Details for: PENK

Gene ID: 5179

Symbol: PENK

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000181195

Description: proenkephalin

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: embryonic stem cell (CL0002322)
    Fold Change: 27.5035
    Cell Significance Index: -11.3300
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 9.5418
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1100
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 3.4101
    Cell Significance Index: 150.8400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lacrimal sac (CL1000436)
    Fold Change: 1.4438
    Cell Significance Index: 10.3900
  • Cell Name: theca cell (CL0000503)
    Fold Change: 0.9481
    Cell Significance Index: 5.5700
  • Cell Name: keratocyte (CL0002363)
    Fold Change: 0.5509
    Cell Significance Index: 8.7400
  • Cell Name: ventricular cardiac muscle cell (CL2000046)
    Fold Change: 0.5411
    Cell Significance Index: 2.4000
  • Cell Name: interstitial cell of ovary (CL0002094)
    Fold Change: 0.5247
    Cell Significance Index: 6.7200
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: 0.4689
    Cell Significance Index: 13.4400
  • Cell Name: osteoblast (CL0000062)
    Fold Change: 0.4566
    Cell Significance Index: 4.4300
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.4051
    Cell Significance Index: 26.1400
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: 0.3982
    Cell Significance Index: 8.7200
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: 0.2389
    Cell Significance Index: 5.0000
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.1732
    Cell Significance Index: 23.7800
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.1419
    Cell Significance Index: 77.5000
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: 0.0731
    Cell Significance Index: 3.8400
  • Cell Name: chondroblast (CL0000058)
    Fold Change: 0.0596
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3500
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 0.0144
    Cell Significance Index: 0.8800
  • Cell Name: muscle fibroblast (CL1001609)
    Fold Change: 0.0098
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0600
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.0018
    Cell Significance Index: 1.2700
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0020
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0033
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0050
    Cell Significance Index: -3.7400
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: -0.0057
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5200
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: -0.0059
    Cell Significance Index: -11.0700
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0066
    Cell Significance Index: -5.0200
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: -0.0075
    Cell Significance Index: -13.8800
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: -0.0090
    Cell Significance Index: -13.8100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0092
    Cell Significance Index: -1.9300
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0100
    Cell Significance Index: -13.6000
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: -0.0119
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4500
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: -0.0158
    Cell Significance Index: -10.0500
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0230
    Cell Significance Index: -10.4600
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: -0.0270
    Cell Significance Index: -9.6900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0271
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6200
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0312
    Cell Significance Index: -8.9700
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: -0.0320
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4100
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0571
    Cell Significance Index: -11.3400
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: -0.0591
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5700
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.0648
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.0662
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5600
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0695
    Cell Significance Index: -10.1000
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0796
    Cell Significance Index: -10.2900
  • Cell Name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell (CL4030006)
    Fold Change: -0.0814
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0962
    Cell Significance Index: -11.2100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.1034
    Cell Significance Index: -11.8500
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.1042
    Cell Significance Index: -10.6500
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.1145
    Cell Significance Index: -13.5000
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: -0.1186
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0300
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.1357
    Cell Significance Index: -10.1100
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.1396
    Cell Significance Index: -8.8000
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.1540
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.1570
    Cell Significance Index: -12.0500
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.1578
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1200
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle myoblast (CL0000515)
    Fold Change: -0.1610
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7500
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.1632
    Cell Significance Index: -7.6100
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.1642
    Cell Significance Index: -11.0400
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.1697
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8400
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.1749
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1100
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.2044
    Cell Significance Index: -9.6100
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.2057
    Cell Significance Index: -11.5500
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: -0.2221
    Cell Significance Index: -5.3800
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.2283
    Cell Significance Index: -11.8600
  • Cell Name: neural cell (CL0002319)
    Fold Change: -0.2323
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.2345
    Cell Significance Index: -10.6300
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.2503
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of endometrium (CL0002255)
    Fold Change: -0.2531
    Cell Significance Index: -3.6000
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.2552
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1200
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.2640
    Cell Significance Index: -7.3800
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.2711
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9700
  • Cell Name: myoblast (CL0000056)
    Fold Change: -0.2799
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7500
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.2955
    Cell Significance Index: -7.7700
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.2988
    Cell Significance Index: -10.3800
  • Cell Name: peripheral nervous system neuron (CL2000032)
    Fold Change: -0.3069
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3900
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.3214
    Cell Significance Index: -11.2600
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.3255
    Cell Significance Index: -11.9500
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.3256
    Cell Significance Index: -10.6600
  • Cell Name: sympathetic neuron (CL0011103)
    Fold Change: -0.3291
    Cell Significance Index: -2.9100
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.3353
    Cell Significance Index: -9.8800
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.3355
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8100
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.3413
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2400
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.3416
    Cell Significance Index: -10.8800
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.3484
    Cell Significance Index: -9.3200
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.3575
    Cell Significance Index: -9.5800
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: -0.3649
    Cell Significance Index: -8.4300
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive (CL0001204)
    Fold Change: -0.3664
    Cell Significance Index: -10.7600
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.3771
    Cell Significance Index: -10.7600
  • Cell Name: peridermal cell (CL0000078)
    Fold Change: -0.3960
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4700
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: -0.4075
    Cell Significance Index: -6.6000
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.4082
    Cell Significance Index: -8.2000
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate (CL1000304)
    Fold Change: -0.4086
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4600
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: -0.4130
    Cell Significance Index: -10.3000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.4196
    Cell Significance Index: -11.4200
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.4234
    Cell Significance Index: -11.3100
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: -0.4307
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9100
  • Cell Name: helper T cell (CL0000912)
    Fold Change: -0.4321
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1400
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.4388
    Cell Significance Index: -10.9600
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.4388
    Cell Significance Index: -13.8800
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: -0.4400
    Cell Significance Index: -11.2100
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.4478
    Cell Significance Index: -11.1700

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** 1. **Proenkephalin expression**: PENK is primarily expressed in neurons, particularly in those involved in pain modulation, stress response, and neurotransmission. 2. **Endogenous opioid precursor**: PENK serves as a precursor to the endogenous opioid peptides, including enkephalins and endorphins, which play a crucial role in pain modulation and stress response. 3. **Diverse cellular expression**: PENK is expressed in various cell types, including megakaryocytes, sympathetic neurons, pancreatic D cells, and primary sensory neurons. 4. **Regulatory mechanisms**: PENK expression is regulated by multiple factors, including transcriptional and post-translational modifications. **Pathways and Functions** 1. **Pain modulation**: PENK-derived peptides, such as enkephalins and endorphins, play a crucial role in pain modulation, acting as natural analgesics to reduce pain perception. 2. **Stress response**: PENK expression is increased in response to stress, and its products contribute to the stress response by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. 3. **Neurotransmission**: PENK-derived peptides participate in neurotransmission, influencing the activity of various neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. 4. **Cardiovascular regulation**: PENK has been implicated in cardiovascular regulation, influencing blood pressure, cardiac function, and vascular tone. 5. **Inflammation and immune response**: PENK expression is modulated in response to inflammatory stimuli, and its products contribute to the regulation of immune responses. **Clinical Significance** 1. **Pain management**: The endogenous opioid system, including PENK-derived peptides, plays a crucial role in pain management, and dysregulation of this system contributes to chronic pain disorders. 2. **Cancer therapy**: PENK expression is altered in various cancers, and its products may contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting PENK or its downstream signaling pathways may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. 3. **Neurological disorders**: Dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system, including PENK, has been implicated in various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and depression. 4. **Cardiovascular disease**: PENK expression is altered in cardiovascular disease, and its products may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. Targeting PENK or its downstream signaling pathways may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment. In conclusion, the proenkephalin gene plays a critical role in modulating various physiological and pathological processes, including pain modulation, stress response, and neurotransmission. Its dysregulation contributes to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PENK and its downstream signaling pathways, with the goal of developing novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Genular Protein ID: 2912861764

Symbol: PENK_HUMAN

Name: Opioid growth factor

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P01210 B2RC23 Q6FHC6 Q6FHE6

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 8 EMDB 1 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 45 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 2 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 7 PDBsum 7 PIR 1 PRINTS 2 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 4 RefSeq 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TCDB 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 7057924

Title: Primary structure of the human Met- and Leu-enkephalin precursor and its mRNA.

PubMed ID: 7057924

DOI: 10.1038/295663a0

PubMed ID: 6281660

Title: Isolation and structural organization of the human preproenkephalin gene.

PubMed ID: 6281660

DOI: 10.1038/297431a0

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 656131

Title: Hydrolysis of enkephalin by cultured human endothelial cells and by purified peptidyl dipeptidase.

PubMed ID: 656131

DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90542-7

PubMed ID: 2982830

Title: Proteolytic conversion of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 by brain synaptic membranes. Characterization of formed peptides and mechanism of proteolysis.

PubMed ID: 2982830

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89410-8

PubMed ID: 9126357

Title: The structure of synenkephalin (pro-enkephalin 1-73) is dictated by three disulfide bonds.

PubMed ID: 9126357

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6373

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 267
  • Mass: 30787
  • Checksum: 4189BA600C3FC8EE
  • Sequence:
    • MARFLTLCTW LLLLGPGLLA TVRAECSQDC ATCSYRLVRP ADINFLACVM ECEGKLPSLK 
IWETCKELLQ LSKPELPQDG TSTLRENSKP EESHLLAKRY GGFMKRYGGF MKKMDELYPM 
EPEEEANGSE ILAKRYGGFM KKDAEEDDSL ANSSDLLKEL LETGDNRERS HHQDGSDNEE 
EVSKRYGGFM RGLKRSPQLE DEAKELQKRY GGFMRRVGRP EWWMDYQKRY GGFLKRFAEA 
LPSDEEGESY SKEVPEMEKR YGGFMRF

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.