Details for: STX2

Gene ID: 2054

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: STX2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000111450

Description: syntaxin 2

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 12.16
    rCSI 10.69%
    PRS 70.56
  • progenitor cell CL0011026
    CSI 10.72
    rCSI 22.79%
    PRS 75.32
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 6.92
    rCSI 15.52%
    PRS 64.42
  • regular atrial cardiac myocyte CL0002129
    CSI 4.98
    rCSI 16.03%
    PRS 78.04
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 4.19
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 62.98
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 3.91
    rCSI 6.4%
    PRS 70.92
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 9.64%
    PRS 71.88
  • pancreatic D cell CL0000173
    CSI 3.41
    rCSI 3.36%
    PRS 83.56
  • naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000900
    CSI 3.37
    rCSI 2.37%
    PRS 93.12
  • perivascular cell CL4033054
    CSI 3.19
    rCSI 4.36%
    PRS 85.48
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 2.95
    rCSI 2.23%
    PRS 91.99
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 2.87
    rCSI 5.47%
    PRS 90.15
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 2.73
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 61.48
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.56
    rCSI 4.44%
    PRS 73.05
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 2.49
    rCSI 2.02%
    PRS 80.49
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 2.41
    rCSI 9.02%
    PRS 73.99
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 2.38
    rCSI 4.17%
    PRS 75.55
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 3.29%
    PRS 78.04
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 1.81%
    PRS 70.4
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 2.23
    rCSI 4.48%
    PRS 71.75
  • alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell CL4028004
    CSI 2.21
    rCSI 2.43%
    PRS 83.03
  • mucosal invariant T cell CL0000940
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 1.78%
    PRS 89.48
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 2.55%
    PRS 63.7
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 2.09
    rCSI 3.74%
    PRS 80.52
  • lung pericyte CL0009089
    CSI 2.04
    rCSI 5.39%
    PRS 87.43
  • parietal epithelial cell CL1000452
    CSI 2.03
    rCSI 5.43%
    PRS 73.21
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 2.03
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 82.58
  • fibroblast of cardiac tissue CL0002548
    CSI 2.02
    rCSI 9.69%
    PRS 81.07
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 1.96%
    PRS 84.22
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 5.43%
    PRS 70.96
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 4.88%
    PRS 82.31
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.86
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 64.75
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 1.86
    rCSI 4.25%
    PRS 81.92
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 1.85
    rCSI 1.84%
    PRS 75.07
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 1.84
    rCSI 3.73%
    PRS 60.05
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 1.82
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 73.36
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 1.82
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 83.95
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 1.75
    rCSI 2.03%
    PRS 73.67
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 2.76%
    PRS 84.78
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 1.69
    rCSI 1.54%
    PRS 91.71
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 1.66
    rCSI 2.13%
    PRS 77.22
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 3.64%
    PRS 80.49
  • erythroblast CL0000765
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 4.34%
    PRS 86.35
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 6.47%
    PRS 81.1
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 1.56
    rCSI 2.75%
    PRS 76.65
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI 1.56
    rCSI 2.83%
    PRS 72.89
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 1.53
    rCSI 2.43%
    PRS 74.51
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 1.52
    rCSI 2.42%
    PRS 72.8
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 4.47%
    PRS 81.97
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 1.49
    rCSI 3.57%
    PRS 84.99
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 1.48
    rCSI 2.02%
    PRS 73.01
  • renal interstitial pericyte CL1001318
    CSI 1.47
    rCSI 4.05%
    PRS 76.51
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 1.45
    rCSI 2.43%
    PRS 63.53
  • ciliated cell CL0000064
    CSI 1.44
    rCSI 2.34%
    PRS 76.04
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 1.35
    rCSI 5.92%
    PRS 69.68
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 1.28
    rCSI 3.32%
    PRS 76.81
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 1.28
    rCSI 1.75%
    PRS 72.74
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 1.25
    rCSI 4.06%
    PRS 79.29
  • enteroendocrine cell CL0000164
    CSI 1.25
    rCSI 1.71%
    PRS 80.74
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 1.22
    rCSI 2.29%
    PRS 88.47
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI 1.19
    rCSI 3.99%
    PRS 65.27
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 1.18
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 65.11
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 1.09
    rCSI 2.65%
    PRS 61.57
  • deuterosomal cell CL4033044
    CSI 1.08
    rCSI 3.65%
    PRS 78.44
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 1.06
    rCSI 6.25%
    PRS 64.23
  • glutamatergic neuron CL0000679
    CSI 1.02
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 68.57
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 1.01
    rCSI 3.82%
    PRS 64.15
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.99%
    PRS 67.24
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 0.89
    rCSI 7.22%
    PRS 75.71
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 0.85
    rCSI 1.94%
    PRS 74.78
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 0.81
    rCSI 2.35%
    PRS 80.51
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 0.66
    rCSI 2.08%
    PRS 67.59
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 0.61
    rCSI 2.19%
    PRS 61.54
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 1.86%
    PRS 65.24
  • GABAergic interneuron CL0011005
    CSI 0.42
    rCSI 6.64%
    PRS 82.38
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 0.32
    rCSI 2.36%
    PRS 68.86
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 0.24
    rCSI 5.65%
    PRS 61.77
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 0.23
    rCSI 5.57%
    PRS 62.32

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [STX2](/details-gene/2054) (Syntaxin-2) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 12q24.33. It encodes a member of the syntaxin family, which are key components of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex. As a target membrane SNARE (t-SNARE), [STX2](/details-gene/2054) is fundamentally involved in mediating the docking and fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane, a critical step in exocytosis. Expression data indicates its significance across a broad range of cell types, with particularly high importance in `[ciliated epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000067)`, `[progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026)`, and `[astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605)`. This widespread expression underscores its essential role in diverse physiological processes, including secretion, signal transduction, and tissue morphogenesis. An isoform of this protein, known as epimorphin, is recognized for its role in regulating epithelial cell development ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1993.1363)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [STX2](/details-gene/2054) suggests a ubiquitous and fundamental role in cellular membrane trafficking across multiple lineages. **Overall**, its highest significance is observed in cells with high secretory or membrane remodeling activity. The gene is most prominent in `[ciliated epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000067)` (CSI: 12.16), suggesting a critical function in processes related to cilia formation, maintenance, or mucociliary clearance. Its high significance extends to other epithelial types, including `[choroid plexus epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000706)` and `[kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL1000768)`, where it likely facilitates specialized secretion and transport functions. A second major functional context for [STX2](/details-gene/2054) is in development and tissue organization, highlighted by its high CSI score in `[progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026)` (CSI: 10.72). This is consistent with its identified role as epimorphin, a morphogen that directs epithelial tissue organization. Its relevance in `[bronchus fibroblast of lung](/details-cell/CL2000093)` and `[perivascular cell](/details-cell/CL4033054)` further supports a role in stromal-epithelial interactions and tissue architecture. Finally, [STX2](/details-gene/2054) is significantly expressed in the nervous system, including in glial cells like `[astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605)` and various interneurons. This pattern indicates its involvement in neurotransmission and glial signaling, likely through the regulation of synaptic vesicle and gliotransmitter release. Its moderate significance in immune cells, such as `[naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell](/details-cell/CL0000900)` and `[CD4-positive helper T cell](/details-cell/CL0000492)`, points to a role in processes such as cytokine secretion or the trafficking of immune receptors. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [STX2](/details-gene/2054) functions as a core component of the cellular machinery governing membrane fusion. Its molecular function is primarily defined by its 'Snap receptor activity' ([GO:0005484](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005484)), where it acts as a t-SNARE on the plasma membrane. It engages with vesicle-associated SNAREs (v-SNAREs) to form the highly stable 'SNARE complex' ([GO:0031201](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0031201)), which drives the merging of the vesicular and target membranes. This core mechanism enables its participation in a wide array of biological processes. Its role in 'Exocytosis' ([GO:0006887](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0006887)) is fundamental and explains its high expression in secretory cells like `[pancreatic D cell](/details-cell/CL0000173)` (for hormone release) and various neurons (for neurotransmitter release via 'Synaptic vesicle fusion', [GO:0031629](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0031629)). The gene's involvement in 'Animal organ morphogenesis' ([GO:0009887](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0009887)) is directly linked to its high expression in `[progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026)` and its function as the secreted morphogen epimorphin. Furthermore, its participation in processes like the 'Acrosome reaction' ([GO:0007340](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007340)) highlights its importance in specialized, regulated exocytosis events. ## Research Directions The widespread yet cell-type-specific importance of [STX2](/details-gene/2054) provides several avenues for future investigation. Its diverse roles in secretion, development, and neural function suggest it may be a key player in various pathologies, from ciliopathies to neurodevelopmental disorders. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Given its top rank in `[ciliated epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL0000067)`, [STX2](/details-gene/2054) may mediate the polarized trafficking of vesicles containing essential components for ciliogenesis and ciliary membrane maintenance. Disruption of [STX2](/details-gene/2054) function in these cells could lead to defective cilia formation or function, contributing to the pathology of ciliopathies. 2. Based on its high significance in `[progenitor cell](/details-cell/CL0011026)` and its known identity as epimorphin, [STX2](/details-gene/2054) likely directs the secretion of key signaling factors from progenitor cells that are critical for cell fate determination and the establishment of tissue polarity during organogenesis. 3. In `[astrocyte of the cerebral cortex](/details-cell/CL0002605)`, [STX2](/details-gene/2054) may specifically regulate the exocytosis of gliotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, ATP). This function could be crucial for modulating synaptic plasticity and neuronal network activity, suggesting a potential role for astrocytic [STX2](/details-gene/2054) in cognitive function and neurological disorders. **Experimental Approach:** To test the hypothesis regarding its role in ciliated epithelial cells, a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of [STX2](/details-gene/2054) could be performed in primary human bronchial epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI) to induce differentiation into a ciliated epithelium. The resulting cultures would be analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and immunofluorescence to assess cilia density, length, and structure. High-speed video microscopy could be used to measure ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, proximity ligation assays combined with mass spectrometry could identify the specific cargo proteins within STX2-associated vesicles to elucidate the molecular pathways it regulates. **Therapeutic Potential:** [STX2](/details-gene/2054) presents a challenging therapeutic target due to its fundamental role in vesicle trafficking across a wide variety of essential cell types. Systemic inhibition would likely result in significant toxicity. However, its potential could be explored in specific contexts. For diseases characterized by excessive local secretion, such as in certain forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with mucus hypersecretion, locally administered inhibitors (e.g., via inhalation) could be a viable strategy to reduce pathological exocytosis. Conversely, for developmental disorders linked to loss-of-function mutations, targeted gene therapy to restore its expression in specific progenitor populations might be considered, though this remains a highly complex and futuristic approach.

Genular Protein ID: 351583781

Symbol: STX2_HUMAN

Name: Syntaxin-2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P32856 Q86VW8

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 3 CDD 2 CORUM 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 3 Ensembl 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 25 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 6 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MassIVE 1 MoonDB 1 MoonProt 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PIR 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 3 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 RefSeq 2 SMART 2 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8466509

Title: Molecular cloning of human epimorphin: identification of isoforms and their unique properties.

PubMed ID: 8466509

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1363

PubMed ID: 16541075

Title: The finished DNA sequence of human chromosome 12.

PubMed ID: 16541075

DOI: 10.1038/nature04569

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 288
  • Mass: 33341
  • Checksum: 5668E6BF891360B4
  • Sequence:
    • MRDRLPDLTA CRKNDDGDTV VVVEKDHFMD DFFHQVEEIR NSIDKITQYV EEVKKNHSII 
LSAPNPEGKI KEELEDLNKE IKKTANKIRA KLKAIEQSFD QDESGNRTSV DLRIRRTQHS 
VLSRKFVEAM AEYNEAQTLF RERSKGRIQR QLEITGRTTT DDELEEMLES GKPSIFTSDI 
ISDSQITRQA LNEIESRHKD IMKLETSIRE LHEMFMDMAM FVETQGEMIN NIERNVMNAT 
DYVEHAKEET KKAIKYQSKA RRKKWIIIAV SVVLVAIIAL IIGLSVGK