Details for: PF4

Gene ID: 5196

Symbol: PF4

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000163737

Description: platelet factor 4

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 36.7739
    Cell Significance Index: -5.7200
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 23.3399
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9200
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 10.2452
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2700
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 4.5500
    Cell Significance Index: -5.6100
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 3.2970
    Cell Significance Index: 82.4200
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: 2.8730
    Cell Significance Index: 71.6500
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: 2.3567
    Cell Significance Index: 144.4900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 1.5459
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1000
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell (CL0000908)
    Fold Change: 0.9126
    Cell Significance Index: 9.7100
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.8691
    Cell Significance Index: 18.5100
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte progenitor cell (CL0000553)
    Fold Change: 0.7902
    Cell Significance Index: 5.6800
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: 0.7033
    Cell Significance Index: 11.5900
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.6767
    Cell Significance Index: 66.9400
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.4669
    Cell Significance Index: 28.0300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.4276
    Cell Significance Index: 46.5100
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.3946
    Cell Significance Index: 356.2600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.3553
    Cell Significance Index: 57.7900
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: 0.2878
    Cell Significance Index: 4.8400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.2718
    Cell Significance Index: 51.7300
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 0.2029
    Cell Significance Index: 3.7500
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.1973
    Cell Significance Index: 13.6500
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: 0.1965
    Cell Significance Index: 3.0400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.1699
    Cell Significance Index: 7.7000
  • Cell Name: mature alpha-beta T cell (CL0000791)
    Fold Change: 0.1064
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5800
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0777
    Cell Significance Index: 9.0500
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 0.0765
    Cell Significance Index: 1.1100
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: 0.0683
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9700
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: 0.0333
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9800
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.0069
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1500
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.0062
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1800
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0037
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1300
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0063
    Cell Significance Index: -3.4400
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0068
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0112
    Cell Significance Index: -8.3200
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0118
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3400
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0118
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6300
  • Cell Name: platelet (CL0000233)
    Fold Change: -0.0185
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1900
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0191
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4900
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0219
    Cell Significance Index: -4.3500
  • Cell Name: neuroendocrine cell (CL0000165)
    Fold Change: -0.0229
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2900
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0263
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7400
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.0299
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6200
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0300
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5100
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0340
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8200
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0350
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4300
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.0358
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic cell (CL0000988)
    Fold Change: -0.0362
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5300
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0365
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3100
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0371
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0377
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0392
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0402
    Cell Significance Index: -8.4700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0439
    Cell Significance Index: -6.0300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0492
    Cell Significance Index: -5.6400
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0499
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1000
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.0567
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.0621
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3000
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.0705
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8900
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: -0.0729
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.0842
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4300
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.0852
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9700
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.0868
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7800
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.0961
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9300
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle myoblast (CL0000515)
    Fold Change: -0.1021
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1100
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.1058
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8300
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.1074
    Cell Significance Index: -8.2400
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: -0.1110
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1700
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.1111
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8300
  • Cell Name: primitive red blood cell (CL0002355)
    Fold Change: -0.1162
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3200
  • Cell Name: kidney cell (CL1000497)
    Fold Change: -0.1165
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9300
  • Cell Name: myoepithelial cell (CL0000185)
    Fold Change: -0.1181
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3400
  • Cell Name: blood cell (CL0000081)
    Fold Change: -0.1373
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1700
  • Cell Name: vascular leptomeningeal cell (CL4023051)
    Fold Change: -0.1397
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.1422
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9800
  • Cell Name: myoblast (CL0000056)
    Fold Change: -0.1455
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4300
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: -0.1492
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9300
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.1502
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2200
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.1597
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0700
  • Cell Name: T-helper 17 cell (CL0000899)
    Fold Change: -0.1639
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2500
  • Cell Name: blood vessel smooth muscle cell (CL0019018)
    Fold Change: -0.1652
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5600
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.1696
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9700
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.1711
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3400
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.1738
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7300
  • Cell Name: duct epithelial cell (CL0000068)
    Fold Change: -0.1743
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4100
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: -0.1786
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5600
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: -0.1816
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4000
  • Cell Name: Schwann cell precursor (CL0002375)
    Fold Change: -0.1838
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4600
  • Cell Name: urothelial cell (CL0000731)
    Fold Change: -0.1850
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2900
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: -0.1877
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8100
  • Cell Name: myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000839)
    Fold Change: -0.1945
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7300
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.1978
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2000
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.1992
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3200
  • Cell Name: muscle fibroblast (CL1001609)
    Fold Change: -0.2106
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2900
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    Fold Change: -0.2115
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6800
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.2138
    Cell Significance Index: -7.8500
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: -0.2163
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6800
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.2226
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5600
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.2288
    Cell Significance Index: -7.4900
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.2411
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2800
  • Cell Name: tendon cell (CL0000388)
    Fold Change: -0.2412
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2800

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** PF4 is a small protein (8.5 kDa) that belongs to the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors. It is primarily produced by megakaryocytes, a type of bone marrow cell responsible for producing platelets. PF4 has a unique structure, consisting of two domains: an N-terminal domain with a high degree of homology to other serpins and a C-terminal domain that interacts with platelet receptors. **Pathways and Functions:** PF4 plays a critical role in several signaling pathways, including: 1. **Hemostasis:** PF4 is involved in regulating platelet activation and aggregation, which is essential for blood coagulation and clot formation. It binds to platelet receptors, such as αIIbβ3, and inhibits platelet aggregation. 2. **Inflammation:** PF4 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, as it inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. 3. **Immune Response:** PF4 modulates the activity of immune cells, including natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, by regulating their chemotaxis and cytokine production. 4. **Cell Signaling:** PF4 interacts with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as CxCR3, to regulate cell signaling and response to various stimuli. **Clinical Significance:** PF4 has been implicated in several diseases, including: 1. **Thrombosis:** Elevated PF4 levels have been associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, as it promotes platelet activation and aggregation. 2. **Inflammatory Disorders:** PF4 has anti-inflammatory properties, but its dysregulation may contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. 3. **Cancer:** PF4 has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, suggesting its potential as a cancer therapeutic agent. 4. **Neurological Disorders:** PF4 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where it may play a role in regulating inflammation and immune responses. **Significantly Expressed Cells:** PF4 is expressed in various cell types, including: 1. **Megakaryocytes:** PF4 is primarily produced by megakaryocytes, which are responsible for producing platelets. 2. **Neuroendocrine cells:** PF4 is expressed in neuroendocrine cells, including neurons and glial cells, which are involved in regulating various physiological processes. 3. **Immune cells:** PF4 is expressed in immune cells, including natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, which play a crucial role in the immune response. In conclusion, PF4 is a multifaceted gene involved in hemostasis, inflammation, and immune response. Its dysregulation may contribute to various diseases, including thrombosis, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. Further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of PF4 and its potential therapeutic applications.

Genular Protein ID: 4225750521

Symbol: PLF4_HUMAN

Name: Platelet factor 4

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P02776 Q53X61 Q9UC64 Q9UC65

Database IDs:

ABCD 1 AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 1 ChEMBL 1 DIP 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 2 EMBL 6 Ensembl 1 EvolutionaryTrace 1 GO 31 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 6 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OGP 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 10 PDBsum 10 PIR 1 PRINTS 2 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 6 RefSeq 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TopDownProteomics 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniProtKB 3 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3098319

Title: Cloning and characterization of platelet factor 4 cDNA derived from a human erythroleukemic cell line.

PubMed ID: 3098319

PubMed ID: 1695112

Title: Structural and functional comparison of the genes for human platelet factor 4 and PF4alt.

PubMed ID: 1695112

PubMed ID: 11468158

Title: Localization of distal regulatory domains in the megakaryocyte-specific platelet basic protein/platelet factor 4 gene locus.

PubMed ID: 11468158

DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.3.610

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 893407

Title: Isolation, crystallization, and primary amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4.

PubMed ID: 893407

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39951-9

PubMed ID: 267922

Title: Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4.

PubMed ID: 267922

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2256

PubMed ID: 601757

Title: Primary structure of human platelet factor 4.

PubMed ID: 601757

DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(77)90117-7

PubMed ID: 6445090

Title: Complete covalent structure of human platelet factor 4.

PubMed ID: 6445090

PubMed ID: 7644496

Title: A potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the chemokine platelet factor 4.

PubMed ID: 7644496

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.7799

PubMed ID: 9395524

Title: Platelet factor 4 binds to glycanated forms of thrombomodulin and to protein C. A potential mechanism for enhancing generation of activated protein C.

PubMed ID: 9395524

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.50.31785

PubMed ID: 9531587

Title: New insights into the negative regulation of hematopoiesis by chemokine platelet factor 4 and related peptides.

PubMed ID: 9531587

PubMed ID: 18174362

Title: CXCL4-induced migration of activated T lymphocytes is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

PubMed ID: 18174362

DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1006645

PubMed ID: 23536183

Title: Alternative C-terminal helix orientation alters chemokine function: Structure of the Anti-angiogenic Chemokine, CXCL4L1.

PubMed ID: 23536183

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455329

PubMed ID: 24469069

Title: CXCL4L1 and CXCL4 signaling in human lymphatic and microvascular endothelial cells and activated lymphocytes: involvement of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, Src and p70S6 kinase.

PubMed ID: 24469069

DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9417-6

PubMed ID: 27044744

Title: The Anti-inflammatory Protein TSG-6 Regulates Chemokine Function by Inhibiting Chemokine/Glycosaminoglycan Interactions.

PubMed ID: 27044744

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720953

PubMed ID: 29930254

Title: CXCL4/Platelet Factor 4 is an agonist of CCR1 and drives human monocyte migration.

PubMed ID: 29930254

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27710-9

PubMed ID: 35701499

Title: CXCL4 synergizes with TLR8 for TBK1-IRF5 activation, epigenomic remodeling and inflammatory response in human monocytes.

PubMed ID: 35701499

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31132-7

PubMed ID: 34986347

Title: CXCL4 drives fibrosis by promoting several key cellular and molecular processes.

PubMed ID: 34986347

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110189

PubMed ID: 8031770

Title: Crystal structure of recombinant human platelet factor 4.

PubMed ID: 8031770

DOI: 10.1021/bi00193a025

PubMed ID: 7547867

Title: NMR solution structure of the 32-kDa platelet factor 4 ELR-motif N-terminal chimera: a symmetric tetramer.

PubMed ID: 7547867

DOI: 10.1021/bi00036a012

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 101
  • Mass: 10845
  • Checksum: E96C2EFE9B944D85
  • Sequence:
    • MSSAAGFCAS RPGLLFLGLL LLPLVVAFAS AEAEEDGDLQ CLCVKTTSQV RPRHITSLEV 
IKAGPHCPTA QLIATLKNGR KICLDLQAPL YKKIIKKLLE S

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.