Details for: POLK

Gene ID: 51426

Symbol: POLK

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000122008

Description: DNA polymerase kappa

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 315.3424
    Cell Significance Index: -49.0500
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 192.7904
    Cell Significance Index: -48.9000
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 111.0305
    Cell Significance Index: -52.4200
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 102.7182
    Cell Significance Index: -41.7300
  • Cell Name: peripheral blood mononuclear cell (CL2000001)
    Fold Change: 96.2314
    Cell Significance Index: -49.5000
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 43.7291
    Cell Significance Index: -41.7500
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 42.0534
    Cell Significance Index: -51.8500
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 17.7072
    Cell Significance Index: -47.4400
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 14.3141
    Cell Significance Index: -43.9700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 13.2766
    Cell Significance Index: -52.3900
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 13.0975
    Cell Significance Index: -28.6700
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.7775
    Cell Significance Index: 356.5600
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 1.6581
    Cell Significance Index: 114.6700
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: 1.3977
    Cell Significance Index: 27.2800
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 1.1949
    Cell Significance Index: 139.2600
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 1.1474
    Cell Significance Index: 411.5500
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 1.0663
    Cell Significance Index: 211.6200
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 1.0653
    Cell Significance Index: 81.7500
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 0.9315
    Cell Significance Index: 14.9500
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.8926
    Cell Significance Index: 617.3400
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 0.8787
    Cell Significance Index: 49.3100
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.8666
    Cell Significance Index: 94.2600
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 0.8572
    Cell Significance Index: 52.6900
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.6788
    Cell Significance Index: 30.0300
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.6591
    Cell Significance Index: 24.9600
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.6529
    Cell Significance Index: 64.5900
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: 0.6483
    Cell Significance Index: 16.6700
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 0.6214
    Cell Significance Index: 16.6500
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.5437
    Cell Significance Index: 32.6400
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.5339
    Cell Significance Index: 73.3200
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.4786
    Cell Significance Index: 86.2800
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: 0.4216
    Cell Significance Index: 21.9600
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 0.3489
    Cell Significance Index: 42.9000
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.2986
    Cell Significance Index: 163.0800
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.2645
    Cell Significance Index: 5.7300
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.2467
    Cell Significance Index: 31.6200
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.2400
    Cell Significance Index: 6.9200
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: 0.2068
    Cell Significance Index: 4.9600
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.2034
    Cell Significance Index: 382.9900
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.1885
    Cell Significance Index: 83.3300
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.1507
    Cell Significance Index: 9.7300
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.1414
    Cell Significance Index: 260.6900
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: 0.1365
    Cell Significance Index: 9.1800
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.1315
    Cell Significance Index: 202.4400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.1266
    Cell Significance Index: 5.7400
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.1157
    Cell Significance Index: 73.5000
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 0.1067
    Cell Significance Index: 48.4500
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 0.0889
    Cell Significance Index: 5.6000
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.0497
    Cell Significance Index: 67.6300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.0287
    Cell Significance Index: 4.9000
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.0183
    Cell Significance Index: 16.5300
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.0174
    Cell Significance Index: 3.3100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0134
    Cell Significance Index: -9.9400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0234
    Cell Significance Index: -17.1400
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0290
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8100
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0349
    Cell Significance Index: -21.7800
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    Fold Change: -0.0501
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7200
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0526
    Cell Significance Index: -39.8000
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0564
    Cell Significance Index: -31.8100
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0577
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6900
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0717
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5200
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.0808
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3900
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: -0.1026
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6800
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.1086
    Cell Significance Index: -11.0900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1277
    Cell Significance Index: -26.9000
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.1347
    Cell Significance Index: -9.5300
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.1400
    Cell Significance Index: -6.5800
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.1481
    Cell Significance Index: -21.5300
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.1506
    Cell Significance Index: -43.3400
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: -0.1542
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2900
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    Fold Change: -0.1863
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6800
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.2191
    Cell Significance Index: -25.8400
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.2195
    Cell Significance Index: -28.3600
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: -0.2257
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6900
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.2636
    Cell Significance Index: -13.8400
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: -0.2722
    Cell Significance Index: -14.1400
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.2839
    Cell Significance Index: -21.1600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.2994
    Cell Significance Index: -34.3000
  • Cell Name: mesenchymal cell (CL0008019)
    Fold Change: -0.3304
    Cell Significance Index: -5.5300
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.3587
    Cell Significance Index: -37.3500
  • Cell Name: GABAergic amacrine cell (CL4030027)
    Fold Change: -0.3733
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.3791
    Cell Significance Index: -43.2700
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.4224
    Cell Significance Index: -10.5600
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.4254
    Cell Significance Index: -12.1400
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.4546
    Cell Significance Index: -14.5600
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: -0.5445
    Cell Significance Index: -14.5400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.5508
    Cell Significance Index: -43.6200
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.5559
    Cell Significance Index: -15.1300
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of placenta (CL0009092)
    Fold Change: -0.5594
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3800
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.5798
    Cell Significance Index: -16.6200
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.5852
    Cell Significance Index: -8.6400
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.6252
    Cell Significance Index: -12.9700
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.6301
    Cell Significance Index: -38.6300
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.7668
    Cell Significance Index: -16.3300
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.7951
    Cell Significance Index: -27.6300
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.8483
    Cell Significance Index: -22.3100
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: -0.8505
    Cell Significance Index: -15.7200
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.8581
    Cell Significance Index: -27.3300
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.8745
    Cell Significance Index: -18.5600
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.8830
    Cell Significance Index: -28.9100

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** POLK exhibits several key characteristics that distinguish it from other DNA polymerases. These include: 1. **Error-prone translesion synthesis**: POLK is capable of bypassing DNA lesions, including those caused by oxidative stress and UV radiation, through error-prone translesion synthesis. 2. **Dual incision in GG-NER and TC-NER**: POLK participates in the global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) pathways, which involve the dual incision of DNA lesions. 3. **Metal ion binding**: POLK requires metal ions, such as Mn2+, for its enzymatic activity. 4. **Involvement in homologous recombination**: POLK interacts with the homologous recombination machinery, facilitating the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. **Pathways and Functions** POLK is involved in several DNA repair pathways, including: 1. **Global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER)**: POLK participates in the repair of DNA lesions caused by oxidative stress and UV radiation. 2. **Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER)**: POLK is involved in the repair of DNA lesions that occur in actively transcribing regions. 3. **Homologous recombination**: POLK interacts with the homologous recombination machinery, facilitating the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. 4. **Error-prone translesion synthesis**: POLK bypasses DNA lesions through error-prone translesion synthesis, allowing for the continuation of DNA replication and transcription. **Clinical Significance** Dysregulation of POLK has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Cancer**: Mutations in POLK have been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly in skin and other epithelial tissues. 2. **Genomic instability**: POLK deficiency has been linked to genomic instability, which can lead to the development of cancer and other diseases. 3. **Neurodegenerative disorders**: POLK has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where DNA damage and oxidative stress play a critical role. 4. **Immunodeficiency**: POLK deficiency has been associated with immunodeficiency disorders, where impaired DNA repair mechanisms lead to impaired immune function. In conclusion, POLK is a critical enzyme involved in DNA repair and replication, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which POLK contributes to disease and to develop effective therapeutic strategies for its dysregulation.

Genular Protein ID: 820363531

Symbol: POLK_HUMAN

Name: DNA polymerase kappa

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 10620008

Title: Mutation enhancement by DINB1, a mammalian homologue of the Escherichia coli mutagenesis protein dinB.

PubMed ID: 10620008

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1999.00289.x

PubMed ID: 10518552

Title: Human and mouse homologs of Escherichia coli DinB (DNA polymerase IV), members of the UmuC/DinB superfamily.

PubMed ID: 10518552

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11922

PubMed ID: 15661663

Title: Multiple PolK (POLK) transcripts in mammalian testis.

PubMed ID: 15661663

DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.10.006

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15372022

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5.

PubMed ID: 15372022

DOI: 10.1038/nature02919

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 11024016

Title: Purification and characterization of pol kappa, a DNA polymerase encoded by the human DINB1 gene.

PubMed ID: 11024016

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004413200

PubMed ID: 12145297

Title: Human DNA polymerase kappa bypasses and extends beyond thymine glycols during translesion synthesis in vitro, preferentially incorporating correct nucleotides.

PubMed ID: 12145297

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206027200

PubMed ID: 12414988

Title: Localisation of human DNA polymerase kappa to replication foci.

PubMed ID: 12414988

DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00162

PubMed ID: 11784855

Title: Stimulation of DNA synthesis activity of human DNA polymerase kappa by PCNA.

PubMed ID: 11784855

DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.3.784-791.2002

PubMed ID: 12444249

Title: Role of human DNA polymerase kappa as an extender in translesion synthesis.

PubMed ID: 12444249

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.252524999

PubMed ID: 12952891

Title: Human DNA polymerase kappa uses template-primer misalignment as a novel means for extending mispaired termini and for generating single-base deletions.

PubMed ID: 12952891

DOI: 10.1101/gad.1108603

PubMed ID: 14630940

Title: A mechanism for the exclusion of low-fidelity human Y-family DNA polymerases from base excision repair.

PubMed ID: 14630940

DOI: 10.1101/gad.1146103

PubMed ID: 15533436

Title: Translesion synthesis past 2'-deoxyxanthosine, a nitric oxide-derived DNA adduct, by mammalian DNA polymerases.

PubMed ID: 15533436

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.064

PubMed ID: 28297716

Title: RNA m(6)A methylation regulates the ultraviolet-induced DNA damage response.

PubMed ID: 28297716

DOI: 10.1038/nature21671

PubMed ID: 29186122

Title:

PubMed ID: 29186122

DOI: 10.1038/nature24007

PubMed ID: 15296733

Title: Crystal structure of the catalytic core of human DNA polymerase kappa.

PubMed ID: 15296733

DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.05.011

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 870
  • Mass: 98809
  • Checksum: 40CB259A65F6A796
  • Sequence:
  • MDSTKEKCDS YKDDLLLRMG LNDNKAGMEG LDKEKINKII MEATKGSRFY GNELKKEKQV 
    NQRIENMMQQ KAQITSQQLR KAQLQVDRFA MELEQSRNLS NTIVHIDMDA FYAAVEMRDN 
    PELKDKPIAV GSMSMLSTSN YHARRFGVRA AMPGFIAKRL CPQLIIVPPN FDKYRAVSKE 
    VKEILADYDP NFMAMSLDEA YLNITKHLEE RQNWPEDKRR YFIKMGSSVE NDNPGKEVNK 
    LSEHERSISP LLFEESPSDV QPPGDPFQVN FEEQNNPQIL QNSVVFGTSA QEVVKEIRFR 
    IEQKTTLTAS AGIAPNTMLA KVCSDKNKPN GQYQILPNRQ AVMDFIKDLP IRKVSGIGKV 
    TEKMLKALGI ITCTELYQQR ALLSLLFSET SWHYFLHISL GLGSTHLTRD GERKSMSVER 
    TFSEINKAEE QYSLCQELCS ELAQDLQKER LKGRTVTIKL KNVNFEVKTR ASTVSSVVST 
    AEEIFAIAKE LLKTEIDADF PHPLRLRLMG VRISSFPNEE DRKHQQRSII GFLQAGNQAL 
    SATECTLEKT DKDKFVKPLE MSHKKSFFDK KRSERKWSHQ DTFKCEAVNK QSFQTSQPFQ 
    VLKKKMNENL EISENSDDCQ ILTCPVCFRA QGCISLEALN KHVDECLDGP SISENFKMFS 
    CSHVSATKVN KKENVPASSL CEKQDYEAHP KIKEISSVDC IALVDTIDNS SKAESIDALS 
    NKHSKEECSS LPSKSFNIEH CHQNSSSTVS LENEDVGSFR QEYRQPYLCE VKTGQALVCP 
    VCNVEQKTSD LTLFNVHVDV CLNKSFIQEL RKDKFNPVNQ PKESSRSTGS SSGVQKAVTR 
    TKRPGLMTKY STSKKIKPNN PKHTLDIFFK

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.