Details for: GSS

Gene ID: 2937

Symbol: GSS

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000100983

Description: glutathione synthetase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 133.7232
    Cell Significance Index: -20.8000
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 78.2989
    Cell Significance Index: -19.8600
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 54.4975
    Cell Significance Index: -22.1400
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 54.1597
    Cell Significance Index: -25.5700
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 47.6491
    Cell Significance Index: -24.5100
  • Cell Name: ileal goblet cell (CL1000326)
    Fold Change: 38.1060
    Cell Significance Index: -25.5700
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 23.2419
    Cell Significance Index: -22.1900
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 19.1978
    Cell Significance Index: -23.6700
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 7.8280
    Cell Significance Index: -20.9700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 6.1276
    Cell Significance Index: -24.1800
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 5.8669
    Cell Significance Index: -18.0200
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 2.4575
    Cell Significance Index: 33.5300
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 1.8203
    Cell Significance Index: 109.2800
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 1.4992
    Cell Significance Index: 243.8400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 1.4685
    Cell Significance Index: 66.5600
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 1.3951
    Cell Significance Index: 72.4700
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 1.0165
    Cell Significance Index: 26.7300
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.9818
    Cell Significance Index: 21.2700
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.9167
    Cell Significance Index: 63.4000
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.8018
    Cell Significance Index: 56.7100
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: 0.7794
    Cell Significance Index: 19.9100
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: 0.7458
    Cell Significance Index: 17.2300
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.6668
    Cell Significance Index: 120.2100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.6541
    Cell Significance Index: 18.8500
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.6484
    Cell Significance Index: 585.4400
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.6460
    Cell Significance Index: 128.2000
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.6374
    Cell Significance Index: 29.7200
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.5796
    Cell Significance Index: 71.2700
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 0.5749
    Cell Significance Index: 15.4100
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.5391
    Cell Significance Index: 294.4000
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: 0.5371
    Cell Significance Index: 15.0100
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.5283
    Cell Significance Index: 233.5900
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: 0.5212
    Cell Significance Index: 10.9100
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 0.4354
    Cell Significance Index: 11.8500
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: 0.4322
    Cell Significance Index: 3.9800
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: 0.3897
    Cell Significance Index: 12.4800
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: 0.3730
    Cell Significance Index: 17.5300
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: 0.3337
    Cell Significance Index: 8.9100
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.3270
    Cell Significance Index: 62.2300
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.3256
    Cell Significance Index: 65.3200
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: 0.2763
    Cell Significance Index: 20.5900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.2505
    Cell Significance Index: 34.4000
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: 0.2379
    Cell Significance Index: 30.7400
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.2363
    Cell Significance Index: 163.4200
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: 0.2309
    Cell Significance Index: 6.7800
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.2276
    Cell Significance Index: 22.5100
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.2087
    Cell Significance Index: 26.7600
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.1714
    Cell Significance Index: 3.6500
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.1494
    Cell Significance Index: 53.5800
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.1106
    Cell Significance Index: 8.4900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: 0.1076
    Cell Significance Index: 12.3300
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.1019
    Cell Significance Index: 6.5800
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.0452
    Cell Significance Index: 1.5900
  • Cell Name: kidney cell (CL1000497)
    Fold Change: 0.0338
    Cell Significance Index: 0.2700
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.0271
    Cell Significance Index: 50.9800
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.0175
    Cell Significance Index: 23.7500
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0129
    Cell Significance Index: 19.9200
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.0086
    Cell Significance Index: 5.4600
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle myoblast (CL0000515)
    Fold Change: 0.0064
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0700
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0052
    Cell Significance Index: 9.6200
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 0.0027
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1700
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0004
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0008
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0085
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2900
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0166
    Cell Significance Index: -12.1800
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.0204
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: -0.0225
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4500
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0259
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6500
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.0259
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0600
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0275
    Cell Significance Index: -4.0000
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0295
    Cell Significance Index: -13.3700
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0306
    Cell Significance Index: -17.2600
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.0364
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6100
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.0517
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1800
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0577
    Cell Significance Index: -12.1500
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0706
    Cell Significance Index: -20.3100
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0785
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1500
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -0.0921
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3800
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.0936
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5100
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0992
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2100
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.1167
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0000
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.1620
    Cell Significance Index: -10.8900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.1621
    Cell Significance Index: -18.5000
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.1914
    Cell Significance Index: -9.9700
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.1924
    Cell Significance Index: -20.0300
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: -0.2186
    Cell Significance Index: -9.6700
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.2224
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5600
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.2506
    Cell Significance Index: -19.8500
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.2627
    Cell Significance Index: -14.7400
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.2665
    Cell Significance Index: -10.0900
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.2813
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1600
  • Cell Name: interstitial cell of ovary (CL0002094)
    Fold Change: -0.2881
    Cell Significance Index: -3.6900
  • Cell Name: type I muscle cell (CL0002211)
    Fold Change: -0.3414
    Cell Significance Index: -8.3300
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: -0.3637
    Cell Significance Index: -4.3400
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of venule (CL1000414)
    Fold Change: -0.4014
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5600
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.4118
    Cell Significance Index: -25.2500
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.4234
    Cell Significance Index: -13.3900
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: -0.4264
    Cell Significance Index: -6.0700
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.4373
    Cell Significance Index: -11.2400

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Enzymatic Activity:** GSS catalyzes the condensation of glutamine and cysteine to form glutathione, a process that requires magnesium ions and ATP as cofactors. 2. **Subcellular Localization:** GSS is primarily localized in the cytosol, where it is involved in glutathione synthesis and recycling. 3. **Expression Pattern:** GSS is highly expressed in cells involved in detoxification, immune response, and antioxidant defense, including placental villous trophoblast, mural cell, and bladder urothelial cell. 4. **Regulatory Mechanisms:** GSS activity is regulated by various factors, including oxidative stress, calcium ions, and protein kinases. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Glutathione Biosynthesis:** GSS is the final enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, which involves the sequential condensation of glutamine, cysteine, and glycine to form glutathione. 2. **Antioxidant Defense:** Glutathione plays a crucial role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining cellular redox balance. 3. **Detoxification:** Glutathione is involved in the conjugation and elimination of toxic compounds, including heavy metals and xenobiotics. 4. **Cell Signaling:** Glutathione synthetase activity is regulated by various signaling pathways, including the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. **Clinical Significance:** 1. **Glutathione Synthase Deficiency:** Impaired GSS activity has been linked to various metabolic disorders, including glutathione synthase deficiency, a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired glutathione synthesis and accumulation of toxic compounds. 2. **Oxidative Stress:** GSS deficiency can lead to increased oxidative stress, which is implicated in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease. 3. **Detoxification Impairment:** Impaired GSS activity can lead to defective detoxification, resulting in the accumulation of toxic compounds and increased risk of disease. 4. **Therapeutic Potential:** Understanding the role of GSS in maintaining cellular redox balance and detoxification processes has led to the development of therapeutic strategies targeting GSS activity, including antioxidants and chaperones. In conclusion, glutathione synthetase is a critical enzyme that plays a vital role in maintaining cellular redox balance, protecting against oxidative stress, and regulating various cellular processes. Impaired GSS activity has been linked to various metabolic disorders, and understanding its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis has significant implications for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting GSS activity.

Genular Protein ID: 2986114423

Symbol: GSHB_HUMAN

Name: Glutathione synthase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P48637 B2R697 B6F210 E1P5P9 Q4TTD9

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CPTAC 2 CTD 1 ChEBI 26 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 7 DrugCentral 1 EC 1 EMBL 9 Ensembl 5 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 12 Gene3D 4 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 7 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 5 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 NCBIfam 1 OGP 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 2 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 2 PDBsum 2 PIR 1 PIRSF 1 PRO 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 2 Pumba 1 REPRODUCTION-2DPAGE 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 3 Rhea 4 SABIO-RK 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniPathway 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7646467

Title: Sequencing and expression of a cDNA for human glutathione synthetase.

PubMed ID: 7646467

DOI: 10.1042/bj3100353

PubMed ID: 19672693

Title: Alternative RNA splicing in expression of the glutathione synthetase gene in human cells.

PubMed ID: 19672693

DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9675-3

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 11780052

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20.

PubMed ID: 11780052

DOI: 10.1038/414865a

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 19413330

Title: Lys-N and trypsin cover complementary parts of the phosphoproteome in a refined SCX-based approach.

PubMed ID: 19413330

DOI: 10.1021/ac9004309

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 22223895

Title: Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.

PubMed ID: 22223895

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015131

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 10369661

Title: Molecular basis of glutathione synthetase deficiency and a rare gene permutation event.

PubMed ID: 10369661

DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.12.3204

PubMed ID: 8896573

Title: Mutations in the glutathione synthetase gene cause 5-oxoprolinuria.

PubMed ID: 8896573

DOI: 10.1038/ng1196-361

PubMed ID: 9215686

Title: Missense mutations in the human glutathione synthetase gene result in severe metabolic acidosis, 5-oxoprolinuria, hemolytic anemia and neurological dysfunction.

PubMed ID: 9215686

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/6.7.1147

PubMed ID: 27581854

Title: Recurrent isolated neonatal hemolytic anemia: think about glutathione synthetase deficiency.

PubMed ID: 27581854

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4324

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 474
  • Mass: 52385
  • Checksum: 3C25EF7072EFE058
  • Sequence:
    • MATNWGSLLQ DKQQLEELAR QAVDRALAEG VLLRTSQEPT SSEVVSYAPF TLFPSLVPSA 
LLEQAYAVQM DFNLLVDAVS QNAAFLEQTL SSTIKQDDFT ARLFDIHKQV LKEGIAQTVF 
LGLNRSDYMF QRSADGSPAL KQIEINTISA SFGGLASRTP AVHRHVLSVL SKTKEAGKIL 
SNNPSKGLAL GIAKAWELYG SPNALVLLIA QEKERNIFDQ RAIENELLAR NIHVIRRTFE 
DISEKGSLDQ DRRLFVDGQE IAVVYFRDGY MPRQYSLQNW EARLLLERSH AAKCPDIATQ 
LAGTKKVQQE LSRPGMLEML LPGQPEAVAR LRATFAGLYS LDVGEEGDQA IAEALAAPSR 
FVLKPQREGG GNNLYGEEMV QALKQLKDSE ERASYILMEK IEPEPFENCL LRPGSPARVV 
QCISELGIFG VYVRQEKTLV MNKHVGHLLR TKAIEHADGG VAAGVAVLDN PYPV

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.