Details for: GAL

Gene ID: 51083

Symbol: GAL

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000069482

Description: galanin and GMAP prepropeptide

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 40.8241
    Cell Significance Index: -6.3500
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 26.4150
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7000
  • Cell Name: embryonic stem cell (CL0002322)
    Fold Change: 15.8758
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5400
  • Cell Name: sebaceous gland cell (CL2000021)
    Fold Change: 13.0952
    Cell Significance Index: 16.9400
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 5.2638
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4900
  • Cell Name: colon endothelial cell (CL1001572)
    Fold Change: 4.0617
    Cell Significance Index: 3.1000
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 3.8308
    Cell Significance Index: 61.4600
  • Cell Name: chromaffin cell (CL0000166)
    Fold Change: 3.5118
    Cell Significance Index: 38.6900
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 1.8219
    Cell Significance Index: 49.5900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 1.6954
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6900
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 1.3031
    Cell Significance Index: 247.9900
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 1.1039
    Cell Significance Index: 31.6500
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.9381
    Cell Significance Index: 92.8000
  • Cell Name: keratocyte (CL0002363)
    Fold Change: 0.8932
    Cell Significance Index: 14.1700
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.7699
    Cell Significance Index: 695.1400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.4893
    Cell Significance Index: 79.5900
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.4487
    Cell Significance Index: 48.8100
  • Cell Name: perivascular cell (CL4033054)
    Fold Change: 0.4083
    Cell Significance Index: 1.8900
  • Cell Name: enteric neuron (CL0007011)
    Fold Change: 0.3800
    Cell Significance Index: 2.7500
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: 0.3775
    Cell Significance Index: 9.1500
  • Cell Name: myometrial cell (CL0002366)
    Fold Change: 0.2622
    Cell Significance Index: 3.0200
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.2605
    Cell Significance Index: 18.0200
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.2482
    Cell Significance Index: 14.9000
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 0.2393
    Cell Significance Index: 30.9200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of nephron (CL1000449)
    Fold Change: 0.2106
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7900
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 0.1263
    Cell Significance Index: 9.4100
  • Cell Name: peripheral nervous system neuron (CL2000032)
    Fold Change: 0.1004
    Cell Significance Index: 0.7800
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.0860
    Cell Significance Index: 11.0200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of uterus (CL0002149)
    Fold Change: 0.0696
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9700
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.0635
    Cell Significance Index: 1.8300
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.0540
    Cell Significance Index: 1.1700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0510
    Cell Significance Index: 5.9400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.0435
    Cell Significance Index: 1.9700
  • Cell Name: luminal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002340)
    Fold Change: 0.0420
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4400
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.0366
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7200
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.0308
    Cell Significance Index: 2.1800
  • Cell Name: extravillous trophoblast (CL0008036)
    Fold Change: 0.0193
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1200
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0139
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4900
  • Cell Name: L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4030067)
    Fold Change: 0.0051
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0300
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.0029
    Cell Significance Index: 1.6000
  • Cell Name: retinal blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0002585)
    Fold Change: 0.0023
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.0019
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0400
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.0000
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0200
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0026
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9300
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.0028
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0700
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0030
    Cell Significance Index: -5.6800
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.0032
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0800
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0033
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4500
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0050
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1900
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0059
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1200
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0060
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2100
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0067
    Cell Significance Index: -9.0500
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0078
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2400
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0079
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0083
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0089
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5200
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0089
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0091
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1500
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0101
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4700
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0111
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0150
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3700
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0167
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9400
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0172
    Cell Significance Index: -7.7900
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0177
    Cell Significance Index: -3.5200
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0199
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0222
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5400
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0253
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5600
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.0265
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6800
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.0342
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0345
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0370
    Cell Significance Index: -7.8000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0380
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.0435
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9100
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: -0.0436
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4200
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.0454
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3600
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.0479
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0200
  • Cell Name: slow muscle cell (CL0000189)
    Fold Change: -0.0522
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7800
  • Cell Name: inhibitory motor neuron (CL0008015)
    Fold Change: -0.0588
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3900
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0624
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5000
  • Cell Name: neuroendocrine cell (CL0000165)
    Fold Change: -0.0628
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8000
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: -0.0649
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9300
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0663
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7700
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.0726
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9900
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.0742
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.0793
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1300
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0795
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3800
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: -0.0853
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3200
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0963
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8700
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0964
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4800
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.1004
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1400
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.1044
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0100
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: -0.1058
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7200
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.1088
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6400
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.1108
    Cell Significance Index: -3.5500
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.1122
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8800
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.1176
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5900
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.1220
    Cell Significance Index: -5.0000
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.1228
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5500
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: -0.1256
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6900
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.1458
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9000

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** The GAL gene encodes for the galanin peptide, which is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide hormone. Galanin is characterized by its unique structure, which includes a conserved C-terminal octapeptide motif and a highly polarized N-terminal region. The GAL gene is expressed in various cell types, including polychromatophilic erythroblast, hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, embryonic stem cell, sebaceous gland cell, and colon endothelial cell. Galanin has been shown to have a broad range of biological activities, including modulation of immune responses, regulation of neuronal signaling, and influence on endocrine functions. **Pathways and Functions** Galanin exerts its effects through the interaction with three distinct types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): type 1, type 2, and type 3. These receptors are coupled to G alpha (i) proteins, which activate various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, regulation of apoptotic process, and positive regulation of cortisol secretion. Galanin has also been shown to modulate the activity of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels and influence the timing of catagen. Additionally, galanin has been implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion, glucocorticoid metabolic process, and response to estrogen, immobilization stress, and xenobiotic stimulus. **Clinical Significance** The GAL gene and its encoded peptide, galanin, have been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Galanin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties, making it a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of immune-related diseases. Furthermore, galanin has been implicated in the regulation of cortisol secretion, which is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. Abnormalities in galanin expression and function have been linked to various immunological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. In conclusion, the GAL gene is a multifunctional gene that plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, neuronal signaling, and endocrine functions. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which galanin exerts its effects and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of immune-related disorders. **Proteins** The GAL gene encodes for the galanin peptide (GALA_HUMAN), which is a 29-amino acid neuropeptide hormone. The GAL gene has been shown to be significantly expressed in various cell types, including polychromatophilic erythroblast, hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, embryonic stem cell, sebaceous gland cell, and colon endothelial cell. **Significantly Expressed Cells** The GAL gene is significantly expressed in the following cell types: - Polychromatophilic erythroblast - Hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell - Embryonic stem cell - Sebaceous gland cell - Orthochromatic erythroblast - Colon endothelial cell - Decidual cell - Chromaffin cell - Basal cell of prostate epithelium - Stromal cell of bone marrow **Signaling Pathways** The GAL gene is involved in the following signaling pathways: - Camp-mediated signaling - Class a/1 (rhodopsin-like receptors) - Extracellular region - Extracellular space - Feeding behavior - Galanin receptor activity - Galanin receptor binding - G alpha (i) signalling events - Gpcr downstream signalling - Gpcr ligand binding - Insulin secretion - Negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation - Neuronal cell body - Neuropeptide hormone activity - Neuropeptide signaling pathway - Peptide ligand-binding receptors - Positive regulation of apoptotic process - Positive regulation of cortisol secretion - Positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity - Positive regulation of timing of catagen - Positive regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii - Protein binding - Protein kinase a signaling - Regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process - Response to estrogen - Response to immobilization stress - Response to insulin - Response to xenobiotic stimulus - Secretory granule - Signaling by gpcr - Signal transduction - Type 1 galanin receptor binding - Type 2 galanin receptor binding - Type 3 galanin receptor binding

Genular Protein ID: 3344988568

Symbol: GALA_HUMAN

Name: Galanin peptides

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P22466 Q14413

Database IDs:

ABCD 1 AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 3 EMDB 2 Ensembl 1 GO 26 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 3 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 10 PDBsum 10 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7508413

Title: Genomic organization and localization of the gene encoding human preprogalanin.

PubMed ID: 7508413

DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(11)80002-9

PubMed ID: 1370155

Title: Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN cells.

PubMed ID: 1370155

DOI: 10.2337/diab.41.1.82

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 1710578

Title: Human galanin: primary structure and identification of two molecular forms.

PubMed ID: 1710578

DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80585-q

PubMed ID: 1722333

Title: Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a 30-residue nonamidated neuropeptide.

PubMed ID: 1722333

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11435

PubMed ID: 14997482

Title: Identification and characterization of phosphorylated proteins in the human pituitary.

PubMed ID: 14997482

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300584

PubMed ID: 16807684

Title: Phosphoproteomic analysis of the human pituitary.

PubMed ID: 16807684

DOI: 10.1007/s11102-006-8916-x

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 21406692

Title: System-wide temporal characterization of the proteome and phosphoproteome of human embryonic stem cell differentiation.

PubMed ID: 21406692

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001570

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 25691535

Title: Galanin pathogenic mutations in temporal lobe epilepsy.

PubMed ID: 25691535

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv060

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 123
  • Mass: 13302
  • Checksum: 48D2170AF1248E6D
  • Sequence:
    • MARGSALLLA SLLLAAALSA SAGLWSPAKE KRGWTLNSAG YLLGPHAVGN HRSFSDKNGL 
TSKRELRPED DMKPGSFDRS IPENNIMRTI IEFLSFLHLK EAGALDRLLD LPAAASSEDI 
ERS

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.