Details for: AKR1C1

Gene ID: 1645

Gene Type:  Protein-coding  - A gene that serves as a template for producing a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which is then translated into a functional protein.

Symbol: AKR1C1

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000187134

Description: aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1

Selected Context(s):  Overall

Cell Significance Landscape

Contexts:

Associated with

Significant Cells

Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores for the chosen context(s)

  • intrahepatic cholangiocyte CL0002538
    CSI 21.82
    rCSI 52.36%
    PRS 93.84
  • conjunctival epithelial cell CL1000432
    CSI 20.37
    rCSI 31.11%
    PRS 93.39
  • secretory cell CL0000151
    CSI 19.44
    rCSI 20.29%
    PRS 93.54
  • epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract CL0002632
    CSI 16.9
    rCSI 13.1%
    PRS 95.91
  • tracheal goblet cell CL1000329
    CSI 13.03
    rCSI 28.46%
    PRS 95.24
  • pancreatic acinar cell CL0002064
    CSI 12.6
    rCSI 16.75%
    PRS 95.89
  • keratinocyte CL0000312
    CSI 12.23
    rCSI 10.25%
    PRS 93.96
  • foveolar cell of stomach CL0002179
    CSI 11.72
    rCSI 24.95%
    PRS 95.43
  • respiratory suprabasal cell CL4033048
    CSI 11.45
    rCSI 14.69%
    PRS 95.29
  • bronchial goblet cell CL1000312
    CSI 10.92
    rCSI 43.62%
    PRS 96.13
  • pancreatic ductal cell CL0002079
    CSI 8.65
    rCSI 16.83%
    PRS 95.04
  • duct epithelial cell CL0000068
    CSI 8.19
    rCSI 11.98%
    PRS 96.51
  • club cell CL0000158
    CSI 8.17
    rCSI 11.97%
    PRS 91.25
  • hepatocyte CL0000182
    CSI 8.16
    rCSI 14.61%
    PRS 92.79
  • bronchus fibroblast of lung CL2000093
    CSI 7.84
    rCSI 6.37%
    PRS 94.04
  • nasal mucosa goblet cell CL0002480
    CSI 7.68
    rCSI 8.91%
    PRS 94.03
  • enterocyte CL0000584
    CSI 7.41
    rCSI 11.95%
    PRS 91.53
  • goblet cell CL0000160
    CSI 6.28
    rCSI 5.93%
    PRS 92.41
  • midzonal region hepatocyte CL0019028
    CSI 6.24
    rCSI 14.63%
    PRS 91.36
  • centrilobular region hepatocyte CL0019029
    CSI 6.22
    rCSI 16.24%
    PRS 90.47
  • myofibroblast cell CL0000186
    CSI 5.59
    rCSI 7.75%
    PRS 91.95
  • intestinal epithelial cell CL0002563
    CSI 5.3
    rCSI 5.54%
    PRS 92.45
  • acinar cell CL0000622
    CSI 4.95
    rCSI 7.27%
    PRS 97.19
  • peripheral nervous system neuron CL2000032
    CSI 4.76
    rCSI 6.49%
    PRS 89.42
  • kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001107
    CSI 4.71
    rCSI 12.16%
    PRS 92.69
  • respiratory basal cell CL0002633
    CSI 4.58
    rCSI 4.74%
    PRS 95.41
  • lung ciliated cell CL1000271
    CSI 4.38
    rCSI 5.07%
    PRS 90.18
  • cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron CL0010011
    CSI 4.37
    rCSI 12.91%
    PRS 93.87
  • endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel CL0002138
    CSI 4.3
    rCSI 8.53%
    PRS 94.65
  • lung secretory cell CL1000272
    CSI 4.29
    rCSI 10.62%
    PRS 95.5
  • hepatic stellate cell CL0000632
    CSI 4.28
    rCSI 16.04%
    PRS 91.71
  • vein endothelial cell CL0002543
    CSI 4.08
    rCSI 11.14%
    PRS 95.72
  • epithelial cell of lung CL0000082
    CSI 4.08
    rCSI 3.38%
    PRS 95.19
  • renal alpha-intercalated cell CL0005011
    CSI 4.05
    rCSI 5.42%
    PRS 96.12
  • skin fibroblast CL0002620
    CSI 3.99
    rCSI 3.44%
    PRS 93.87
  • epithelial cell of proximal tubule CL0002306
    CSI 3.91
    rCSI 9.54%
    PRS 89.44
  • interneuron CL0000099
    CSI 3.9
    rCSI 7.84%
    PRS 90.23
  • dendritic cell CL0000451
    CSI 3.88
    rCSI 4.78%
    PRS 93.51
  • respiratory goblet cell CL0002370
    CSI 3.88
    rCSI 42.23%
    PRS 95.95
  • neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) CL0000031
    CSI 3.87
    rCSI 4.97%
    PRS 91.22
  • basal cell CL0000646
    CSI 3.82
    rCSI 5.11%
    PRS 91.97
  • adipocyte CL0000136
    CSI 3.82
    rCSI 4.9%
    PRS 87.98
  • subcutaneous adipocyte CL0002521
    CSI 3.8
    rCSI 19.48%
    PRS 95.39
  • blood vessel smooth muscle cell CL0019018
    CSI 3.73
    rCSI 30.34%
    PRS 93.26
  • squamous epithelial cell CL0000076
    CSI 3.7
    rCSI 8.78%
    PRS 91.07
  • Kupffer cell CL0000091
    CSI 3.56
    rCSI 8.14%
    PRS 95.21
  • blood vessel endothelial cell CL0000071
    CSI 3.5
    rCSI 7.27%
    PRS 93.08
  • tracheobronchial serous cell CL0019001
    CSI 3.48
    rCSI 15.04%
    PRS 95.72
  • periportal region hepatocyte CL0019026
    CSI 3.4
    rCSI 13.23%
    PRS 91.06
  • alveolar adventitial fibroblast CL4028006
    CSI 3.36
    rCSI 5.31%
    PRS 95.15
  • stem cell CL0000034
    CSI 3.26
    rCSI 3.15%
    PRS 91.73
  • kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell CL1001111
    CSI 3.25
    rCSI 4.61%
    PRS 92.97
  • multi-ciliated epithelial cell CL0005012
    CSI 3.23
    rCSI 3.22%
    PRS 89.75
  • chondrocyte CL0000138
    CSI 3.2
    rCSI 5.09%
    PRS 91.11
  • fibroblast of lung CL0002553
    CSI 3.18
    rCSI 2.96%
    PRS 95.39
  • adventitial cell CL0002503
    CSI 3.06
    rCSI 7.31%
    PRS 96.04
  • endocardial cell CL0002350
    CSI 3.01
    rCSI 14.4%
    PRS 91.71
  • mucous neck cell CL0000651
    CSI 2.67
    rCSI 3.85%
    PRS 95.95
  • smooth muscle cell of prostate CL1000487
    CSI 2.64
    rCSI 15.55%
    PRS 96.34
  • mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue CL0002570
    CSI 2.63
    rCSI 14.64%
    PRS 95.59
  • mucus secreting cell CL0000319
    CSI 2.62
    rCSI 4.15%
    PRS 96.98
  • vascular associated smooth muscle cell CL0000359
    CSI 2.57
    rCSI 8.32%
    PRS 93.1
  • M cell of gut CL0000682
    CSI 2.41
    rCSI 2.56%
    PRS 95.28
  • alveolar macrophage CL0000583
    CSI 2.4
    rCSI 3.96%
    PRS 95.43
  • lung goblet cell CL1000143
    CSI 2.39
    rCSI 26.71%
    PRS 96.13
  • epicardial adipocyte CL1000309
    CSI 2.32
    rCSI 7.54%
    PRS 92.29
  • kidney collecting duct principal cell CL1001431
    CSI 2.29
    rCSI 11.51%
    PRS 90.67
  • respiratory hillock cell CL4030023
    CSI 2.13
    rCSI 3.79%
    PRS 96.35
  • colonocyte CL1000347
    CSI 2.05
    rCSI 2.94%
    PRS 92.57
  • muscle cell CL0000187
    CSI 2.04
    rCSI 4.19%
    PRS 95.53
  • airway submucosal gland duct basal cell CL4033024
    CSI 1.87
    rCSI 11.95%
    PRS 94.8
  • keratocyte CL0002363
    CSI 1.86
    rCSI 4.47%
    PRS 94.81
  • myoepithelial cell CL0000185
    CSI 1.86
    rCSI 4.7%
    PRS 95.69
  • retinal blood vessel endothelial cell CL0002585
    CSI 1.84
    rCSI 2.94%
    PRS 95.76
  • mesenchymal cell CL0008019
    CSI 1.67
    rCSI 4.25%
    PRS 90.99
  • epithelial cell of urethra CL1000296
    CSI 1.61
    rCSI 40.43%
    PRS 95.45
  • cholangiocyte CL1000488
    CSI 1.52
    rCSI 9.1%
    PRS 93.13
  • ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree CL0002145
    CSI 1.44
    rCSI 3.27%
    PRS 88.39
  • paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine CL1000343
    CSI 1.32
    rCSI 3.7%
    PRS 95.69
  • mammary gland epithelial cell CL0002327
    CSI 1.32
    rCSI 4.63%
    PRS 96.61
  • intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine CL0009017
    CSI 1.3
    rCSI 3.52%
    PRS 95.28
  • pancreatic stellate cell CL0002410
    CSI 0.83
    rCSI 4.85%
    PRS 95.36
  • microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell CL0008035
    CSI 0.83
    rCSI 2.4%
    PRS 93.78
  • basal cell of epithelium of trachea CL1000348
    CSI 0.73
    rCSI 5.16%
    PRS 94.4
  • kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell CL1001106
    CSI 0.52
    rCSI 4.53%
    PRS 90.11
  • bronchiolar smooth muscle cell CL4033017
    CSI 0.37
    rCSI 5.62%
    PRS 97

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.
Network Configuration

Explore relationships of the current gene. Select an Interaction Source: 'ONTOLOGY' for shared pathways (GO/Reactome) or 'STRING' for protein-protein interactions. Further refine by selecting context genes and comparing Cell Significance Index (CSI) scores between baseline and target cell types and their specific contexts.

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Legend:
  • Query Gene
  • Node Color (Target Cell CSI, relative to current network):
    • Very High
    • High
    • Medium
    • Low
    • Very Low
    • CSI N/A
  • Node Size: Proportional to Target Cell CSI magnitude
  • STRING PPI Edge
  • Shared Pathway Edge (ONTOLOGY)

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Other Information

This section provides additional information about the gene, including a description generated by an AI language model and details about associated proteins.

## Summary [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) is a protein-coding gene located on chromosome 10p15.1 that encodes aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1. As a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, it functions as a NADP-dependent 3-alpha/20-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, playing a critical role in the metabolism of steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, and bile acids [[Link](https://doi.org/10.1042/0264-6021:3510067)]. The enzyme is also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics. **Overall**, expression data reveals that [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) is a highly significant gene in various epithelial and secretory cell types, most notably in [intrahepatic cholangiocyte](/details-cell/CL0002538), [conjunctival epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL1000432), and secretory cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts, suggesting a primary function in metabolic and barrier tissues. Its clinical relevance is linked to steroid metabolism and is associated with OMIM entry [600449](https://omim.org/entry/600449). ## Cellular Roles and Expression Landscape The expression profile of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) highlights its specialized role in metabolic and secretory epithelial tissues. **Overall**, the gene exhibits its highest significance in [intrahepatic cholangiocyte](/details-cell/CL0002538) (CSI: 21.82), the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts, which is consistent with early research identifying the protein as a hepatic bile acid-binding protein [[Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82220-7)]. A broader analysis reveals two major functional clusters of high expression: * **Glandular and Secretory Tissues:** High significance is observed in diverse secretory cells, including [conjunctival epithelial cell](/details-cell/CL1000432), general [secretory cell](/details-cell/CL0000151), [tracheal goblet cell](/details-cell/CL1000329), [bronchial goblet cell](/details-cell/CL1000312), and [pancreatic acinar cell](/details-cell/CL0002064). This pattern suggests a conserved role in modifying and clearing substances at mucosal surfaces. * **Metabolic and Barrier Epithelia:** The gene is also prominent in [hepatocyte](/details-cell/CL0000182), [pancreatic ductal cell](/details-cell/CL0002079), [keratinocyte](/details-cell/CL0000312), and various epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract. This distribution underscores its function in steroid metabolism, detoxification, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Notably, the absence of hematopoietic, neuronal, or muscle cell types in the top expression list indicates a highly specialized function for [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) outside of these lineages, focusing primarily on metabolic and detoxification processes within epithelial contexts. ## Pathways and Molecular Function [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) is a cytosolic enzyme whose function is deeply rooted in reductive metabolism, primarily acting as an aldo-keto reductase ([GO:0004033](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0004033)). Its molecular activities are pleiotropic, centered on the modification of steroids and other lipophilic molecules. Key functions and associated pathways include: * **Steroid Metabolism:** The gene product is a potent steroid dehydrogenase ([GO:0033764](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0033764)) that catalyzes the interconversion of steroid hormones. It is involved in the [progesterone metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0042448) and displays activity towards androgens and estrogens, such as testosterone and estradiol [[Link](https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0250221)]. This is a central component of the '[Metabolism of steroids](/details-pathway/R-HSA-8957322)' pathway. * **Bile Acid Metabolism:** Consistent with its high expression in [intrahepatic cholangiocyte](/details-cell/CL0002538), [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) participates in the [bile acid metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0008206) and shows [bile acid binding](/details-go/GO:0032052) activity [[Link](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37210-1)]. This role is critical for the '[Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts](/details-pathway/R-HSA-192105)' pathway, which is essential for digesting fats and eliminating cholesterol. * **Xenobiotic and Drug Metabolism:** The enzyme is annotated in the [xenobiotic metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0006805) and pathways like '[Drug adme](/details-pathway/R-HSA-9748784)', indicating a role in detoxifying foreign compounds and processing pharmaceuticals like daunorubicin ([GO:0044597](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0044597)) and doxorubicin ([GO:0044598](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0044598)). * **Retinoid Metabolism:** Its involvement in the [retinoid metabolic process](/details-go/GO:0001523) and the Reactome pathway '[Retinoid metabolism and transport](/details-pathway/R-HSA-975634)' suggests a function in vitamin A pathways, which are vital for vision, immune function, and epithelial cell differentiation. ## Research Directions The specific expression patterns and enzymatic functions of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) suggest several avenues for future investigation, particularly concerning metabolic diseases and cancer. ### Proposed Hypotheses: 1. **Role in Cholestatic Liver Disease:** Given its prominent expression in [intrahepatic cholangiocyte](/details-cell/CL0002538) and its function in bile acid metabolism ([GO:0008206](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0008206)), we hypothesize that downregulation or functional impairment of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) in cholangiocytes disrupts bile acid homeostasis, sensitizing the biliary epithelium to damage from toxic bile acids and contributing to the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis or other cholestatic conditions. 2. **Modulation of Airway Mucus Production:** The high significance of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) in respiratory goblet cells ([tracheal goblet cell](/details-cell/CL1000329), [bronchial goblet cell](/details-cell/CL1000312)) combined with its role in retinoid metabolism ([GO:0001523](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0001523)) suggests a role in regulating mucin gene expression, as retinoids are critical for this process. We hypothesize that dysregulation of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) activity alters local retinoic acid levels in the airways, contributing to goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. ### Key Experimental Approach: To test the first hypothesis regarding cholestatic liver disease, an experimental model using human cholangiocyte organoids could be employed. * **Method:** Generate cholangiocyte organoids from healthy donors and use CRISPR-Cas9 to create a stable knockout of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645). Both knockout and wild-type organoids would then be exposed to cytotoxic concentrations of bile acids (e.g., glycochenodeoxycholic acid). * **Analysis:** The impact of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) loss would be assessed by measuring organoid swelling and viability, quantifying apoptosis markers (e.g., cleaved caspase-3 staining), and performing transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) to identify downstream changes in inflammatory and cell-death pathways. A subsequent metabolomic analysis of bile acid species could directly confirm altered metabolism. ### Therapeutic Potential: As an enzyme, [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) represents a druggable target. Its therapeutic potential is context-dependent: * **Inhibition:** In hormone-dependent cancers where [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) may contribute to the production of active, proliferative steroids, selective inhibitors could serve as anti-cancer agents. Its role in metabolizing chemotherapeutic drugs also suggests that inhibiting [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) could be a strategy to overcome drug resistance in certain tumors. * **Activation:** In conditions potentially caused by its deficiency, such as cholestatic liver disease, developing small-molecule activators or exploring gene therapy to restore its function could be a viable therapeutic strategy. However, the broad expression of [AKR1C1](/details-gene/1645) in multiple epithelial tissues would necessitate highly targeted delivery systems to avoid systemic off-target effects.

Genular Protein ID: 1057798921

Symbol: AK1C1_HUMAN

Name: Chlordecone reductase homolog HAKRC

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q04828 P52896 Q5SR15 Q7M4N2 Q9UCX2

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 5 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CPTC 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 121 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 14 DrugCentral 1 EC 13 EMBL 20 Ensembl 1 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 37 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 8 PDBsum 8 PIR 4 PIRSF 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 3 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 Pumba 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 5 RefSeq 1 Rhea 46 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 SwissLipids 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8486699

Title: cDNA cloning and expression of the human hepatic bile acid-binding protein. A member of the monomeric reductase gene family.

PubMed ID: 8486699

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82220-7

PubMed ID: 8132567

Title: Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of a novel human hepatic dihydrodiol dehydrogenase with high affinity bile acid binding.

PubMed ID: 8132567

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37210-1

PubMed ID: 7515059

Title: Regulation of human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase by Michael acceptor xenobiotics.

PubMed ID: 7515059

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40716-2

PubMed ID: 7626489

Title: Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat brain and molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding structurally related proteins in humans.

PubMed ID: 7626489

DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00019-v

PubMed ID: 10672042

Title: Close kinship of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene with three aldo-keto reductase genes.

PubMed ID: 10672042

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00310.x

PubMed ID: 11013348

Title: Characterization of a human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

PubMed ID: 11013348

DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0250221

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 8274401

Title: Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

PubMed ID: 8274401

DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(93)90308-j

PubMed ID: 8573067

Title: Relationship of human liver dihydrodiol dehydrogenases to hepatic bile-acid-binding protein and an oxidoreductase of human colon cells.

PubMed ID: 8573067

DOI: 10.1042/bj3130373

PubMed ID: 8172617

Title: Molecular cloning of two human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase isoenzymes that are identical with chlordecone reductase and bile-acid binder.

PubMed ID: 8172617

DOI: 10.1042/bj2990545

PubMed ID: 10998348

Title: Human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms (AKR1C1-AKR1C4) of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily: functional plasticity and tissue distribution reveals roles in the inactivation and formation of male and female sex hormones.

PubMed ID: 10998348

DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3510067

PubMed ID: 14672942

Title: Human cytosolic 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily display significant 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: implications for steroid hormone metabolism and action.

PubMed ID: 14672942

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313308200

PubMed ID: 19218247

Title: Human cytosolic hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-ketoreductase superfamily catalyze reduction of conjugated steroids: implications for phase I and phase II steroid hormone metabolism.

PubMed ID: 19218247

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809465200

PubMed ID: 12899831

Title: Human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis studies lead to the identification of an alternative binding site for C21-steroids.

PubMed ID: 12899831

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00762-9

PubMed ID: 21414777

Title: Probing the inhibitor selectivity pocket of human 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C1) with X-ray crystallography and site-directed mutagenesis.

PubMed ID: 21414777

DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.076

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 323
  • Mass: 36788
  • Checksum: 9CB215478FBD29D5
  • Sequence:
    • MDSKYQCVKL NDGHFMPVLG FGTYAPAEVP KSKALEATKL AIEAGFRHID SAHLYNNEEQ 
VGLAIRSKIA DGSVKREDIF YTSKLWCNSH RPELVRPALE RSLKNLQLDY VDLYLIHFPV 
SVKPGEEVIP KDENGKILFD TVDLCATWEA VEKCKDAGLA KSIGVSNFNR RQLEMILNKP 
GLKYKPVCNQ VECHPYFNQR KLLDFCKSKD IVLVAYSALG SHREEPWVDP NSPVLLEDPV 
LCALAKKHKR TPALIALRYQ LQRGVVVLAK SYNEQRIRQN VQVFEFQLTS EEMKAIDGLN 
RNVRYLTLDI FAGPPNYPFS DEY