Details for: HAGH

Gene ID: 3029

Symbol: HAGH

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000063854

Description: hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 162.8270
    Cell Significance Index: -41.3000
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 90.5909
    Cell Significance Index: -42.7700
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 89.3277
    Cell Significance Index: -36.2900
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 79.2694
    Cell Significance Index: -40.7800
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 63.7386
    Cell Significance Index: -42.7700
  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 57.7324
    Cell Significance Index: -8.9800
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 38.3245
    Cell Significance Index: -36.5900
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 22.3122
    Cell Significance Index: -27.5100
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 11.9342
    Cell Significance Index: -31.9700
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 11.8478
    Cell Significance Index: -36.3900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 11.1377
    Cell Significance Index: -43.9500
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 7.6762
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8000
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 1.6612
    Cell Significance Index: 87.2200
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 1.5119
    Cell Significance Index: 164.4500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 1.3972
    Cell Significance Index: 162.8300
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 1.3633
    Cell Significance Index: 18.6000
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: 1.3573
    Cell Significance Index: 16.1800
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 1.3392
    Cell Significance Index: 265.7700
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.3187
    Cell Significance Index: 264.5200
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 1.1867
    Cell Significance Index: 1071.5200
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 1.0717
    Cell Significance Index: 193.2000
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 1.0559
    Cell Significance Index: 66.5500
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 1.0244
    Cell Significance Index: 47.7600
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.9201
    Cell Significance Index: 113.1300
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 0.8910
    Cell Significance Index: 14.3000
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.8768
    Cell Significance Index: 314.4900
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 0.7539
    Cell Significance Index: 20.5200
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.7137
    Cell Significance Index: 389.7700
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.6476
    Cell Significance Index: 33.6400
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.5396
    Cell Significance Index: 11.6900
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.4607
    Cell Significance Index: 20.8800
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.4572
    Cell Significance Index: 87.0000
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.3937
    Cell Significance Index: 30.2100
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.3914
    Cell Significance Index: 18.4000
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: 0.3072
    Cell Significance Index: 5.1800
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.3023
    Cell Significance Index: 8.7100
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.2887
    Cell Significance Index: 18.6300
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 0.2800
    Cell Significance Index: 20.8700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.2236
    Cell Significance Index: 36.3700
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.2192
    Cell Significance Index: 96.9300
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: 0.2049
    Cell Significance Index: 13.7800
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: 0.1628
    Cell Significance Index: 4.5500
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.1245
    Cell Significance Index: 12.3200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: 0.1128
    Cell Significance Index: 3.2200
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: 0.1126
    Cell Significance Index: 5.8700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.1092
    Cell Significance Index: 14.9900
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.1060
    Cell Significance Index: 4.6900
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 0.1014
    Cell Significance Index: 13.1000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.0887
    Cell Significance Index: 15.1500
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.0606
    Cell Significance Index: 2.3000
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.0500
    Cell Significance Index: 94.1200
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.0380
    Cell Significance Index: 24.1500
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: 0.0373
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6400
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.0360
    Cell Significance Index: 4.6100
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0249
    Cell Significance Index: 45.9200
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0246
    Cell Significance Index: 37.8500
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.0205
    Cell Significance Index: 27.9300
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: 0.0149
    Cell Significance Index: 10.8900
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0141
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5000
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: 0.0119
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1100
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0011
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8600
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0092
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1600
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0171
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0200
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -0.0235
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6900
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0361
    Cell Significance Index: -3.6900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0387
    Cell Significance Index: -28.6300
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: -0.0405
    Cell Significance Index: -27.9800
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.0551
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7600
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: -0.0576
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0685
    Cell Significance Index: -38.6200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0772
    Cell Significance Index: -48.2300
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.0783
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7200
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0966
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4200
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.1034
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule (CL0002306)
    Fold Change: -0.1197
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9200
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.1265
    Cell Significance Index: -36.3900
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.1357
    Cell Significance Index: -8.3400
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1436
    Cell Significance Index: -20.8700
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.2085
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4400
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.2087
    Cell Significance Index: -14.7600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.2168
    Cell Significance Index: -45.6700
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: -0.2285
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.2321
    Cell Significance Index: -26.5900
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.2526
    Cell Significance Index: -3.7300
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.2723
    Cell Significance Index: -21.5600
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: -0.3004
    Cell Significance Index: -7.3300
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.3041
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0000
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.3706
    Cell Significance Index: -38.5900
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -0.3875
    Cell Significance Index: -5.7200
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.6099
    Cell Significance Index: -37.3900
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: -0.6260
    Cell Significance Index: -37.5800
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.6357
    Cell Significance Index: -16.3400
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -0.6367
    Cell Significance Index: -9.5400
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.6498
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.6579
    Cell Significance Index: -18.8600
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.6792
    Cell Significance Index: -16.2900
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.7096
    Cell Significance Index: -19.0200
  • Cell Name: cone retinal bipolar cell (CL0000752)
    Fold Change: -0.7162
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5200
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.7200
    Cell Significance Index: -12.0500
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.7340
    Cell Significance Index: -19.6400

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** 1. **Enzymatic activity**: HAGH is a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of hydroxyacylglutathione into glutathione and a fatty acid. 2. **Substrate specificity**: The enzyme exhibits high specificity for hydroxyacylglutathione, a reaction product of the glyoxalase pathway. 3. **Regulation**: HAGH is regulated by various factors, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. 4. **Cellular localization**: The enzyme is predominantly found in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, where it plays a critical role in maintaining cellular redox balance. **Pathways and Functions** 1. **Glyoxalase pathway**: HAGH is integral to the glyoxalase pathway, which detoxifies methylglyoxal and its derivatives, thereby preventing oxidative damage to cells. 2. **Redox balance**: By hydrolyzing hydroxyacylglutathione, HAGH helps maintain cellular redox balance by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. 3. **Cellular detoxification**: The enzyme plays a crucial role in detoxifying methylglyoxal and other reactive compounds, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. 4. **Regulation of cellular metabolism**: HAGH is also involved in regulating cellular metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose and lipid metabolism. **Clinical Significance** 1. **Oxidative stress disorders**: Impaired HAGH activity has been linked to various oxidative stress disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes. 2. **Cancer**: The enzyme has been implicated in cancer development and progression, particularly in the context of glyoxalase pathway dysregulation. 3. **Neurodegenerative diseases**: HAGH has been shown to play a role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease. 4. **Metabolic disorders**: The enzyme is also involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, making it a potential target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH) is a critical enzyme involved in maintaining cellular redox balance and detoxifying methylglyoxal. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including oxidative stress disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of HAGH in human health and disease.

Genular Protein ID: 3332504408

Symbol: GLO2_HUMAN

Name: Glyoxalase II

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q16775 A8K290 B4DP33 B4DRA7 E7EN93

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 3 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 19 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 2 EC 2 EMBL 8 Ensembl 3 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 9 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HAMAP 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 MetOSite 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 NCBIfam 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 2 PDBsum 2 PIRSF 1 PRO 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 3 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 4 Rhea 4 SABIO-RK 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniPathway 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 11157797

Title: Sequence, structure and pathology of the fully annotated terminal 2 Mb of the short arm of human chromosome 16.

PubMed ID: 11157797

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.4.339

PubMed ID: 15616553

Title: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16.

PubMed ID: 15616553

DOI: 10.1038/nature03187

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 8550579

Title: Molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and characterization of human glyoxalase II.

PubMed ID: 8550579

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.1.319

PubMed ID: 15117945

Title: The human hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (HAGH) gene encodes both cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of glyoxalase II.

PubMed ID: 15117945

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403470200

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 10508780

Title: Crystal structure of human glyoxalase II and its complex with a glutathione thiolester substrate analogue.

PubMed ID: 10508780

DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80174-9

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 308
  • Mass: 33806
  • Checksum: 64E5C214B6EC61CB
  • Sequence:
    • MVVGRGLLGR RSLAALGAAC ARRGLGPALL GVFCHTDLRK NLTVDEGTMK VEVLPALTDN 
YMYLVIDDET KEAAIVDPVQ PQKVVDAARK HGVKLTTVLT THHHWDHAGG NEKLVKLESG 
LKVYGGDDRI GALTHKITHL STLQVGSLNV KCLATPCHTS GHICYFVSKP GGSEPPAVFT 
GDTLFVAGCG KFYEGTADEM CKALLEVLGR LPPDTRVYCG HEYTINNLKF ARHVEPGNAA 
IREKLAWAKE KYSIGEPTVP STLAEEFTYN PFMRVREKTV QQHAGETDPV TTMRAVRREK 
DQFKMPRD

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.