-pathway/R-HSA-72766) and [Metabolism of proteins](/details-pathway/R-HSA-392499) pathways. It catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of lysine to its cognate tRNA, a process localized to both the cytoplasm ([Cytosolic trna aminoacylation](/details-pathway/R-HSA-379716)) and mitochondria ([Mitochondrial trna aminoacylation](/details-pathway/R-HSA-379726)). This dual localization from a single gene is achieved through unusual alternative splicing mechanisms ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m006265200)). In addition to its canonical role, [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) participates in cellular signaling. Upon certain stimuli, it can be released into the [Extracellular space](/details-go/GO:0005615), where it can trigger immune responses. This is reflected in its annotation for '[Positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus](/details-go/GO:0002863)' and '[Basophil activation involved in immune response](/details-go/GO:0002276)'. Research has demonstrated that secreted [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) can induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells, linking protein synthesis machinery directly to immune regulation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500226102)). The enzyme also possesses [Atp:adp adenylyltransferase activity](/details-go/GO:0003877), allowing it to synthesize diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A), a signaling molecule implicated in various cellular processes ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291x(66)90415-3)). Furthermore, [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) has been shown to interact with viral proteins, such as the HIV-1 Gag protein, potentially playing a role in viral assembly ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m301840200)). ## Research Directions The dual role of [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) as an essential intracellular enzyme and an extracellular signaling molecule presents several intriguing avenues for future research, particularly at the intersection of metabolism and immunology. ### Proposed Hypotheses: 1. **Extracellular KARS1 acts as a danger signal from metabolically stressed cells.** Given its high expression in [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) and its pro-inflammatory extracellular function, we hypothesize that under conditions of mechanical stress or damage associated with osteoarthritis, [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) release [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) into the synovial fluid, where it acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) to promote joint inflammation. 2. **KARS1 is a metabolic checkpoint in T cell activation and memory formation.** The high significance of [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) in [effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0000913) suggests that its expression level could be a rate-limiting factor for the rapid protein synthesis required during T cell clonal expansion and differentiation. We hypothesize that modulating [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) activity could control the magnitude and fate of T cell responses. ### Key Experiment Proposal: To test the first hypothesis, one could design the following experiment: * **Objective:** Determine if [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) released from stressed [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) can induce an inflammatory response in synovial macrophages. * **Methods:** 1. Culture primary human [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) and subject them to mechanical stress or treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β) to mimic arthritic conditions. 2. Collect the conditioned media and quantify extracellular [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) levels using an ELISA or mass spectrometry. 3. Culture primary human macrophages (derived from monocytes) and treat them with the [KARS1](/details-gene/3735)-containing conditioned media. As controls, use media from unstressed [chondrocytes](/details-cell/CL0000138) and media depleted of [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) via immunoprecipitation. 4. Assess macrophage activation by measuring the gene expression (qPCR) and secretion (ELISA) of key inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. ### Therapeutic Potential: Given that [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) is an essential housekeeping gene, systemic inhibition of its intracellular enzymatic activity would likely be highly toxic. However, its extracellular, pro-inflammatory function presents a more viable therapeutic target. A strategy involving the **inhibition** of extracellular [KARS1](/details-gene/3735) using neutralizing antibodies or small molecule inhibitors that block its interaction with cell surface receptors could be beneficial. Such a therapeutic could potentially reduce inflammation in autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, without disrupting the fundamental intracellular process of protein synthesis.

Genular Protein ID: 823821768

Symbol: SYK_HUMAN

Name: Lysine--tRNA ligase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9278442

Title: Human lysyl-tRNA synthetase accepts nucleotide 73 variants and rescues Escherichia coli double-defective mutant.

PubMed ID: 9278442

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.36.22809

PubMed ID: 10952987

Title: The human lysyl-tRNA synthetase gene encodes both the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes by means of an unusual alternative splicing of the primary transcript.

PubMed ID: 10952987

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006265200

PubMed ID: 7584044

Title: Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. II. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0041-KIAA0080) deduced by analysis of cDNA clones from human cell line KG-1.

PubMed ID: 7584044

DOI: 10.1093/dnares/1.5.223

PubMed ID: 15616553

Title: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16.

PubMed ID: 15616553

DOI: 10.1038/nature03187

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 5338216

Title: Enzymatic synthesis of diadenosine tetraphosphate and diadenosine triphosphate with a purified lysyl-tRNA synthetase.

PubMed ID: 5338216

DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90415-3

PubMed ID: 9878398

Title: Macromolecular assemblage of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases: identification of protein-protein interactions and characterization of a core protein.

PubMed ID: 9878398

DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2316

PubMed ID: 14659874

Title: The telomeric protein Rap1 is conserved in vertebrates and is expressed from a bidirectional promoter positioned between the Rap1 and KARS genes.

PubMed ID: 14659874

DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.08.026

PubMed ID: 14975237

Title: The function of lysyl-tRNA synthetase and Ap4A as signaling regulators of MITF activity in FcepsilonRI-activated mast cells.

PubMed ID: 14975237

DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00020-2

PubMed ID: 12756246

Title: The interaction between HIV-1 Gag and human lysyl-tRNA synthetase during viral assembly.

PubMed ID: 12756246

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301840200

PubMed ID: 15220430

Title: Cellular distribution of Lysyl-tRNA synthetase and its interaction with Gag during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly.

PubMed ID: 15220430

DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.14.7553-7564.2004

PubMed ID: 15851690

Title: Human lysyl-tRNA synthetase is secreted to trigger proinflammatory response.

PubMed ID: 15851690

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500226102

PubMed ID: 18029264

Title: Lysyl-tRNA synthetase interacts with EF1alpha, aspartyl-tRNA synthetase and p38 in vitro.

PubMed ID: 18029264

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.028

PubMed ID: 19413330

Title: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.

PubMed ID: 19413330

DOI: 10.1021/ac9004309

PubMed ID: 19131329

Title: Dissection of the structural organization of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex.

PubMed ID: 19131329

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809636200

PubMed ID: 19289464

Title: Dynamic Organization of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Complexes in the Cytoplasm of Human Cells.

PubMed ID: 19289464

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900480200

PubMed ID: 19524539

Title: LysRS serves as a key signaling molecule in the immune response by regulating gene expression.

PubMed ID: 19524539

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.05.019

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 22223895

Title: Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.

PubMed ID: 22223895

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015131

PubMed ID: 22814378

Title: N-terminal acetylome analyses and functional insights of the N-terminal acetyltransferase NatB.

PubMed ID: 22814378

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210303109

PubMed ID: 24312579

Title: Reinvestigation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase core complex by affinity purification-mass spectrometry reveals TARSL2 as a potential member of the complex.

PubMed ID: 24312579

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081734

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 18272479

Title: Crystal structure of tetrameric form of human lysyl-tRNA synthetase: Implications for multisynthetase complex formation.

PubMed ID: 18272479

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712072105

PubMed ID: 23159739

Title: Structural switch of lysyl-tRNA synthetase between translation and transcription.

PubMed ID: 23159739

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.010

PubMed ID: 26074468

Title: Structural Basis for Specific Inhibition of tRNA Synthetase by an ATP Competitive Inhibitor.

PubMed ID: 26074468

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.007

PubMed ID: 20920668

Title: Compound heterozygosity for loss-of-function lysyl-tRNA synthetase mutations in a patient with peripheral neuropathy.

PubMed ID: 20920668

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.09.008

PubMed ID: 23768514

Title: Mutations in KARS, encoding lysyl-tRNA synthetase, cause autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment DFNB89.

PubMed ID: 23768514

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.018

PubMed ID: 25330800

Title: Congenital Visual Impairment and Progressive Microcephaly Due to Lysyl-Transfer Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Synthetase (KARS) Mutations: The Expanding Phenotype of Aminoacyl-Transfer RNA Synthetase Mutations in Human Disease.

PubMed ID: 25330800

DOI: 10.1177/0883073814553272

PubMed ID: 27891585

Title: Novel mutations in KARS cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and combined mitochondrial respiratory chain defect.

PubMed ID: 27891585

DOI: 10.1111/cge.12931

PubMed ID: 28887846

Title: Mutations in KARS cause early-onset hearing loss and leukoencephalopathy: Potential pathogenic mechanism.

PubMed ID: 28887846

DOI: 10.1002/humu.23335

PubMed ID: 30252186

Title: Inhibition of mitochondrial translation in fibroblasts from a patient expressing the KARS p.(Pro228Leu) variant and presenting with sensorineural deafness, developmental delay, and lactic acidosis.

PubMed ID: 30252186

DOI: 10.1002/humu.23657

PubMed ID: 29615062

Title: KARS-related diseases: progressive leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord calcifications as new phenotype and a review of literature.

PubMed ID: 29615062

DOI: 10.1186/s13023-018-0788-4

PubMed ID: 30715177

Title: Biallelic KARS pathogenic variants cause an early-onset progressive leukodystrophy.

PubMed ID: 30715177

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz001

PubMed ID: 31116475

Title: Mutations in KARS cause a severe neurological and neurosensory disease with optic neuropathy.

PubMed ID: 31116475

DOI: 10.1002/humu.23799

PubMed ID: 30737337

Title: Biallelic variants in LARS2 and KARS cause deafness and (ovario)leukodystrophy.

PubMed ID: 30737337

DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007098

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 597
  • Mass: 68048
  • Checksum: E7770953332D905D
  • Sequence:
  • MAAVQAAEVK VDGSEPKLSK NELKRRLKAE KKVAEKEAKQ KELSEKQLSQ ATAAATNHTT 
    DNGVGPEEES VDPNQYYKIR SQAIHQLKVN GEDPYPHKFH VDISLTDFIQ KYSHLQPGDH 
    LTDITLKVAG RIHAKRASGG KLIFYDLRGE GVKLQVMANS RNYKSEEEFI HINNKLRRGD 
    IIGVQGNPGK TKKGELSIIP YEITLLSPCL HMLPHLHFGL KDKETRYRQR YLDLILNDFV 
    RQKFIIRSKI ITYIRSFLDE LGFLEIETPM MNIIPGGAVA KPFITYHNEL DMNLYMRIAP 
    ELYHKMLVVG GIDRVYEIGR QFRNEGIDLT HNPEFTTCEF YMAYADYHDL MEITEKMVSG 
    MVKHITGSYK VTYHPDGPEG QAYDVDFTPP FRRINMVEEL EKALGMKLPE TNLFETEETR 
    KILDDICVAK AVECPPPRTT ARLLDKLVGE FLEVTCINPT FICDHPQIMS PLAKWHRSKE 
    GLTERFELFV MKKEICNAYT ELNDPMRQRQ LFEEQAKAKA AGDDEAMFID ENFCTALEYG 
    LPPTAGWGMG IDRVAMFLTD SNNIKEVLLF PAMKPEDKKE NVATTDTLES TTVGTSV