Details for: CUL2

Gene ID: 8453

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: CUL2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000108094

Description: cullin 2

Cell Significance Landscape

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • stromal cell CL0000499
    CSI 9.02
    rCSI 25.36%
    PRS 69.36
  • retina horizontal cell CL0000745
    CSI 8.63
    rCSI 13.15%
    PRS 70.67
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 4.78
    rCSI 12.36%
    PRS 69.02
  • CD4-positive helper T cell CL0000492
    CSI 4.75
    rCSI 3.59%
    PRS 86.75
  • effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0001050
    CSI 4.29
    rCSI 3.26%
    PRS 86.7
  • CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell CL0000897
    CSI 4.21
    rCSI 3.02%
    PRS 87.16
  • renal beta-intercalated cell CL0002201
    CSI 4.02
    rCSI 9.57%
    PRS 74.15
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 3.86
    rCSI 6.22%
    PRS 63.56
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 2.56%
    PRS 87.21
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 3.67
    rCSI 4.99%
    PRS 83.68
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 3.65
    rCSI 9.52%
    PRS 74.45
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 3.59
    rCSI 8.05%
    PRS 56
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 3.55
    rCSI 7.92%
    PRS 81.79
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 3.51
    rCSI 5.78%
    PRS 78.86
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 3.43
    rCSI 21.43%
    PRS 65.48
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI 3.38
    rCSI 11.32%
    PRS 58.1
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 3.21
    rCSI 6.52%
    PRS 52.15
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 3.17
    rCSI 7.24%
    PRS 65.2
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 3.14
    rCSI 3.76%
    PRS 72.11
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 3.05%
    PRS 88.11
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 66.99
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 3.06
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 80.03
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 3.02
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 76.5
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 3.01
    rCSI 3.48%
    PRS 65.51
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 2.89
    rCSI 2.28%
    PRS 61.64
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 2.85
    rCSI 1.99%
    PRS 88.28
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI 2.68
    rCSI 4.87%
    PRS 64.93
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 2.63
    rCSI 1.55%
    PRS 89.73
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 2.61
    rCSI 3.74%
    PRS 63.48
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 2.52
    rCSI 2.64%
    PRS 77.28
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 2.48
    rCSI 1.73%
    PRS 77.32
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 2.42
    rCSI 3.96%
    PRS 63.19
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 2.38
    rCSI 3.82%
    PRS 57.12
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 3.04%
    PRS 85.83
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 63.53
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 2.28
    rCSI 8.19%
    PRS 53.53
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 2.25
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 61.96
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.18
    rCSI 3.76%
    PRS 64.83
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 2.15
    rCSI 3.05%
    PRS 70.33
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 2.15
    rCSI 2%
    PRS 74.74
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 2.14
    rCSI 3.14%
    PRS 66.77
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 2.26%
    PRS 74.61
  • alpha-beta T cell CL0000789
    CSI 2.11
    rCSI 2.47%
    PRS 88.37
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 4.01%
    PRS 85.3
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 10.35%
    PRS 83.36
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 50.2%
    PRS 54.1
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 50.56%
    PRS 54.7
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 2.09
    rCSI 4.34%
    PRS 71.05
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 2.07
    rCSI 1.82%
    PRS 62.43
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 2.06
    rCSI 3.01%
    PRS 78.86
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 2
    rCSI 1.93%
    PRS 73.38
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 1.97
    rCSI 3.53%
    PRS 73.29
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 1.97
    rCSI 3.14%
    PRS 65.61
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 1.96
    rCSI 7.92%
    PRS 73.39
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 1.96
    rCSI 1.69%
    PRS 78.53
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 1.95
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 84.14
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 1.94
    rCSI 3.09%
    PRS 66.6
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 1.93
    rCSI 1.52%
    PRS 80.19
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 1.92
    rCSI 1.74%
    PRS 86.84
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 1.91
    rCSI 1.85%
    PRS 66.26
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.75%
    PRS 75.72
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 5.53%
    PRS 75.6
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.09%
    PRS 79.23
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.31%
    PRS 56.7
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 1.79
    rCSI 2.76%
    PRS 73.07
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 1.77
    rCSI 4.49%
    PRS 63.91
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 1.76
    rCSI 6.61%
    PRS 66.05
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 1.75
    rCSI 2.02%
    PRS 66.22
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 1.74
    rCSI 2.49%
    PRS 75.45
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 1.72
    rCSI 3.24%
    PRS 83.18
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 3.18%
    PRS 61.84
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 2.11%
    PRS 77.66
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 2.88%
    PRS 70.1
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 1.64
    rCSI 1.26%
    PRS 76.36
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 1.63
    rCSI 2.85%
    PRS 66.82
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 1.61
    rCSI 2.14%
    PRS 80.07
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 1.58
    rCSI 1.89%
    PRS 89.96
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 1.57
    rCSI 1.96%
    PRS 83.84
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 1.57
    rCSI 1.95%
    PRS 75.33
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 1.51
    rCSI 1.87%
    PRS 71.47
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 1.45
    rCSI 1.81%
    PRS 53.4
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 70.31
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 1.39
    rCSI 3.38%
    PRS 53.58
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 1.35
    rCSI 2.69%
    PRS 70.18
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 1.34
    rCSI 1.21%
    PRS 71.65
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.31
    rCSI 1.56%
    PRS 55.32
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 1.23
    rCSI 3.05%
    PRS 73.12
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 1.12
    rCSI 1.88%
    PRS 55.38
  • basal cell of epidermis CL0002187
    CSI 1.06
    rCSI 1.88%
    PRS 44.43
  • medium spiny neuron CL1001474
    CSI 1.02
    rCSI 8.82%
    PRS 61.06
  • dopaminergic neuron CL0000700
    CSI 1.02
    rCSI 5.78%
    PRS 59.47
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 0.99
    rCSI 2.19%
    PRS 59.69
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 0.92
    rCSI 1.12%
    PRS 56.37
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 0.91
    rCSI 7.44%
    PRS 67.67
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 0.91
    rCSI 2.65%
    PRS 63.16
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 0.86
    rCSI 1.25%
    PRS 87.65
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 0.86
    rCSI 2.68%
    PRS 59.66
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 0.83
    rCSI 1.01%
    PRS 82.46
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 0.82
    rCSI 3.62%
    PRS 62.65
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 0.81
    rCSI 4.05%
    PRS 86.18
  • near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023012
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 55.9%
  • helper T cell CL0000912
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 0.8%
    PRS 75.0%
  • corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023013
    CSI 0.6
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 56.4%
  • L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023038
    CSI 0.7
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 57.2%
  • central nervous system neuron CL2000029
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 60.8%
  • caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron CL4023064
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.4%
    PRS 54.5%
  • intermediate monocyte CL0002393
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 79.3%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated CL0001062
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 4.1%
    PRS 86.2%
  • neural progenitor cell CL0011020
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 3.6%
    PRS 62.7%
  • CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell CL0002399
    CSI 0.8
    rCSI 1.0%
    PRS 82.5%
  • chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023036
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 59.7%
  • myeloid dendritic cell CL0000782
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 87.7%
  • amacrine cell CL0000561
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 63.2%
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 7.4%
    PRS 67.7%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive CL0001203
    CSI 0.9
    rCSI 1.1%
    PRS 56.4%
  • retinal ganglion cell CL0000740
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 2.2%
    PRS 59.7%
  • dopaminergic neuron CL0000700
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 59.5%
  • medium spiny neuron CL1001474
    CSI 1.0
    rCSI 8.8%
    PRS 61.1%
  • basal cell of epidermis CL0002187
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 44.4%
  • lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023011
    CSI 1.1
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 55.4%
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 1.2
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 73.1%
  • VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023016
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 55.3%
  • megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell CL0000050
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 1.2%
    PRS 71.7%
  • retinal pigment epithelial cell CL0002586
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 2.7%
    PRS 70.2%
  • L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron CL4023040
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 3.4%
    PRS 53.6%
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 1.4
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 70.3%
  • pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023018
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 53.4%
  • extravillous trophoblast CL0008036
    CSI 1.5
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 71.5%
  • BEST4+ enteroycte CL4030026
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 75.3%
  • CD14-positive monocyte CL0001054
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 83.8%
  • CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell CL0000794
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 90.0%
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 80.1%
  • vascular leptomeningeal cell CL4023051
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 66.8%
  • CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002396
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 1.3%
    PRS 76.4%
  • retinal rod cell CL0000604
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.9%
    PRS 70.1%
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 1.6
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 77.7%
  • retinal bipolar neuron CL0000748
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 61.8%
  • Hofbauer cell CL3000001
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 3.2%
    PRS 83.2%
  • enteric smooth muscle cell CL0002504
    CSI 1.7
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 75.5%
  • neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) CL0000338
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 66.2%
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 6.6%
    PRS 66.1%
  • kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell CL1000768
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 4.5%
    PRS 63.9%
  • placental villous trophoblast CL2000060
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.8%
    PRS 73.1%
  • sst GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023017
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 56.7%
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 1.8
    rCSI 2.1%
    PRS 79.2%
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 5.5%
    PRS 75.6%
  • myeloid leukocyte CL0000766
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 75.7%
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 66.3%
  • effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000913
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 86.8%
  • plasmablast CL0000980
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 1.5%
    PRS 80.2%
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 1.9
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 66.6%
  • mature B cell CL0000785
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 84.1%
  • granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell CL0000557
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 78.5%
  • cardiac endothelial cell CL0010008
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 7.9%
    PRS 73.4%
  • glioblast CL0000030
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 65.6%
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 73.3%
  • fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell CL4030006
    CSI 2.0
    rCSI 1.9%
    PRS 73.4%
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 78.9%
  • ciliated epithelial cell CL0000067
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 1.8%
    PRS 62.4%
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 4.3%
    PRS 71.1%
  • indirect pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023029
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 50.6%
    PRS 54.7%
  • direct pathway medium spiny neuron CL4023026
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 50.2%
    PRS 54.1%
  • endothelial cell of placenta CL0009092
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 10.4%
    PRS 83.4%
  • pulmonary capillary endothelial cell CL4028001
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 85.3%
  • alpha-beta T cell CL0000789
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 88.4%
  • ionocyte CL0005006
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 74.6%
  • cerebellar granule cell CL0001031
    CSI 2.1
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 66.8%
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 74.7%
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 70.3%
  • cerebral cortex endothelial cell CL1001602
    CSI 2.2
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 64.8%
  • inhibitory interneuron CL0000498
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 5.2%
    PRS 62.0%
  • L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron CL4023041
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 8.2%
    PRS 53.5%
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 4.6%
    PRS 63.5%
  • CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte CL0002397
    CSI 2.3
    rCSI 3.0%
    PRS 85.8%
  • sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron CL4023015
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 57.1%
  • choroid plexus epithelial cell CL0000706
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 4.0%
    PRS 63.2%
  • plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human CL0001058
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 1.7%
    PRS 77.3%
  • pancreatic A cell CL0000171
    CSI 2.5
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 77.3%
  • cardiac muscle cell CL0000746
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 63.5%
  • central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000904
    CSI 2.6
    rCSI 1.6%
    PRS 89.7%
  • differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor CL4023059
    CSI 2.7
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 64.9%
  • naive T cell CL0000898
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 2.0%
    PRS 88.3%
  • neural crest cell CL0011012
    CSI 2.9
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 61.6%
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 3.5%
    PRS 65.5%
  • pro-B cell CL0000826
    CSI 3.0
    rCSI 2.5%
    PRS 76.5%
  • group 3 innate lymphoid cell CL0001071
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 80.0%
  • melanocyte CL0000148
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 2.3%
    PRS 67.0%
  • CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell CL0000792
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 3.1%
    PRS 88.1%
  • mesodermal cell CL0000222
    CSI 3.1
    rCSI 3.8%
    PRS 72.1%
  • Mueller cell CL0000636
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 7.2%
    PRS 65.2%
  • ependymal cell CL0000065
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 6.5%
    PRS 52.2%
  • GABAergic neuron CL0000617
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 11.3%
    PRS 58.1%
  • regular ventricular cardiac myocyte CL0002131
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 21.4%
    PRS 65.5%
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 5.8%
    PRS 78.9%
  • lung macrophage CL1001603
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 7.9%
    PRS 81.8%
  • astrocyte of the cerebral cortex CL0002605
    CSI 3.6
    rCSI 8.1%
    PRS 56.0%
  • kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage CL1000695
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 9.5%
    PRS 74.5%
  • pulmonary artery endothelial cell CL1001568
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 5.0%
    PRS 83.7%
  • central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell CL0000907
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 2.6%
    PRS 87.2%
  • retinal cone cell CL0000573
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 6.2%
    PRS 63.6%

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

Comma-separated if multiple.
Comma-separated if multiple.

Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) (Cullin-2) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 10p11.21. It functions as a core scaffold component of the Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes, specifically the CRL2 type. These complexes play a crucial role in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, thereby regulating a vast array of cellular processes. A well-characterized function of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is its formation of a stable complex with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, which is critical for targeting hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF1a) for degradation under normoxic conditions ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.6.2156), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.190332597)). Expression data indicates that [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is broadly significant across diverse cell types, with particularly high importance noted in [stromal cells](/details-cell/CL0000499), specialized neuronal cells such as [retina horizontal cells](/details-cell/CL0000745), and multiple subsets of T lymphocytes, suggesting its fundamental role in cellular homeostasis, tissue structure, and immune function. ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) suggests it is a ubiquitously important gene, consistent with its role as a foundational component of the protein degradation machinery. **Overall**, the gene shows the highest significance in structurally and functionally diverse cells, underscoring its role in fundamental cellular processes rather than as a marker for a specific lineage. Its most significant cellular context is in [stromal cells](/details-cell/CL0000499) (CSI: 9.02), which may reflect a high demand for protein turnover related to extracellular matrix maintenance and tissue organization. High significance is also observed in highly specialized cells of the nervous system, such as the [retina horizontal cell](/details-cell/CL0000745) (CSI: 8.63), suggesting a critical role in regulating protein homeostasis required for neuronal function and signaling. Furthermore, [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) demonstrates notable importance within the immune system, particularly in adaptive lymphocytes. It is highly significant in [CD4-positive helper T cells](/details-cell/CL0000492), [effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0001050), and [central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells](/details-cell/CL0000907). This pattern indicates that CUL2-mediated protein degradation is likely integral to T cell activation, differentiation, and memory formation. Its significance also extends to various epithelial cells, including [kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cells](/details-cell/CL1001107), and myeloid cells like [lung macrophages](/details-cell/CL1001603), highlighting its broad functional relevance across multiple tissues. ## Pathways and Molecular Function The molecular function of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is centered on its role as a scaffold protein within E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. As defined by its Gene Ontology annotations, it possesses [ubiquitin ligase complex scaffold activity](/details-gene/GO:0160072) and is a key component of the [Cul2-RING ubiquitin ligase complex](/details-gene/GO:0031462). This scaffold function enables it to bind to both a substrate-recognition subunit (like VHL) and the RING-box protein RBX1, which in turn recruits an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme to facilitate the transfer of ubiquitin to the target protein ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1252404)). This core activity drives several critical biological processes: * **Protein Degradation:** [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is central to [protein ubiquitination](/details-gene/GO:0016567) and the [SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process](/details-gene/GO:0031146). * **Cell Cycle Control:** It is involved in regulating the [G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle](/details-gene/GO:0000082), likely by targeting cyclins or cell cycle inhibitors for degradation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81267-2)). * **Hypoxia Response:** Through its interaction with VHL, [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is a key regulator of the [cellular response to hypoxia](/details-gene/R-HSA-1234174), specifically in the [oxygen-dependent proline hydroxylation of hypoxia-inducible factor alpha](/details-gene/R-HSA-1234176). * **Immune Regulation:** Consistent with its expression in lymphocytes, [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is implicated in the [immune system](/details-gene/R-HSA-168256) pathway, including [antigen processing: ubiquitination & proteasome degradation](/details-gene/R-HSA-983168) for presentation by MHC class I molecules. * **Development:** The gene is also linked to developmental processes, including [nervous system development](/details-gene/R-HSA-9675108) and [axon guidance](/details-gene/R-HSA-422475), which aligns with its high significance in retinal cells. The activity of all cullin proteins, including CUL2, is regulated by covalent modification with the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8, a process known as neddylation ([Link](https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0339), [Link](https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203093)). This modification is essential for the catalytic activity of the CRL complex. ## Research Directions The widespread importance of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) in fundamental cellular processes, combined with its established link to the VHL tumor suppressor, makes it a gene of significant clinical and biological interest. Its role extends from cancer biology to immunology and neurobiology. Based on the available data, several testable hypotheses can be proposed: 1. Given its high significance across multiple T cell subsets, **[CUL2](/details-gene/8453)-mediated protein degradation is essential for shaping T cell effector function and memory development by controlling the lifespan of key transcription factors and signaling molecules during T cell activation.** 2. The prominent CSI score of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) in [retina horizontal cells](/details-cell/CL0000745) suggests that **it plays a specialized role in neuronal homeostasis within the retina, possibly by regulating the turnover of proteins involved in synaptic transmission or photoreceptor signaling to maintain visual function.** To test the first hypothesis regarding T cell function, a compelling experimental approach would be to generate a conditional knockout mouse model where [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) is specifically deleted in T cells (e.g., using a *Cd4-Cre* driver). T cells isolated from these mice could be stimulated *in vitro* with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies. Subsequent analysis using flow cytometry to assess proliferation and cytokine production (e.g., IFN-gamma, IL-2), combined with proteomics (mass spectrometry) to identify proteins that are aberrantly stabilized in the absence of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453), would directly test its role in T cell activation and identify its key substrates in this context. Therapeutically, [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) and its associated CRL complexes are attractive targets, particularly in oncology, due to the VHL-HIF axis. **Inhibition** of CRL2 activity could potentially be beneficial in cancers where VHL is functional but other mechanisms lead to HIF stabilization. However, the ubiquitous and essential nature of [CUL2](/details-gene/8453) poses a significant challenge for systemic inhibition, which would likely cause severe toxicity. A more promising strategy would be the development of small molecules that disrupt the interaction between the CUL2-RBX1 scaffold and specific substrate receptor proteins (e.g., VHL or other VHL-box proteins), thereby offering a more targeted approach to modulating the degradation of a select set of substrates.

Genular Protein ID: 3846004637

Symbol: CUL2_HUMAN

Name: Cullin-2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9122164

Title: The von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene product forms a stable complex with human CUL-2, a member of the Cdc53 family of proteins.

PubMed ID: 9122164

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.6.2156

PubMed ID: 10092517

Title: Identification of NEDD8-conjugation site in human cullin-2.

PubMed ID: 10092517

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0339

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 8681378

Title: cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family.

PubMed ID: 8681378

DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81267-2

PubMed ID: 10230407

Title: ROC1, a homolog of APC11, represents a family of cullin partners with an associated ubiquitin ligase activity.

PubMed ID: 10230407

DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80482-7

PubMed ID: 10973499

Title: Activation of HIF1alpha ubiquitination by a reconstituted von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor complex.

PubMed ID: 10973499

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.190332597

PubMed ID: 11384984

Title: Muf1, a novel elongin BC-interacting leucine-rich repeat protein that can assemble with Cul5 and Rbx1 to reconstitute a ubiquitin ligase.

PubMed ID: 11384984

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103093200

PubMed ID: 12149480

Title: Mammalian mediator subunit mMED8 is an Elongin BC-interacting protein that can assemble with Cul2 and Rbx1 to reconstitute a ubiquitin ligase.

PubMed ID: 12149480

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162424199

PubMed ID: 12609982

Title: TIP120A associates with cullins and modulates ubiquitin ligase activity.

PubMed ID: 12609982

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213070200

PubMed ID: 10597293

Title: Covalent modification of all members of human cullin family proteins by NEDD8.

PubMed ID: 10597293

DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203093

PubMed ID: 15601820

Title: VHL-box and SOCS-box domains determine binding specificity for Cul2-Rbx1 and Cul5-Rbx2 modules of ubiquitin ligases.

PubMed ID: 15601820

DOI: 10.1101/gad.1252404

PubMed ID: 17304241

Title: The Caenorhabditis elegans cell-cycle regulator ZYG-11 defines a conserved family of CUL-2 complex components.

PubMed ID: 17304241

DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400895

PubMed ID: 17251292

Title: Respiratory syncytial virus NS1 protein degrades STAT2 by using the Elongin-Cullin E3 ligase.

PubMed ID: 17251292

DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02303-06

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23102700

Title: The Kelch repeat protein KLHDC10 regulates oxidative stress-induced ASK1 activation by suppressing PP5.

PubMed ID: 23102700

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.09.018

PubMed ID: 22286099

Title: The LIMD1 protein bridges an association between the prolyl hydroxylases and VHL to repress HIF-1 activity.

PubMed ID: 22286099

DOI: 10.1038/ncb2424

PubMed ID: 24076655

Title: TRIAD1 and HHARI bind to and are activated by distinct neddylated Cullin-RING ligase complexes.

PubMed ID: 24076655

DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.209

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 23401859

Title: DCNL1 functions as a substrate sensor and activator of cullin 2-RING ligase.

PubMed ID: 23401859

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01342-12

PubMed ID: 23201271

Title: Structural conservation of distinctive N-terminal acetylation-dependent interactions across a family of mammalian NEDD8 ligation enzymes.

PubMed ID: 23201271

DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.10.013

PubMed ID: 24192928

Title: Oncogenic function of SCCRO5/DCUN1D5 requires its Neddylation E3 activity and nuclear localization.

PubMed ID: 24192928

DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1252

PubMed ID: 27565346

Title: Two distinct types of E3 ligases work in unison to regulate substrate ubiquitylation.

PubMed ID: 27565346

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.027

PubMed ID: 26906416

Title: Characterization of the mammalian family of DCN-type NEDD8 E3 ligases.

PubMed ID: 26906416

DOI: 10.1242/jcs.181784

PubMed ID: 26138980

Title: SELENOPROTEINS. CRL2 aids elimination of truncated selenoproteins produced by failed UGA/Sec decoding.

PubMed ID: 26138980

DOI: 10.1126/science.aab0515

PubMed ID: 29779948

Title: The eukaryotic proteome is shaped by E3 ubiquitin ligases targeting C-terminal degrons.

PubMed ID: 29779948

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.028

PubMed ID: 29775578

Title: C-terminal end-directed protein elimination by CRL2 ubiquitin ligases.

PubMed ID: 29775578

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.006

PubMed ID: 34700328

Title: A conserved mechanism for regulating replisome disassembly in eukaryotes.

PubMed ID: 34700328

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04145-3

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 745
  • Mass: 86983
  • Checksum: 30647248F671AB0E
  • Sequence:
  • MSLKPRVVDF DETWNKLLTT IKAVVMLEYV ERATWNDRFS DIYALCVAYP EPLGERLYTE 
    TKIFLENHVR HLHKRVLESE EQVLVMYHRY WEEYSKGADY MDCLYRYLNT QFIKKNKLTE 
    ADLQYGYGGV DMNEPLMEIG ELALDMWRKL MVEPLQAILI RMLLREIKND RGGEDPNQKV 
    IHGVINSFVH VEQYKKKFPL KFYQEIFESP FLTETGEYYK QEASNLLQES NCSQYMEKVL 
    GRLKDEEIRC RKYLHPSSYT KVIHECQQRM VADHLQFLHA ECHNIIRQEK KNDMANMYVL 
    LRAVSTGLPH MIQELQNHIH DEGLRATSNL TQENMPTLFV ESVLEVHGKF VQLINTVLNG 
    DQHFMSALDK ALTSVVNYRE PKSVCKAPEL LAKYCDNLLK KSAKGMTENE VEDRLTSFIT 
    VFKYIDDKDV FQKFYARMLA KRLIHGLSMS MDSEEAMINK LKQACGYEFT SKLHRMYTDM 
    SVSADLNNKF NNFIKNQDTV IDLGISFQIY VLQAGAWPLT QAPSSTFAIP QELEKSVQMF 
    ELFYSQHFSG RKLTWLHYLC TGEVKMNYLG KPYVAMVTTY QMAVLLAFNN SETVSYKELQ 
    DSTQMNEKEL TKTIKSLLDV KMINHDSEKE DIDAESSFSL NMNFSSKRTK FKITTSMQKD 
    TPQEMEQTRS AVDEDRKMYL QAAIVRIMKA RKVLRHNALI QEVISQSRAR FNPSISMIKK 
    CIEVLIDKQY IERSQASADE YSYVA

Genular Protein ID: 1649295460

Symbol: A0A8I5KVR3_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 682
  • Mass: 79518
  • Checksum: CB4CD9BFECFDA251
  • Sequence:
  • MSLKPRVVDF DETWNKLLTT IKAVVMLEYV ERATWNDRFS DIYALCVAYP EPLGERLYTE 
    TKIFLENHVR HLHKRVLESE EQVLVMYHRY WEEYSKGADY MDCLYSDRGG EDPNQKVIHG 
    VINSFVHVEQ YKKKFPLKFY QEIFESPFLT ETGEYYKQEA SNLLQESNCS QYMEKVLGRL 
    KDEEIRCRKY LHPSSYTKVI HECQQRMVAD HLQFLHAECH NIIRQEKKND MANMYVLLRA 
    VSTGLPHMIQ ELQNHIHDEG LRATSNLTQE NMPTLFVESV LEVHGKFVQL INTVLNGDQH 
    FMSALDKALT SVVNYREPKS VCKAPELLAK YCDNLLKKSA KGMTENEVED RLTSFITVFK 
    YIDDKDVFQK FYARMLAKRL IHGLSMSMDS EEAMINKLKQ ACGYEFTSKL HRMYTDMSVS 
    ADLNNKFNNF IKNQDTVIDL GISFQIYVLQ AGAWPLTQAP SSTFAIPQEL EKSVQMFELF 
    YSQHFSGRKL TWLHYLCTGE VKMNYLGKPY VAMVTTYQMA VLLAFNNSET VSYKELQDST 
    QMNEKELTKT IKSLLDVKMI NHDSEKEDID AESSFSLNMN FSSKRTKFKI TTSMQKDTPQ 
    EMEQTRSAVD EDRKMYLQAA IVRIMKARKV LRHNALIQEV ISQSRARFNP SISMIKKCIE 
    VLIDKQYIER SQASADEYSY VA

Genular Protein ID: 609978033

Symbol: B7Z1Y1_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 582
  • Mass: 67866
  • Checksum: 585E4C2EC4F5EE4D
  • Sequence:
  • MSLKPRVVDF DETWNKLLTT IKAVVMLEYV ERATWNDRFS DIYALCVAYP EPLGERLYTE 
    TKIFLENHVR HLHKRVLESE EQVLVMYHRY WEEYSKGADY MDCLYSDRGG EDPNQKVIHG 
    VINSFVHVEQ YKKKFPLKFY QEIFESPFLT ETGEYYKQEA SNLLQESNCS QYMEKVLGRL 
    KDEEIRCRKY LHPSSYTKVI HECQQRMVAD HLQFLHAECH NIIRQEKKND MANMYVLLRA 
    VSTGLPHMIQ ELQNHIHDEG LRATSNLTQE NMPTLFVESV LEVHGKFVQL INTVLNGDQH 
    FMSALDKALT SVVNYREPKS VCKAPELLAK YCDNLLKKSA KGMTENEVED RLTSFITVFK 
    YIDDKDVFQK FYARMLAKRL IHGLSMSMDS EEAMINKLKQ ACGYEFTSKL HRMYTDMSVS 
    ADLNNKFNNF IKNQDTVIDL GISFQIYVLQ AGAWPLTQAP SSTFAIPQEL EKSVQMFELF 
    YSQHFSGRKL TWLHYLCTGE VKMNYLGKPY VAMVTTYQMA VLLAFNNSET VSYKELQDST 
    QMNEKELTKT IKSLLDVKMI NHDSEKEDID AESSFSLNMN FS

Genular Protein ID: 4190002926

Symbol: A0A0A0MTN0_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 11237011

Title: Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 11237011

DOI: 10.1038/35057062

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15496913

Title: Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome.

PubMed ID: 15496913

DOI: 10.1038/nature03001

PubMed ID: 18669648

Title: A quantitative atlas of mitotic phosphorylation.

PubMed ID: 18669648

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805139105

PubMed ID: 19608861

Title: Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.

PubMed ID: 19608861

DOI: 10.1126/science.1175371

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 758
  • Mass: 88506
  • Checksum: 126BC92627C9420A
  • Sequence:
  • MVPGKEFQHY TCTMSLKPRV VDFDETWNKL LTTIKAVVML EYVERATWND RFSDIYALCV 
    AYPEPLGERL YTETKIFLEN HVRHLHKRVL ESEEQVLVMY HRYWEEYSKG ADYMDCLYRY 
    LNTQFIKKNK LTEADLQYGY GGVDMNEPLM EIGELALDMW RKLMVEPLQA ILIRMLLREI 
    KNDRGGEDPN QKVIHGVINS FVHVEQYKKK FPLKFYQEIF ESPFLTETGE YYKQEASNLL 
    QESNCSQYME KVLGRLKDEE IRCRKYLHPS SYTKVIHECQ QRMVADHLQF LHAECHNIIR 
    QEKKNDMANM YVLLRAVSTG LPHMIQELQN HIHDEGLRAT SNLTQENMPT LFVESVLEVH 
    GKFVQLINTV LNGDQHFMSA LDKALTSVVN YREPKSVCKA PELLAKYCDN LLKKSAKGMT 
    ENEVEDRLTS FITVFKYIDD KDVFQKFYAR MLAKRLIHGL SMSMDSEEAM INKLKQACGY 
    EFTSKLHRMY TDMSVSADLN NKFNNFIKNQ DTVIDLGISF QIYVLQAGAW PLTQAPSSTF 
    AIPQELEKSV QMFELFYSQH FSGRKLTWLH YLCTGEVKMN YLGKPYVAMV TTYQMAVLLA 
    FNNSETVSYK ELQDSTQMNE KELTKTIKSL LDVKMINHDS EKEDIDAESS FSLNMNFSSK 
    RTKFKITTSM QKDTPQEMEQ TRSAVDEDRK MYLQAAIVRI MKARKVLRHN ALIQEVISQS 
    RARFNPSISM IKKCIEVLID KQYIERSQAS ADEYSYVA