Details for: GDF2

Gene ID: 2658

Symbol: GDF2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000263761

Description: growth differentiation factor 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Marker Score score is uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: vascular associated smooth muscle cell (CL0000359)
    Fold Change: 3.41
    Marker Score: 1565
  • Cell Name: connective tissue cell (CL0002320)
    Fold Change: 1.7
    Marker Score: 442
  • Cell Name: goblet cell (CL0000160)
    Fold Change: 1.16
    Marker Score: 7690
  • Cell Name: absorptive cell (CL0000212)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 30394
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.95
    Marker Score: 2413
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: 0.95
    Marker Score: 1537
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell (CL0009010)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 5340
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 2742
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 5289
  • Cell Name: brush cell (CL0002204)
    Fold Change: 0.79
    Marker Score: 723
  • Cell Name: mononuclear cell (CL0000842)
    Fold Change: 0.71
    Marker Score: 228.5
  • Cell Name: intestinal enteroendocrine cell (CL1001516)
    Fold Change: 0.68
    Marker Score: 545
  • Cell Name: tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell (CL0019019)
    Fold Change: 0.66
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: kidney capillary endothelial cell (CL1000892)
    Fold Change: 0.6
    Marker Score: 189
  • Cell Name: renal beta-intercalated cell (CL0002201)
    Fold Change: 0.59
    Marker Score: 188
  • Cell Name: ciliated epithelial cell (CL0000067)
    Fold Change: 0.58
    Marker Score: 266.5
  • Cell Name: fetal cardiomyocyte (CL0002495)
    Fold Change: 0.57
    Marker Score: 189
  • Cell Name: podocyte (CL0000653)
    Fold Change: 0.52
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: parietal epithelial cell (CL1000452)
    Fold Change: 0.52
    Marker Score: 188
  • Cell Name: hepatic stellate cell (CL0000632)
    Fold Change: 0.51
    Marker Score: 192
  • Cell Name: pericyte (CL0000669)
    Fold Change: 0.48
    Marker Score: 283
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.47
    Marker Score: 7383
  • Cell Name: neuronal receptor cell (CL0000006)
    Fold Change: 0.47
    Marker Score: 206
  • Cell Name: platelet (CL0000233)
    Fold Change: 0.4
    Marker Score: 180
  • Cell Name: renal alpha-intercalated cell (CL0005011)
    Fold Change: 0.35
    Marker Score: 183
  • Cell Name: mast cell (CL0000097)
    Fold Change: 0.32
    Marker Score: 187.5
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    Fold Change: 0.32
    Marker Score: 607
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: 0.32
    Marker Score: 181
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel (CL0002138)
    Fold Change: 0.31
    Marker Score: 192
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: 0.29
    Marker Score: 194
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle myoblast (CL0000514)
    Fold Change: 0.28
    Marker Score: 133
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell (CL0000192)
    Fold Change: 0.28
    Marker Score: 182.5
  • Cell Name: hepatocyte (CL0000182)
    Fold Change: 0.27
    Marker Score: 184
  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: 0.26
    Marker Score: 144
  • Cell Name: primitive red blood cell (CL0002355)
    Fold Change: 0.26
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: 0.24
    Marker Score: 496
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell (CL0000115)
    Fold Change: 0.24
    Marker Score: 218
  • Cell Name: renal principal cell (CL0005009)
    Fold Change: 0.23
    Marker Score: 175
  • Cell Name: fibroblast (CL0000057)
    Fold Change: 0.23
    Marker Score: 219
  • Cell Name: stromal cell (CL0000499)
    Fold Change: 0.23
    Marker Score: 265
  • Cell Name: lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell (CL0000838)
    Fold Change: 0.22
    Marker Score: 135
  • Cell Name: B cell (CL0000236)
    Fold Change: 0.2
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: vein endothelial cell (CL0002543)
    Fold Change: 0.2
    Marker Score: 183
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    Fold Change: 0.19
    Marker Score: 212.5
  • Cell Name: Kupffer cell (CL0000091)
    Fold Change: 0.19
    Marker Score: 191
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000038)
    Fold Change: 0.18
    Marker Score: 188
  • Cell Name: capillary endothelial cell (CL0002144)
    Fold Change: 0.18
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001107)
    Fold Change: 0.17
    Marker Score: 177
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte precursor cell (CL0002453)
    Fold Change: 0.16
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: myofibroblast cell (CL0000186)
    Fold Change: 0.15
    Marker Score: 191
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of cardiac tissue (CL0002548)
    Fold Change: 0.15
    Marker Score: 906.5
  • Cell Name: kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell (CL1000849)
    Fold Change: 0.15
    Marker Score: 157.5
  • Cell Name: natural killer cell (CL0000623)
    Fold Change: 0.14
    Marker Score: 178
  • Cell Name: kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell (CL1000768)
    Fold Change: 0.13
    Marker Score: 181
  • Cell Name: secretory cell (CL0000151)
    Fold Change: 0.13
    Marker Score: 230
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: 0.12
    Marker Score: 185
  • Cell Name: kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell (CL1000838)
    Fold Change: 0.11
    Marker Score: 234
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: 0.11
    Marker Score: 440
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    Fold Change: 0.08
    Marker Score: 190
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: 0.07
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell (CL1000839)
    Fold Change: 0.06
    Marker Score: 149.5
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule (CL0002306)
    Fold Change: 0.06
    Marker Score: 212
  • Cell Name: Unknown (CL0000003)
    Fold Change: 0.06
    Marker Score: 174
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of lung (CL0002553)
    Fold Change: 0.05
    Marker Score: 130
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001106)
    Fold Change: 0.04
    Marker Score: 115
  • Cell Name: Sertoli cell (CL0000216)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 190
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lung (CL0000082)
    Fold Change: 0.03
    Marker Score: 161
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: 0.02
    Marker Score: 187
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: 0.02
    Marker Score: 186
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: 0.01
    Marker Score: 181
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 0.01
    Marker Score: 133
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: 0.01
    Marker Score: 179
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: 0.01
    Marker Score: 193
  • Cell Name: vip GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: 0.01
    Marker Score: 191
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0
    Marker Score: 115

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Other Information

**Key characteristics:** - GDF2 is a secreted protein that is produced by various cell types, including vascular cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells. - It is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. - GDF2 is a potent angiogenic factor that can stimulate the growth and survival of endothelial cells. - It also promotes the migration and differentiation of endothelial cells into smooth muscle cells. **Pathways and functions:** - GDF2 signaling primarily occurs through its interaction with the TGF-beta receptor type II (TGFBR2). - Binding of GDF2 to TGFBR2 leads to the activation of downstream signaling pathways that promote the proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells. - These pathways include the Smad signaling pathway, the PI3K/AKT pathway, and the MAPK pathway. - GDF2 also plays a role in the regulation of vascular remodeling, inflammation, and tissue development. **Clinical significance:** - Mutations in GDF2 have been linked to various human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. - Overexpression of GDF2 has been observed in many tumor cells, suggesting that it may play a role in tumor growth and metastasis. - Blockade of GDF2 signaling has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in preclinical models. **Additional notes:** - GDF2 is a pleiotropic protein with both pro- and anti-angiogenic properties. - Its effects on endothelial cell migration and proliferation are context-dependent, and its role in cancer is still being actively investigated.

Genular Protein ID: 3387539013

Symbol: GDF2_HUMAN

Name: Growth/differentiation factor 2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Q9UK05 Q5VSQ9 Q9Y571

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEMBL 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 6 Ensembl 1 EvolutionaryTrace 1 GO 35 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 Genevisible 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 16 PDBsum 7 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 1 SAM 1 SIGNOR 1 SMART 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 15164054

Title: The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10.

PubMed ID: 15164054

DOI: 10.1038/nature02462

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 18309101

Title: Bone morphogenetic protein-9 is a circulating vascular quiescence factor.

PubMed ID: 18309101

DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.165530

PubMed ID: 20628059

Title: TGFbeta/BMP type I receptors ALK1 and ALK2 are essential for BMP9-induced osteogenic signaling in mesenchymal stem cells.

PubMed ID: 20628059

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.130518

PubMed ID: 21737454

Title: Soluble endoglin specifically binds bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10 via its orphan domain, inhibits blood vessel formation, and suppresses tumor growth.

PubMed ID: 21737454

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260133

PubMed ID: 22799562

Title: Structure of the Alk1 extracellular domain and characterization of its bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) binding properties.

PubMed ID: 22799562

DOI: 10.1021/bi300942x

PubMed ID: 21710321

Title: BMP9 is produced by hepatocytes and circulates mainly in an active mature form complexed to its prodomain.

PubMed ID: 21710321

DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0751-1

PubMed ID: 22347366

Title: Structural and functional insights into endoglin ligand recognition and binding.

PubMed ID: 22347366

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029948

PubMed ID: 23300529

Title: Endoglin requirement for BMP9 signaling in endothelial cells reveals new mechanism of action for selective anti-endoglin antibodies.

PubMed ID: 23300529

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050920

PubMed ID: 15851468

Title: Crystal structure of BMP-9 and functional interactions with pro-region and receptors.

PubMed ID: 15851468

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503328200

PubMed ID: 22718755

Title: Specificity and structure of a high affinity activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) signaling complex.

PubMed ID: 22718755

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377960

PubMed ID: 25237187

Title: Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) by redox-dependent proteolysis.

PubMed ID: 25237187

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579771

PubMed ID: 25751889

Title: Structure of bone morphogenetic protein 9 procomplex.

PubMed ID: 25751889

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501303112

PubMed ID: 28564608

Title: Structural Basis of the Human Endoglin-BMP9 Interaction: Insights into BMP Signaling and HHT1.

PubMed ID: 28564608

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.011

PubMed ID: 23972370

Title: BMP9 mutations cause a vascular-anomaly syndrome with phenotypic overlap with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

PubMed ID: 23972370

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.004

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 429
  • Mass: 47320
  • Checksum: 5AC15DCA205FF086
  • Sequence:
    • MCPGALWVAL PLLSLLAGSL QGKPLQSWGR GSAGGNAHSP LGVPGGGLPE HTFNLKMFLE 
NVKVDFLRSL NLSGVPSQDK TRVEPPQYMI DLYNRYTSDK STTPASNIVR SFSMEDAISI 
TATEDFPFQK HILLFNISIP RHEQITRAEL RLYVSCQNHV DPSHDLKGSV VIYDVLDGTD 
AWDSATETKT FLVSQDIQDE GWETLEVSSA VKRWVRSDST KSKNKLEVTV ESHRKGCDTL 
DISVPPGSRN LPFFVVFSND HSSGTKETRL ELREMISHEQ ESVLKKLSKD GSTEAGESSH 
EEDTDGHVAA GSTLARRKRS AGAGSHCQKT SLRVNFEDIG WDSWIIAPKE YEAYECKGGC 
FFPLADDVTP TKHAIVQTLV HLKFPTKVGK ACCVPTKLSP ISVLYKDDMG VPTLKYHYEG 
MSVAECGCR

Genular Protein ID: 429095335

Symbol: B2RC63_HUMAN

Name: N/A

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

B2RC63

Database IDs:

ARBA 4 AlphaFoldDB 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 CDD 1 CTD 1 DNASU 1 EMBL 2 GO 2 Gene3D 2 GenomeRNAi 1 InterPro 5 KEGG 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PRINTS 1 PROSITE 3 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 RefSeq 1 RuleBase 1 SAM 2 SMART 1 SUPFAM 1

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 429
  • Mass: 47306
  • Checksum: 5B5F5DCA23FFF086
  • Sequence:
    • MCPGALWVAL PLLSLLAGSL QGKPLQSWGR GSAGGNAHSP LGVPGGGLPE HTFNLKMFLE 
NVKVDFLRSL NLSGVPSQDK TRVEPPQYMI DLYNRYTSDK STTPASNIVR SFSMEDAISI 
TATEDFPFQK HILLFNISIP RHEQITRAEL RLYVSCQNHV DPSHDLKGSV VIYDVLDGTD 
GWDSATETKT FLVSQDIQDE GWETLEVSSA VKRWVRSDST KSKNKLEVTV ESHRKGCDTL 
DISVPPGSRN LPFFVVFSND HSSGTKETRL ELREMISHEQ ESVLKKLSKD GSTEAGESSH 
EEDTDGHVAA GSTLARRKRS AGAGSHCQKT SLRVNFEDIG WDSWIIAPKE YEAYECKGGC 
FFPLADDVTP TKHAIVQTLV HLKFPTKVGK ACCVPTKLSP ISVLYKDDMG VPTLKYHYEG 
MSVAECGCR

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. For the full schema, download it here.