Details for: GSR

Gene ID: 2936

Symbol: GSR

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000104687

Description: glutathione-disulfide reductase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 161.1107
    Cell Significance Index: -25.0600
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 105.1476
    Cell Significance Index: -26.6700
  • Cell Name: mucosal type mast cell (CL0000485)
    Fold Change: 59.3343
    Cell Significance Index: -24.1100
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell of the bronchus (CL0002332)
    Fold Change: 25.4519
    Cell Significance Index: -24.3000
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 21.7769
    Cell Significance Index: -26.8500
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 9.7765
    Cell Significance Index: -26.1900
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell (CL0000795)
    Fold Change: 7.7651
    Cell Significance Index: -23.8500
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 6.8980
    Cell Significance Index: -27.2200
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 4.9849
    Cell Significance Index: -10.9100
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 4.5787
    Cell Significance Index: 62.4700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: 2.3691
    Cell Significance Index: 276.0900
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 1.8036
    Cell Significance Index: 196.1800
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 1.4509
    Cell Significance Index: 287.9500
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 1.4324
    Cell Significance Index: 232.9600
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 1.2907
    Cell Significance Index: 34.5900
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: 1.0759
    Cell Significance Index: 132.2900
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.0655
    Cell Significance Index: 213.7400
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: 0.9876
    Cell Significance Index: 27.6000
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: 0.9668
    Cell Significance Index: 66.8600
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.8918
    Cell Significance Index: 19.3200
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.8869
    Cell Significance Index: 318.1200
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.8847
    Cell Significance Index: 798.8200
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.8729
    Cell Significance Index: 157.3500
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.7929
    Cell Significance Index: 35.9400
  • Cell Name: centrilobular region hepatocyte (CL0019029)
    Fold Change: 0.7753
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0600
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: 0.7553
    Cell Significance Index: 6.9600
  • Cell Name: placental villous trophoblast (CL2000060)
    Fold Change: 0.7457
    Cell Significance Index: 19.9100
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.5366
    Cell Significance Index: 371.1400
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.5265
    Cell Significance Index: 15.1700
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.5205
    Cell Significance Index: 27.0400
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: 0.4781
    Cell Significance Index: 10.2200
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.4349
    Cell Significance Index: 237.5200
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.3973
    Cell Significance Index: 30.4900
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 0.3771
    Cell Significance Index: 6.9700
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: 0.3661
    Cell Significance Index: 9.4100
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: 0.3055
    Cell Significance Index: 20.5400
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.2958
    Cell Significance Index: 11.2000
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.2903
    Cell Significance Index: 12.8400
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: 0.2464
    Cell Significance Index: 11.4900
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: 0.1844
    Cell Significance Index: 4.2600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: 0.1569
    Cell Significance Index: 26.8000
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 0.1430
    Cell Significance Index: 8.7900
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: 0.1310
    Cell Significance Index: 3.5700
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: 0.1287
    Cell Significance Index: 2.7400
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.1254
    Cell Significance Index: 236.0600
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: 0.1110
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0900
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.1077
    Cell Significance Index: 3.7900
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.1034
    Cell Significance Index: 14.2000
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 0.0975
    Cell Significance Index: 44.2500
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of small intestine (CL0009080)
    Fold Change: 0.0887
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9000
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.0836
    Cell Significance Index: 53.1100
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.0812
    Cell Significance Index: 8.0300
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 0.0565
    Cell Significance Index: 3.1700
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 0.0488
    Cell Significance Index: 3.1500
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: 0.0215
    Cell Significance Index: 2.7600
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.0213
    Cell Significance Index: 28.9600
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0092
    Cell Significance Index: 14.2200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: 0.0021
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0600
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0019
    Cell Significance Index: 3.5000
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0056
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0073
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5700
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: -0.0107
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7100
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.0123
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2100
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0174
    Cell Significance Index: -12.7900
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: -0.0217
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5700
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0248
    Cell Significance Index: -18.7800
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0310
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5000
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0314
    Cell Significance Index: -17.7300
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: -0.0554
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8300
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0572
    Cell Significance Index: -5.8400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic endocrine cell (CL0008024)
    Fold Change: -0.0691
    Cell Significance Index: -7.8900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0705
    Cell Significance Index: -14.8600
  • Cell Name: neutrophil progenitor cell (CL0000834)
    Fold Change: -0.0811
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1700
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0818
    Cell Significance Index: -23.5500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0835
    Cell Significance Index: -9.5700
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: -0.0840
    Cell Significance Index: -15.9900
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.0857
    Cell Significance Index: -8.9200
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.1155
    Cell Significance Index: -8.1700
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: -0.1561
    Cell Significance Index: -9.8400
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.1721
    Cell Significance Index: -22.2400
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: -0.1788
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4700
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -0.2141
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1600
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.2560
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1400
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of placenta (CL0009092)
    Fold Change: -0.2656
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6100
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.2698
    Cell Significance Index: -12.6800
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.2761
    Cell Significance Index: -21.8700
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.2849
    Cell Significance Index: -21.2300
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of colon (CL0009011)
    Fold Change: -0.3447
    Cell Significance Index: -11.0400
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: -0.3530
    Cell Significance Index: -7.7300
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.3859
    Cell Significance Index: -6.4900
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.3926
    Cell Significance Index: -20.4500
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.4113
    Cell Significance Index: -21.6000
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.4145
    Cell Significance Index: -6.1200
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: -0.4238
    Cell Significance Index: -25.4400
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.4283
    Cell Significance Index: -9.0900
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.4444
    Cell Significance Index: -22.4600
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.4585
    Cell Significance Index: -28.1100
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.4920
    Cell Significance Index: -15.6700
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.4985
    Cell Significance Index: -14.2900
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.5260
    Cell Significance Index: -10.4000

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** GSR is a flavoprotein that belongs to the NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase family. It is a homodimeric enzyme, consisting of two identical subunits, each containing a FAD cofactor. GSR is primarily localized in the cytosol and mitochondria of cells, where it plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of reduced and oxidized glutathione. The enzyme has a high specificity for GSSG, with a Km value of approximately 1 μM, making it an efficient reducer of oxidized glutathione. **Pathways and Functions:** GSR is involved in several key pathways that regulate cellular redox homeostasis, including: 1. **Cellular Redox Homeostasis:** GSR plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of reduced and oxidized glutathione, which is essential for regulating cellular redox homeostasis. 2. **Cellular Oxidant Detoxification:** GSR helps to neutralize ROS by reducing oxidized glutathione disulfide to its reduced form, glutathione. 3. **Cellular Responses to Stimuli:** GSR is involved in the regulation of various cellular responses to stimuli, including oxidative stress, chemical stress, and cellular stress. 4. **Electron Transfer Activity:** GSR participates in electron transfer reactions, which are essential for maintaining the balance of reduced and oxidized glutathione. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of GSR has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Cancer:** Abnormalities in GSR expression or function have been linked to cancer development and progression. 2. **Neurodegenerative Disorders:** GSR dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. 3. **Metabolic Disorders:** GSR abnormalities have been linked to metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. 4. **Oxidative Stress:** GSR dysfunction can lead to increased oxidative stress, which can contribute to the development of various diseases. In conclusion, GSR is a critical enzyme that plays a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, highlighting the importance of GSR in maintaining cellular health. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of GSR dysfunction and its role in disease development.

Genular Protein ID: 3601096432

Symbol: GSHR_HUMAN

Name: Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P00390 C8KIL8 C8KIL9 C8KIM0 D3DSV3 Q7Z5C9 Q9NP63

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioCyc 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 4 CTD 1 CarbonylDB 1 ChEBI 7 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugBank 18 DrugCentral 1 EC 1 EMBL 14 Ensembl 4 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 12 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 8 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MINT 1 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 NCBIfam 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 27 PDBsum 27 PIR 1 PIRSF 1 PRINTS 2 PRO 1 PROSITE 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 5 Pumba 1 REPRODUCTION-2DPAGE 1 RNAct 1 Reactome 5 RefSeq 4 Rhea 1 SABIO-RK 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 SwissPalm 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 2185014

Title: Cloning and sequencing of mammalian glutathione reductase cDNA.

PubMed ID: 2185014

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15431.x

PubMed ID: 10708558

Title: Structural organization of the human glutathione reductase (GSR) gene: determination of correct cDNA sequence and identification of a mitochondrial leader sequence.

PubMed ID: 10708558

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2267

PubMed ID: 20628807

Title: Expression of glutathione reductase splice variants in human tissues.

PubMed ID: 20628807

DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9362-z

PubMed ID: 16421571

Title: DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8.

PubMed ID: 16421571

DOI: 10.1038/nature04406

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 7060551

Title: Glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes. The sequences of the NADPH domain and of the interface domain.

PubMed ID: 7060551

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb05780.x

PubMed ID: 923580

Title: Glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes. Isolation of the enzyme and sequence analysis of the redox-active peptide.

PubMed ID: 923580

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11856.x

PubMed ID: 15592455

Title: Immunoaffinity profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation in cancer cells.

PubMed ID: 15592455

DOI: 10.1038/nbt1046

PubMed ID: 21269460

Title: Initial characterization of the human central proteome.

PubMed ID: 21269460

DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-17

PubMed ID: 23186163

Title: Toward a comprehensive characterization of a human cancer cell phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 23186163

DOI: 10.1021/pr300630k

PubMed ID: 24275569

Title: An enzyme assisted RP-RPLC approach for in-depth analysis of human liver phosphoproteome.

PubMed ID: 24275569

DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.014

PubMed ID: 25944712

Title: N-terminome analysis of the human mitochondrial proteome.

PubMed ID: 25944712

DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400617

PubMed ID: 17185460

Title: Molecular basis of glutathione reductase deficiency in human blood cells.

PubMed ID: 17185460

DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-042531

PubMed ID: 7334521

Title: Three-dimensional structure of glutathione reductase at 2-A resolution.

PubMed ID: 7334521

DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90126-1

PubMed ID: 3656429

Title: Refined structure of glutathione reductase at 1.54-A resolution.

PubMed ID: 3656429

DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90191-4

PubMed ID: 8626496

Title: Kinetics and crystallographic analysis of human glutathione reductase in complex with a xanthene inhibitor.

PubMed ID: 8626496

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.14.8101

PubMed ID: 9174360

Title: Glutathione reductase turned into trypanothione reductase: structural analysis of an engineered change in substrate specificity.

PubMed ID: 9174360

DOI: 10.1021/bi963074p

PubMed ID: 9546215

Title: Enzyme inactivation through sulfhydryl oxidation by physiologic NO-carriers.

PubMed ID: 9546215

DOI: 10.1038/nsb0498-267

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 522
  • Mass: 56257
  • Checksum: DD8E2BA9D6E3757B
  • Sequence:
    • MALLPRALSA GAGPSWRRAA RAFRGFLLLL PEPAALTRAL SRAMACRQEP QPQGPPPAAG 
AVASYDYLVI GGGSGGLASA RRAAELGARA AVVESHKLGG TCVNVGCVPK KVMWNTAVHS 
EFMHDHADYG FPSCEGKFNW RVIKEKRDAY VSRLNAIYQN NLTKSHIEII RGHAAFTSDP 
KPTIEVSGKK YTAPHILIAT GGMPSTPHES QIPGASLGIT SDGFFQLEEL PGRSVIVGAG 
YIAVEMAGIL SALGSKTSLM IRHDKVLRSF DSMISTNCTE ELENAGVEVL KFSQVKEVKK 
TLSGLEVSMV TAVPGRLPVM TMIPDVDCLL WAIGRVPNTK DLSLNKLGIQ TDDKGHIIVD 
EFQNTNVKGI YAVGDVCGKA LLTPVAIAAG RKLAHRLFEY KEDSKLDYNN IPTVVFSHPP 
IGTVGLTEDE AIHKYGIENV KTYSTSFTPM YHAVTKRKTK CVMKMVCANK EEKVVGIHMQ 
GLGCDEMLQG FAVAVKMGAT KADFDNTVAI HPTSSEELVT LR

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.