Details for: GREM1

Gene ID: 26585

Symbol: GREM1

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000166923

Description: gremlin 1, DAN family BMP antagonist

Associated with

  • Developmental biology
    (R-HSA-1266738)
  • Formation of the ureteric bud
    (R-HSA-9830674)
  • Kidney development
    (R-HSA-9830369)
  • Bmp binding
    (GO:0036122)
  • Cardiac muscle cell differentiation
    (GO:0055007)
  • Cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation
    (GO:0060379)
  • Cell-cell signaling
    (GO:0007267)
  • Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis
    (GO:0002042)
  • Cell morphogenesis
    (GO:0000902)
  • Cell surface
    (GO:0009986)
  • Collagen-containing extracellular matrix
    (GO:0062023)
  • Collagen fibril organization
    (GO:0030199)
  • Cytokine activity
    (GO:0005125)
  • Determination of dorsal identity
    (GO:0048263)
  • Embryonic limb morphogenesis
    (GO:0030326)
  • Extracellular space
    (GO:0005615)
  • Limb development
    (GO:0060173)
  • Mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis
    (GO:0003337)
  • Morphogen activity
    (GO:0016015)
  • Negative regulation of apoptotic process
    (GO:0043066)
  • Negative regulation of bmp signaling pathway
    (GO:0030514)
  • Negative regulation of bone mineralization
    (GO:0030502)
  • Negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
    (GO:1900158)
  • Negative regulation of bone remodeling
    (GO:0046851)
  • Negative regulation of bone trabecula formation
    (GO:1900155)
  • Negative regulation of canonical wnt signaling pathway
    (GO:0090090)
  • Negative regulation of cell growth
    (GO:0030308)
  • Negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation
    (GO:0032331)
  • Negative regulation of dna-templated transcription
    (GO:0045892)
  • Negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis
    (GO:0090027)
  • Negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation
    (GO:0045668)
  • Negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation
    (GO:0033689)
  • Negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation
    (GO:0090291)
  • Negative regulation of smad protein signal transduction
    (GO:0060392)
  • Positive regulation of angiogenesis
    (GO:0045766)
  • Positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis
    (GO:0090190)
  • Positive regulation of cell population proliferation
    (GO:0008284)
  • Positive regulation of non-canonical nf-kappab signal transduction
    (GO:1901224)
  • Positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation
    (GO:1900086)
  • Positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity
    (GO:0061098)
  • Positive regulation of receptor internalization
    (GO:0002092)
  • Positive regulation of signaling receptor activity
    (GO:2000273)
  • Positive regulation of transcription by rna polymerase ii
    (GO:0045944)
  • Protein binding
    (GO:0005515)
  • Protein homodimerization activity
    (GO:0042803)
  • Proximal/distal pattern formation
    (GO:0009954)
  • Receptor ligand activity
    (GO:0048018)
  • Regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
    (GO:0010717)
  • Regulation of focal adhesion assembly
    (GO:0051893)
  • Regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade
    (GO:0032872)
  • Sequestering of bmp from receptor via bmp binding
    (GO:0038098)
  • Signal transduction
    (GO:0007165)
  • Signal transduction by p53 class mediator
    (GO:0072331)
  • Transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity
    (GO:0030297)
  • Ureteric bud formation
    (GO:0060676)
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding
    (GO:0043184)

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 52.0749
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1000
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 27.8344
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0600
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 11.9519
    Cell Significance Index: -8.0200
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 6.6182
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1600
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle satellite stem cell (CL0008011)
    Fold Change: 3.1026
    Cell Significance Index: 32.3900
  • Cell Name: chromaffin cell (CL0000166)
    Fold Change: 2.0550
    Cell Significance Index: 22.6400
  • Cell Name: inflammatory cell (CL0009002)
    Fold Change: 1.2348
    Cell Significance Index: 7.0800
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 1.1897
    Cell Significance Index: 76.7600
  • Cell Name: myometrial cell (CL0002366)
    Fold Change: 0.8075
    Cell Significance Index: 9.3000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 0.6517
    Cell Significance Index: 18.6800
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.4934
    Cell Significance Index: 93.9000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: 0.3951
    Cell Significance Index: 8.2700
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.3124
    Cell Significance Index: 30.9000
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.2139
    Cell Significance Index: 12.8400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.2025
    Cell Significance Index: 9.1800
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.1978
    Cell Significance Index: 178.5900
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.1930
    Cell Significance Index: 85.3400
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.1887
    Cell Significance Index: 20.5300
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.1581
    Cell Significance Index: 25.7200
  • Cell Name: duct epithelial cell (CL0000068)
    Fold Change: 0.1555
    Cell Significance Index: 2.1500
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.1343
    Cell Significance Index: 3.8700
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 0.0894
    Cell Significance Index: 2.3500
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.0526
    Cell Significance Index: 3.6400
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.0373
    Cell Significance Index: 13.3700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 0.0353
    Cell Significance Index: 4.1100
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.0272
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4600
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0147
    Cell Significance Index: 0.5200
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: 0.0013
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0200
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0002
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0006
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0007
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1400
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0013
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0029
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0031
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2900
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0045
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2100
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0048
    Cell Significance Index: -8.8400
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0066
    Cell Significance Index: -10.1400
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0081
    Cell Significance Index: -11.0000
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0104
    Cell Significance Index: -7.8500
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0112
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1200
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.0120
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2600
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0126
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9800
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ enteroycte (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: -0.0176
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2700
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.0195
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2300
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.0196
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4900
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0207
    Cell Significance Index: -9.4000
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0231
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0234
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9900
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0267
    Cell Significance Index: -7.6700
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0282
    Cell Significance Index: -2.9400
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.0290
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7800
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0299
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3900
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.0348
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1200
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.0390
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.0413
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7200
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0509
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9900
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.0545
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1600
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0569
    Cell Significance Index: -8.2700
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0573
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0500
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -0.0593
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8800
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0612
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7100
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0667
    Cell Significance Index: -8.6200
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.0692
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3500
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.0778
    Cell Significance Index: -3.9300
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0782
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0804
    Cell Significance Index: -9.2100
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.0963
    Cell Significance Index: -6.8100
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    Fold Change: -0.1101
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.1108
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8600
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.1134
    Cell Significance Index: -5.8900
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.1140
    Cell Significance Index: -8.5000
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.1223
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3200
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.1315
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1800
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.1329
    Cell Significance Index: -10.2000
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.1358
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0000
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.1442
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5100
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: -0.1453
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6900
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.1541
    Cell Significance Index: -8.6500
  • Cell Name: enteric smooth muscle cell (CL0002504)
    Fold Change: -0.1634
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8600
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.1800
    Cell Significance Index: -9.4500
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.1875
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5700
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: -0.1894
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1900
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: -0.1949
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7700
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.2118
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3700
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.2173
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5500
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.2181
    Cell Significance Index: -7.1400
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.2314
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2000
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.2383
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5900
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.2426
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4900
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.2439
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1800
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.2460
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1400
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.2474
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3700
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.2564
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5900
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.2585
    Cell Significance Index: -9.4900
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.2779
    Cell Significance Index: -5.4700
  • Cell Name: mature alpha-beta T cell (CL0000791)
    Fold Change: -0.2788
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5200
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.2798
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9800
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.2814
    Cell Significance Index: -7.6600
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.2921
    Cell Significance Index: -7.8000
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.2966
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** GREM1 is a secreted protein that belongs to the DAN family of BMP antagonists. It is encoded by the ENSG00000166923 gene and has been identified as a negative regulator of BMP signaling. The protein is characterized by its ability to sequester BMPs from their receptors, thereby inhibiting BMP-mediated signaling pathways. GREM1 has been shown to interact with various signaling pathways, including the BMP, Wnt, and Notch pathways, and has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. **Pathways and Functions** GREM1 plays a crucial role in various developmental and physiological processes, including: 1. **Organ morphogenesis**: GREM1 is involved in the development of multiple organs, including the heart, kidneys, and limbs. 2. **Cell differentiation**: GREM1 regulates the differentiation of various cell types, including skeletal muscle satellite stem cells and intestinal epithelial cells. 3. **Signaling pathways**: GREM1 interacts with various signaling pathways, including the BMP, Wnt, and Notch pathways, and regulates cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. 4. **Angiogenesis**: GREM1 has been shown to promote angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. 5. **Epithelial-mesenchymal transition**: GREM1 regulates the transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype, which is essential for tissue repair and development. **Clinical Significance** Dysregulation of GREM1 has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Cardiovascular disease**: GREM1 has been shown to play a role in cardiac development and function, and its dysregulation may contribute to cardiovascular disease. 2. **Cancer**: GREM1 has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and its dysregulation may contribute to cancer development and progression. 3. **Neurological disorders**: GREM1 has been shown to interact with various signaling pathways, including the BMP and Wnt pathways, and its dysregulation may contribute to neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. 4. **Kidney disease**: GREM1 has been implicated in kidney development and function, and its dysregulation may contribute to kidney disease. In conclusion, GREM1 is a critical regulator of developmental and physiological processes, and its dysregulation may contribute to various diseases. Further studies are needed to understand the role of GREM1 in human disease and to develop therapeutic strategies to modulate its activity.

Genular Protein ID: 3763510994

Symbol: GREM1_HUMAN

Name: Gremlin-1

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9660951

Title: The Xenopus dorsalizing factor Gremlin identifies a novel family of secreted proteins that antagonize BMP activities.

PubMed ID: 9660951

DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80067-2

PubMed ID: 10744662

Title: IHG-2, a mesangial cell gene induced by high glucose, is human gremlin. Regulation by extracellular glucose concentration, cyclic mechanical strain, and transforming growth factor-beta1.

PubMed ID: 10744662

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.14.9901

PubMed ID: 10894942

Title: DRM/GREMLIN (CKTSF1B1) maps to human chromosome 15 and is highly expressed in adult and fetal brain.

PubMed ID: 10894942

DOI: 10.1159/000015568

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 15340161

Title: Signal peptide prediction based on analysis of experimentally verified cleavage sites.

PubMed ID: 15340161

DOI: 10.1110/ps.04682504

PubMed ID: 22561515

Title: Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome is caused by a 40-kb upstream duplication that leads to increased and ectopic expression of the BMP antagonist GREM1.

PubMed ID: 22561515

DOI: 10.1038/ng.2263

PubMed ID: 27036124

Title: Structure of Gremlin-1 and analysis of its interaction with BMP-2.

PubMed ID: 27036124

DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160254

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 184
  • Mass: 20697
  • Checksum: 4B588598DE12C47E
  • Sequence:
  • MSRTAYTVGA LLLLLGTLLP AAEGKKKGSQ GAIPPPDKAQ HNDSEQTQSP QQPGSRNRGR 
    GQGRGTAMPG EEVLESSQEA LHVTERKYLK RDWCKTQPLK QTIHEEGCNS RTIINRFCYG 
    QCNSFYIPRH IRKEEGSFQS CSFCKPKKFT TMMVTLNCPE LQPPTKKKRV TRVKQCRCIS 
    IDLD

Genular Protein ID: 2438602801

Symbol: B3KTR9_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11181995

Title: The sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11181995

DOI: 10.1126/science.1058040

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 114
  • Mass: 13413
  • Checksum: 6C2A01FD515E303D
  • Sequence:
  • MSRTAYTVGA LHVTERKYLK RDWCKTQPLK QTIHEEGCNS RTIINRFCYG QCNSFYIPRH 
    IRKEEGSFQS CSFCKPKKFT TMMVTLNCPE LQPPTKKKRV TRVKQCRCIS IDLD

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.