Details for: PRKAR1B

Gene ID: 5575

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: PRKAR1B

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000188191

Description: protein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit beta

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 15.99
    rCSI 38.86%
    PRS 79.58
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 14.98
    rCSI 25.15%
    PRS 81.76
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 12.4
    rCSI 38.76%
    PRS 82.88
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 11.25
    rCSI 40.49%
    PRS 79.88
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 10.72
    rCSI 13.82%
    PRS 82.77
  • L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030059
    CSI 10.66
    rCSI 23.12%
    PRS 82.72
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 10.63
    rCSI 40.17%
    PRS 81.93
  • L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030063
    CSI 10.1
    rCSI 24.16%
    PRS 83.79
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 8.28
    rCSI 10.3%
    PRS 79.56
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 7.84
    rCSI 13.85%
    PRS 81
  • double negative thymocyte CL0002489
    CSI 7.74
    rCSI 5.38%
    PRS 98.03
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 7.25
    rCSI 11.66%
    PRS 82.71
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 6.95
    rCSI 15.36%
    PRS 83.66
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 6.66
    rCSI 39.21%
    PRS 82.13
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 6.26
    rCSI 19.57%
    PRS 84.6
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 6.05
    rCSI 7.23%
    PRS 81.74
  • L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4030067
    CSI 5.97
    rCSI 19.61%
    PRS 82.58
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 5.94
    rCSI 8.09%
    PRS 95.97
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 5.88
    rCSI 9.63%
    PRS 86.7
  • cerebral cortex neuron CL0010012
    CSI 5.34
    rCSI 21.75%
    PRS 86.34
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 5.33
    rCSI 6.39%
    PRS 91.57
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 5.03
    rCSI 11.29%
    PRS 81.98
  • interstitial cell of Cajal CL0002088
    CSI 4.93
    rCSI 6.28%
    PRS 95.17
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 4.88
    rCSI 7.17%
    PRS 88.39
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 4.72
    rCSI 34.73%
    PRS 85.73
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 4.7
    rCSI 6.52%
    PRS 89.63
  • neuron CL0000540
    CSI 4.59
    rCSI 12.21%
    PRS 81.93
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 4.31
    rCSI 3.41%
    PRS 86.73
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 4.29
    rCSI 8.9%
    PRS 91.15
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 4.09
    rCSI 16.51%
    PRS 93.22
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 4.05
    rCSI 8.13%
    PRS 87.47
  • cardiac neuron CL0010022
    CSI 3.67
    rCSI 11.73%
    PRS 91.53
  • mature astrocyte CL0002627
    CSI 3.55
    rCSI 15.11%
    PRS 86.61
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 3.53
    rCSI 6.19%
    PRS 89.79
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 3.49
    rCSI 6.04%
    PRS 88.1
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 3.36
    rCSI 7.76%
    PRS 84.92
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 3.24
    rCSI 4.41%
    PRS 86.85
  • lung neuroendocrine cell CL1000223
    CSI 3.12
    rCSI 4.62%
    PRS 93.63
  • parietal epithelial cell CL1000452
    CSI 3.09
    rCSI 8.27%
    PRS 88.41
  • neural cell CL0002319
    CSI 3.05
    rCSI 11.5%
    PRS 79.83
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 3.02
    rCSI 8.91%
    PRS 92.07
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 2.98
    rCSI 4.53%
    PRS 89.68
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 2.94
    rCSI 11.01%
    PRS 89.16
  • common myeloid progenitor CL0000049
    CSI 2.91
    rCSI 2.35%
    PRS 93.52
  • renal alpha-intercalated cell CL0005011
    CSI 2.86
    rCSI 3.82%
    PRS 94.94
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 2.83
    rCSI 6.91%
    PRS 87.25
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 2.58
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 88.71
  • Bergmann glial cell CL0000644
    CSI 2.57
    rCSI 3.52%
    PRS 86.25
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 2.56
    rCSI 3.68%
    PRS 85.5
  • H1 horizontal cell CL0004217
    CSI 2.54
    rCSI 10.07%
    PRS 87.2
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 2.48
    rCSI 15.5%
    PRS 87.03
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 2.48
    rCSI 4.64%
    PRS 85.41
  • transit amplifying cell of colon CL0009011
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 2.81%
    PRS 92.43
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 2.39
    rCSI 3.41%
    PRS 92.35
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 2.38
    rCSI 6.91%
    PRS 85.3
  • macroglial cell CL0000126
    CSI 2.38
    rCSI 6.12%
    PRS 89.29
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 2.13%
    PRS 91.47
  • megakaryocyte CL0000556
    CSI 2.36
    rCSI 10.23%
    PRS 93.02
  • medium spiny neuron CL1001474
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 19.96%
    PRS 85.65
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 90.38
  • type B pancreatic cell CL0000169
    CSI 2.15
    rCSI 4.76%
    PRS 92.36
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 3.03%
    PRS 91.15
  • rod bipolar cell CL0000751
    CSI 2.13
    rCSI 3.83%
    PRS 88.27
  • platelet CL0000233
    CSI 2.05
    rCSI 8.52%
    PRS 88.71
  • renal interstitial pericyte CL1001318
    CSI 1.99
    rCSI 5.49%
    PRS 90.64
  • glutamatergic neuron CL0000679
    CSI 1.99
    rCSI 4.09%
    PRS 82.27
  • serotonergic neuron CL0000850
    CSI 1.94
    rCSI 8.66%
    PRS 79.64
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI 1.76
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 87.11
  • intestinal tuft cell CL0019032
    CSI 1.74
    rCSI 2.66%
    PRS 93.76
  • dopaminergic neuron CL0000700
    CSI 1.73
    rCSI 9.78%
    PRS 83.25
  • ON midget ganglion cell CL4033046
    CSI 1.67
    rCSI 33.97%
    PRS 85.15
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 1.63
    rCSI 39.13%
    PRS 79.48
  • ON parasol ganglion cell CL4033052
    CSI 1.59
    rCSI 22.55%
    PRS 86.11
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 1.53
    rCSI 36.85%
    PRS 79.59
  • OFF midget ganglion cell CL4033047
    CSI 1.52
    rCSI 31%
    PRS 85.78
  • cerebellar neuron CL1001611
    CSI 1.43
    rCSI 12.59%
    PRS 81.56
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.55%
    PRS 87.79
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI 1.13
    rCSI 3.78%
    PRS 80.91
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 1.12
    rCSI 2.84%
    PRS 88.23
  • H2 horizontal cell CL0004218
    CSI 0.97
    rCSI 4.85%
    PRS 87.8
  • Cajal-Retzius cell CL0000695
    CSI 0.97
    rCSI 7.62%
    PRS 93.41
  • mesangial cell CL0000650
    CSI 0.92
    rCSI 3.74%
    PRS 96.33
  • podocyte CL0000653
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 3.98%
    PRS 92.86
  • GABAergic amacrine cell CL4030027
    CSI 0.81
    rCSI 2.78%
    PRS 81.33
  • kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001106
    CSI 0.79
    rCSI 6.81%
    PRS 87.98
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 0.65
    rCSI 5.26%
    PRS 90.79
  • erythroid progenitor cell CL0000038
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.47%
    PRS 93.79
  • kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell CL1000849
    CSI 0.37
    rCSI 3.97%
    PRS 89.39

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) encodes the protein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit beta, a key component of the Protein Kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. As a regulatory subunit, it binds to and inhibits the catalytic subunit of PKA in the absence of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This gene's expression is predominantly and highly significant within the central nervous system, particularly in a diverse range of neuronal subtypes, including '[L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron](/details-cell/CL4023040)' and '[lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023011)'. Its function is integral to numerous cAMP-mediated signaling cascades, including those involved in synaptic transmission, learning, and memory. Clinically, pathogenic variants in [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) have been associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by features such as autism spectrum disorder and apraxia ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01152-7)), underscoring its critical role in proper brain development and function ([176911](https://omim.org/entry/176911)). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) establishes it as a gene with a highly specialized role in the nervous system. **Overall**, the gene shows its highest significance in a wide array of cortical neurons, indicating it is a fundamental component of the molecular machinery in the cerebral cortex. It is a top marker in both excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations. Key cell types with high significance for [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) include: * **Excitatory Glutamatergic Neurons:** It is exceptionally prominent in multiple layers and projection classes, such as '[L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron](/details-cell/CL4023040)' (CSI: 15.99), '[L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron](/details-cell/CL4023038)' (CSI: 12.40), and '[L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron](/details-cell/CL4023041)' (CSI: 11.25). This suggests a crucial role in regulating excitatory synaptic transmission and cortical circuitry. * **Inhibitory GABAergic Interneurons:** The gene is also highly significant in various interneuron subtypes, including '[lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023011)' (CSI: 14.98), '[sst GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023017)' (CSI: 10.72), and '[pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron](/details-cell/CL4023018)' (CSI: 8.28). Its strong presence across these diverse inhibitory cells highlights its importance in modulating neuronal activity and maintaining excitatory-inhibitory balance within the cortex. * **Other Neural Cells:** High significance in '[retinal ganglion cell](/details-cell/CL0000740)' (CSI: 6.95) points to a broader role in sensory processing within the CNS. Interestingly, [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) also shows moderate significance in '[double negative thymocyte](/details-cell/CL0002489)' (CSI: 7.74), an early T-cell progenitor. This observation suggests a potential, albeit less pronounced, role in cAMP-mediated signaling during immune cell development, distinct from its primary neurological function. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The molecular function of [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) is centered on its role as a key regulator of PKA activity. Gene Ontology annotations confirm its involvement in '[Camp binding](/details-cell/GO:0030552)' and '[Camp-dependent protein kinase regulator activity](/details-cell/GO:0008603)'. It functions by forming the '[Camp-dependent protein kinase complex](/details-cell/GO:0005952)', which keeps the kinase inactive until released by elevated cAMP levels. This fundamental regulatory mechanism positions [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) as a critical node in numerous downstream signaling pathways, consistent with its high expression in neurons: * **Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity:** Its role is integral to '[Transmission across chemical synapses](/details-cell/R-HSA-112315)' and '[Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission](/details-cell/R-HSA-112314)'. Its participation in processes like '[Positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation](/details-cell/GO:1900273)' and '[Activation of nmda receptors and postsynaptic events](/details-cell/R-HSA-442755)' directly links it to the molecular basis of learning and memory, a connection reinforced by the GO term '[Learning or memory](/details-cell/GO:0007611)'. * **GPCR Signaling:** [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) is a central component of '[Gpcr downstream signalling](/details-cell/R-HSA-388396)', particularly '[G alpha (s) signalling events](/details-cell/R-HSA-418555)'. This highlights its function in translating signals from a vast array of hormones and neurotransmitters into cellular responses. * **Metabolic Regulation:** The gene is also implicated in metabolic control pathways such as '[Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation](/details-cell/R-HSA-163359)' and '[Regulation of insulin secretion](/details-cell/R-HSA-422356)', suggesting that while its highest expression is in the brain, its function is relevant in other physiological contexts where cAMP signaling is paramount. ## Research Directions The specific expression pattern of [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) in the cortex, combined with its known role in a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, presents clear avenues for future research. The primary focus should be on elucidating how dysfunction of this core signaling component leads to specific neurological deficits. **Proposed Hypotheses:** 1. Loss-of-function variants in [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) disproportionately affect synaptic scaling and homeostasis in cortical glutamatergic neurons, leading to an unstable excitatory-inhibitory balance that underlies the cognitive and motor deficits (e.g., apraxia) seen in the associated neurodevelopmental disorder. 2. The expression of [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) in '[double negative thymocyte](/details-cell/CL0002489)' is functionally important for T-cell receptor-independent survival signals during early thymic development, where cAMP levels must be tightly regulated to prevent premature apoptosis. **Experimental Approach for Hypothesis 1:** To test the role of [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) in maintaining synaptic homeostasis, a brain-region-specific conditional knockout mouse model could be developed using the Cre-loxP system (e.g., *Emx1-Cre* to target cortical excitatory neurons). Primary cortical neurons could be cultured from these mice and subjected to chronic activity manipulation (e.g., bicuculline to increase activity or tetrodotoxin to silence it). Synaptic scaling could then be assessed by measuring the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and quantifying surface expression of AMPA receptors. A failure of [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575)-deficient neurons to appropriately scale synaptic strengths up or down compared to wild-type controls would provide strong evidence for its role in this homeostatic process. **Therapeutic Potential:** Given that the associated disorder is caused by variants leading to loss of function ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01152-7)), therapeutic strategies would likely need to focus on restoring or enhancing PKA signaling. Direct targeting of the [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) protein itself is challenging, as it is an intracellular regulatory subunit. A more viable approach may involve pharmacological modulation of downstream PKA targets to bypass the deficient regulatory step. Furthermore, the gene's highly specific expression in neurons makes it a potential candidate for gene therapy. AAV-mediated delivery of a functional [PRKAR1B](/details-gene/5575) cDNA under the control of a pan-neuronal or excitatory neuron-specific promoter could represent a long-term strategy to restore protein levels and ameliorate the neurological symptoms.

Genular Protein ID: 3676189592

Symbol: KAP1_HUMAN

Name: cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-beta regulatory subunit

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 1708242

Title: Molecular cloning, cDNA structure and tissue-specific expression of the human regulatory subunit RI beta of cAMP-dependent protein kinases.

PubMed ID: 1708242

DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)90904-l

PubMed ID: 7925653

Title: Human regulatory subunit RI beta of cAMP-dependent protein kinases: expression, holoenzyme formation and microinjection into living cells.

PubMed ID: 7925653

DOI: 10.1006/excr.1994.1297

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 16777052

Title: Nitroproteins from a human pituitary adenoma tissue discovered with a nitrotyrosine affinity column and tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed ID: 16777052

DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.05.024

PubMed ID: 18691976

Title: Kinase-selective enrichment enables quantitative phosphoproteomics of the kinome across the cell cycle.

PubMed ID: 18691976

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.007

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 19690332

Title: Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of T cell receptor signaling reveals system-wide modulation of protein-protein interactions.

PubMed ID: 19690332

DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000007

PubMed ID: 20819953

Title: Regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinases: the human protein kinase X (PrKX) reveals the role of the catalytic subunit alphaH-alphaI loop.

PubMed ID: 20819953

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155150

PubMed ID: 23115245

Title: A small novel A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) that localizes specifically protein kinase A-regulatory subunit I (PKA-RI) to the plasma membrane.

PubMed ID: 23115245

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395970

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 33833410

Title: Variants in PRKAR1B cause a neurodevelopmental disorder with autism spectrum disorder, apraxia, and insensitivity to pain.

PubMed ID: 33833410

DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01152-7

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 381
  • Mass: 43073
  • Checksum: 1ED7BFEC30897191
  • Sequence:
  • MASPPACPSE EDESLKGCEL YVQLHGIQQV LKDCIVHLCI SKPERPMKFL REHFEKLEKE 
    ENRQILARQK SNSQSDSHDE EVSPTPPNPV VKARRRRGGV SAEVYTEEDA VSYVRKVIPK 
    DYKTMTALAK AISKNVLFAH LDDNERSDIF DAMFPVTHIA GETVIQQGNE GDNFYVVDQG 
    EVDVYVNGEW VTNISEGGSF GELALIYGTP RAATVKAKTD LKLWGIDRDS YRRILMGSTL 
    RKRKMYEEFL SKVSILESLE KWERLTVADA LEPVQFEDGE KIVVQGEPGD DFYIITEGTA 
    SVLQRRSPNE EYVEVGRLGP SDYFGEIALL LNRPRAATVV ARGPLKCVKL DRPRFERVLG 
    PCSEILKRNI QRYNSFISLT V