Details for: ETFDH

Gene ID: 2110

Symbol: ETFDH

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000171503

Description: electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 196.3416
    Cell Significance Index: -30.5400
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 117.4089
    Cell Significance Index: -29.7800
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 70.6596
    Cell Significance Index: -33.3600
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 70.2757
    Cell Significance Index: -28.5500
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 62.2199
    Cell Significance Index: -32.0100
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 29.9348
    Cell Significance Index: -28.5800
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 26.6271
    Cell Significance Index: -32.8300
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 11.3966
    Cell Significance Index: -30.5300
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 8.5529
    Cell Significance Index: -33.7500
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 8.3902
    Cell Significance Index: -25.7700
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 5.3962
    Cell Significance Index: -11.8100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 2.6300
    Cell Significance Index: 201.8200
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 2.5296
    Cell Significance Index: 174.9400
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: 1.8691
    Cell Significance Index: 31.4900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.3680
    Cell Significance Index: 274.4100
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 1.3270
    Cell Significance Index: 144.3400
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 1.2902
    Cell Significance Index: 34.5700
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 1.2236
    Cell Significance Index: 26.5100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 1.2155
    Cell Significance Index: 35.0200
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 1.0939
    Cell Significance Index: 177.9100
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 1.0151
    Cell Significance Index: 364.0900
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.9524
    Cell Significance Index: 859.9500
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: 0.8956
    Cell Significance Index: 17.4800
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.8348
    Cell Significance Index: 37.8400
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 0.6964
    Cell Significance Index: 18.9600
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: 0.6843
    Cell Significance Index: 10.1000
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: 0.6527
    Cell Significance Index: 8.1000
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.5636
    Cell Significance Index: 111.8500
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 0.5488
    Cell Significance Index: 33.7300
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 0.5393
    Cell Significance Index: 33.9900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 0.4876
    Cell Significance Index: 27.3600
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.4824
    Cell Significance Index: 25.0600
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: 0.4634
    Cell Significance Index: 12.9500
  • Cell Name: adipocyte of breast (CL0002617)
    Fold Change: 0.4415
    Cell Significance Index: 5.5600
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.4180
    Cell Significance Index: 75.3600
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 0.3586
    Cell Significance Index: 18.8300
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.3502
    Cell Significance Index: 12.3100
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.2864
    Cell Significance Index: 126.6300
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: 0.2564
    Cell Significance Index: 6.8500
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: 0.2482
    Cell Significance Index: 6.0600
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.2480
    Cell Significance Index: 171.5300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.2380
    Cell Significance Index: 29.2700
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.2379
    Cell Significance Index: 23.5300
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: 0.2302
    Cell Significance Index: 5.5200
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.2184
    Cell Significance Index: 8.2700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.1878
    Cell Significance Index: 25.7900
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.1867
    Cell Significance Index: 23.9400
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.1726
    Cell Significance Index: 12.2100
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.1645
    Cell Significance Index: 7.6700
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.1535
    Cell Significance Index: 6.7900
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.1432
    Cell Significance Index: 3.0500
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.1412
    Cell Significance Index: 265.8800
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.1295
    Cell Significance Index: 70.7400
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: 0.1109
    Cell Significance Index: 7.4600
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 0.0948
    Cell Significance Index: 43.0400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.0839
    Cell Significance Index: 15.9800
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.0817
    Cell Significance Index: 111.1500
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: 0.0744
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6900
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0605
    Cell Significance Index: 111.5200
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.0580
    Cell Significance Index: 36.8300
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: 0.0514
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8800
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0468
    Cell Significance Index: 71.9900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.0197
    Cell Significance Index: 3.3600
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: 0.0014
    Cell Significance Index: 1.0000
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0114
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4700
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.0225
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7200
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0234
    Cell Significance Index: -3.4000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0236
    Cell Significance Index: -17.4800
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0354
    Cell Significance Index: -26.8200
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0405
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7800
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0455
    Cell Significance Index: -25.6300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0576
    Cell Significance Index: -35.9500
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0653
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6700
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.0677
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7400
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0911
    Cell Significance Index: -26.2300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1027
    Cell Significance Index: -11.7700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.1067
    Cell Significance Index: -12.4400
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.1405
    Cell Significance Index: -10.4700
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.1425
    Cell Significance Index: -9.2000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1552
    Cell Significance Index: -32.6900
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -0.1687
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4900
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.1699
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9900
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    Fold Change: -0.1699
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4400
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: -0.1722
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3500
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.2144
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.2159
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1600
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.3180
    Cell Significance Index: -6.7500
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.3346
    Cell Significance Index: -26.5000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.3820
    Cell Significance Index: -10.9500
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.3866
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4700
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: -0.3901
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6500
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.3928
    Cell Significance Index: -24.0800
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.3982
    Cell Significance Index: -8.7200
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -0.4256
    Cell Significance Index: -12.5000
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.4314
    Cell Significance Index: -22.4700
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.4487
    Cell Significance Index: -22.6700
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: -0.4575
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1000
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.4612
    Cell Significance Index: -9.2600
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.4853
    Cell Significance Index: -12.1300
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.4931
    Cell Significance Index: -9.7500

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** ETFDH is a flavoprotein dehydrogenase that exhibits a unique structure, consisting of two FAD cofactors and a heme group. The enzyme is capable of binding four iron and four sulfur clusters, which are essential for its catalytic activity. ETFDH is also an oxidoreductase, meaning it catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. Its activity is tightly regulated by various cellular mechanisms, including response to oxidative stress and heat production by uncoupling proteins. **Pathways and Functions:** ETFDH is involved in several key pathways, including: 1. **Electron Transport Chain**: ETFDH plays a critical role in the electron transport chain, where it transfers electrons from FADH2 to the electron transport chain, ultimately contributing to the production of ATP. 2. **Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation**: ETFDH is also involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a process essential for the breakdown of fatty acids. 3. **Metabolism**: ETFDH is involved in various metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle and respiratory electron transport. 4. **Response to Oxidative Stress**: ETFDH is activated in response to oxidative stress, helping to protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of ETFDH has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Cardiac Dysfunction**: ETFDH deficiency has been linked to cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. 2. **Neurodegenerative Diseases**: ETFDH has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, where it plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial function and redox balance. 3. **Metabolic Disorders**: ETFDH deficiency has been linked to metabolic disorders, such as fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. In conclusion, ETFDH is a critical enzyme involved in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis and redox balance. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, highlighting the importance of further research into the mechanisms underlying ETFDH function and its role in human disease.

Genular Protein ID: 2951055175

Symbol: ETFD_HUMAN

Name: Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8306995

Title: Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase.

PubMed ID: 8306995

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19939.x

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 17974005

Title: The full-ORF clone resource of the German cDNA consortium.

PubMed ID: 17974005

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-399

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 12049629

Title: Expression of human electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase from a baculovirus vector: kinetic and spectral characterization of the human protein.

PubMed ID: 12049629

DOI: 10.1042/bj20020042

PubMed ID: 12815589

Title: Clear relationship between ETF/ETFDH genotype and phenotype in patients with multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency.

PubMed ID: 12815589

DOI: 10.1002/humu.10226

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 12359134

Title: Glutaric acidemia type II: gene structure and mutations of the electron transfer flavoprotein:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ETF:QO) gene.

PubMed ID: 12359134

DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00138-5

PubMed ID: 16527485

Title: So doctor, what exactly is wrong with my muscles? Glutaric aciduria type II presenting in a teenager.

PubMed ID: 16527485

DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.01.001

PubMed ID: 16959974

Title: The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers.

PubMed ID: 16959974

DOI: 10.1126/science.1133427

PubMed ID: 17412732

Title: The myopathic form of coenzyme Q10 deficiency is caused by mutations in the electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETFDH) gene.

PubMed ID: 17412732

DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm054

PubMed ID: 19249206

Title: ETFDH mutations, CoQ10 levels, and respiratory chain activities in patients with riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

PubMed ID: 19249206

DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.01.008

PubMed ID: 20370797

Title: High frequency of ETFDH c.250G>A mutation in Taiwanese patients with late-onset lipid storage myopathy.

PubMed ID: 20370797

DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01421.x

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 617
  • Mass: 68495
  • Checksum: 099EBA36C59AF3D6
  • Sequence:
  • MLVPLAKLSC LAYQCFHALK IKKNYLPLCA TRWSSTSTVP RITTHYTIYP RDKDKRWEGV 
    NMERFAEEAD VVIVGAGPAG LSAAVRLKQL AVAHEKDIRV CLVEKAAQIG AHTLSGACLD 
    PGAFKELFPD WKEKGAPLNT PVTEDRFGIL TEKYRIPVPI LPGLPMNNHG NYIVRLGHLV 
    SWMGEQAEAL GVEVYPGYAA AEVLFHDDGS VKGIATNDVG IQKDGAPKAT FERGLELHAK 
    VTIFAEGCHG HLAKQLYKKF DLRANCEPQT YGIGLKELWV IDEKNWKPGR VDHTVGWPLD 
    RHTYGGSFLY HLNEGEPLVA LGLVVGLDYQ NPYLSPFREF QRWKHHPSIR PTLEGGKRIA 
    YGARALNEGG FQSIPKLTFP GGLLIGCSPG FMNVPKIKGT HTAMKSGILA AESIFNQLTS 
    ENLQSKTIGL HVTEYEDNLK NSWVWKELYS VRNIRPSCHG VLGVYGGMIY TGIFYWILRG 
    MEPWTLKHKG SDFERLKPAK DCTPIEYPKP DGQISFDLLS SVALSGTNHE HDQPAHLTLR 
    DDSIPVNRNL SIYDGPEQRF CPAGVYEFVP VEQGDGFRLQ INAQNCVHCK TCDIKDPSQN 
    INWVVPEGGG GPAYNGM

Genular Protein ID: 515166238

Symbol: B4DEQ0_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 556
  • Mass: 61385
  • Checksum: 837630BC794D78FB
  • Sequence:
  • MERFAEEADV VIVGAGPAGL SAAVRLKQLA VAHEKDIRVC LVEKAAQIGA HTLSGACLDP 
    GAFKELFPDW KEKGAPLNTP VTEDRFGILT EKYRIPVPIL PGLPMNNHGN YIVRLGHLVS 
    WMGEQAEALG VEVYPGYAAA EVLFHDDGSV KGIATNDVGI QKDGAPKATF ERGLELHAKV 
    TIFAEGCHGH LAKQLYKKFD LRANCEPQTY GIGLKELWVI DEKNWKPGRV DHTVGWPLDR 
    HTYGGSFLYH LNEGEPLVAL GLVVGLDYQN PYLSPFREFQ RWKHHPSIRP TLEGGKRIAY 
    GARALNEGGF QSIPKLTFPG GLLIGCSPGF MNVPKIKGTH TAMKSGILAA ESIFNQLTSE 
    NLQSKTIGLH VTEYEDNLKN SWVWKELYSV RNIRPSCHGV LGVYGGMIYT GIFYWILRGM 
    EPWTLKHKGS DFERLKPAKD CTPIEYPKPD GQISFDLLSS VALSGTNHEH DQPAHLTLRD 
    DSIPVNRNLS IYDGPEQRFC PAGVYEFVPV EQGDGFRLQI NAQNCVHCKT CDIKDPSQNI 
    NWVVPEGGGG PAYNGM

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.