Details for: LGALS9

Gene ID: 3965

Symbol: LGALS9

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000168961

Description: galectin 9

Associated with

  • Cytokine signaling in immune system
    (R-HSA-1280215)
  • Immune system
    (R-HSA-168256)
  • Interleukin-2 family signaling
    (R-HSA-451927)
  • Signaling by interleukins
    (R-HSA-449147)
  • Carbohydrate binding
    (GO:0030246)
  • Cellular response to type ii interferon
    (GO:0071346)
  • Cellular response to virus
    (GO:0098586)
  • Chemotaxis
    (GO:0006935)
  • Collagen-containing extracellular matrix
    (GO:0062023)
  • Cytoplasm
    (GO:0005737)
  • Cytosol
    (GO:0005829)
  • Disaccharide binding
    (GO:0048030)
  • Enzyme binding
    (GO:0019899)
  • Erk1 and erk2 cascade
    (GO:0070371)
  • Extracellular space
    (GO:0005615)
  • Female pregnancy
    (GO:0007565)
  • Galactose binding
    (GO:0005534)
  • Galactoside binding
    (GO:0016936)
  • Inflammatory response
    (GO:0006954)
  • Maternal process involved in female pregnancy
    (GO:0060135)
  • Mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation
    (GO:0097029)
  • Natural killer cell tolerance induction
    (GO:0002519)
  • Negative regulation of activated t cell proliferation
    (GO:0046007)
  • Negative regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation
    (GO:2000562)
  • Negative regulation of chemokine production
    (GO:0032682)
  • Negative regulation of gene expression
    (GO:0010629)
  • Negative regulation of mast cell degranulation
    (GO:0043305)
  • Negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
    (GO:0045953)
  • Negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
    (GO:0032720)
  • Negative regulation of type ii interferon production
    (GO:0032689)
  • Nucleus
    (GO:0005634)
  • P38mapk cascade
    (GO:0038066)
  • Positive regulation of activated t cell autonomous cell death
    (GO:0070241)
  • Positive regulation of canonical nf-kappab signal transduction
    (GO:0043123)
  • Positive regulation of cd4-positive, alpha-beta t cell proliferation
    (GO:2000563)
  • Positive regulation of cd4-positive, cd25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory t cell differentiation involved in immune response
    (GO:0032834)
  • Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway
    (GO:2001269)
  • Positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
    (GO:2000670)
  • Positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis
    (GO:2000510)
  • Positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
    (GO:2001200)
  • Positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade
    (GO:0070374)
  • Positive regulation of gene expression
    (GO:0010628)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
    (GO:0032731)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-4 production
    (GO:0032753)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-6 production
    (GO:0032755)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-8 production
    (GO:0032757)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-10 production
    (GO:0032733)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-12 production
    (GO:0032735)
  • Positive regulation of interleukin-13 production
    (GO:0032736)
  • Positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production
    (GO:0071639)
  • Positive regulation of nf-kappab transcription factor activity
    (GO:0051092)
  • Positive regulation of non-canonical nf-kappab signal transduction
    (GO:1901224)
  • Positive regulation of t cell activation via t cell receptor contact with antigen bound to mhc molecule on antigen presenting cell
    (GO:2001190)
  • Positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production
    (GO:0071636)
  • Positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
    (GO:0032760)
  • Positive regulation of type ii interferon production
    (GO:0032729)
  • Positive regulation of viral entry into host cell
    (GO:0046598)
  • Regulation of interleukin-4 production
    (GO:0032673)
  • Regulation of interleukin-5 production
    (GO:0032674)
  • Regulation of p38mapk cascade
    (GO:1900744)
  • Response to interleukin-1
    (GO:0070555)
  • Response to lipopolysaccharide
    (GO:0032496)
  • Toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway
    (GO:0034134)
  • Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway
    (GO:0034142)

Cells (max top 100)

(Marker Score score is uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte (CL0002057)
    Fold Change: 2.56
    Marker Score: 143370
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002397)
    Fold Change: 2.54
    Marker Score: 4942
  • Cell Name: alveolar macrophage (CL0000583)
    Fold Change: 2.2
    Marker Score: 56315
  • Cell Name: foveolar cell of stomach (CL0002179)
    Fold Change: 2.14
    Marker Score: 13660
  • Cell Name: pro-T cell (CL0000827)
    Fold Change: 2
    Marker Score: 8198
  • Cell Name: non-classical monocyte (CL0000875)
    Fold Change: 1.99
    Marker Score: 4810
  • Cell Name: CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell (CL0001024)
    Fold Change: 1.98
    Marker Score: 1435
  • Cell Name: Hofbauer cell (CL3000001)
    Fold Change: 1.95
    Marker Score: 1073
  • Cell Name: small pre-B-II cell (CL0000954)
    Fold Change: 1.91
    Marker Score: 2297
  • Cell Name: colon epithelial cell (CL0011108)
    Fold Change: 1.9
    Marker Score: 5973
  • Cell Name: intestine goblet cell (CL0019031)
    Fold Change: 1.89
    Marker Score: 1813
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian (CL0001066)
    Fold Change: 1.82
    Marker Score: 585
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: 1.76
    Marker Score: 17797.5
  • Cell Name: fraction A pre-pro B cell (CL0002045)
    Fold Change: 1.75
    Marker Score: 1762
  • Cell Name: Kupffer cell (CL0000091)
    Fold Change: 1.73
    Marker Score: 1730
  • Cell Name: late pro-B cell (CL0002048)
    Fold Change: 1.67
    Marker Score: 1972.5
  • Cell Name: alternatively activated macrophage (CL0000890)
    Fold Change: 1.67
    Marker Score: 695
  • Cell Name: lung macrophage (CL1001603)
    Fold Change: 1.59
    Marker Score: 1820
  • Cell Name: blood cell (CL0000081)
    Fold Change: 1.57
    Marker Score: 18215.5
  • Cell Name: B-1 B cell (CL0000819)
    Fold Change: 1.52
    Marker Score: 2643
  • Cell Name: CD1c-positive myeloid dendritic cell (CL0002399)
    Fold Change: 1.48
    Marker Score: 3826
  • Cell Name: decidual natural killer cell, human (CL0002343)
    Fold Change: 1.47
    Marker Score: 4053
  • Cell Name: large pre-B-II cell (CL0000957)
    Fold Change: 1.4
    Marker Score: 3813
  • Cell Name: CD14-positive monocyte (CL0001054)
    Fold Change: 1.4
    Marker Score: 3492
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic precursor cell (CL0008001)
    Fold Change: 1.4
    Marker Score: 489
  • Cell Name: elicited macrophage (CL0000861)
    Fold Change: 1.35
    Marker Score: 8202
  • Cell Name: conventional dendritic cell (CL0000990)
    Fold Change: 1.28
    Marker Score: 881
  • Cell Name: dendritic cell, human (CL0001056)
    Fold Change: 1.24
    Marker Score: 1264
  • Cell Name: mucous neck cell (CL0000651)
    Fold Change: 1.23
    Marker Score: 2802
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell (CL0002250)
    Fold Change: 1.23
    Marker Score: 462
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 1.19
    Marker Score: 1181.5
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell (CL0000837)
    Fold Change: 1.16
    Marker Score: 567.5
  • Cell Name: dendritic cell (CL0000451)
    Fold Change: 1.13
    Marker Score: 776
  • Cell Name: common lymphoid progenitor (CL0000051)
    Fold Change: 1.13
    Marker Score: 770
  • Cell Name: immature innate lymphoid cell (CL0001082)
    Fold Change: 1.11
    Marker Score: 2265
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epithelium of trachea (CL1000348)
    Fold Change: 1.11
    Marker Score: 8227
  • Cell Name: cord blood hematopoietic stem cell (CL2000095)
    Fold Change: 1.1
    Marker Score: 831
  • Cell Name: enterocyte (CL0000584)
    Fold Change: 1.1
    Marker Score: 5267
  • Cell Name: mucus secreting cell (CL0000319)
    Fold Change: 1.1
    Marker Score: 279
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of colon (CL0009009)
    Fold Change: 1.06
    Marker Score: 306
  • Cell Name: bronchial goblet cell (CL1000312)
    Fold Change: 1.04
    Marker Score: 515
  • Cell Name: duct epithelial cell (CL0000068)
    Fold Change: 1.03
    Marker Score: 482.5
  • Cell Name: cardiac endothelial cell (CL0010008)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Marker Score: 1941.5
  • Cell Name: naive B cell (CL0000788)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Marker Score: 910
  • Cell Name: common dendritic progenitor (CL0001029)
    Fold Change: 1.02
    Marker Score: 352
  • Cell Name: IgG-negative class switched memory B cell (CL0002117)
    Fold Change: 1.01
    Marker Score: 996
  • Cell Name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron (CL0010011)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 71706
  • Cell Name: forebrain radial glial cell (CL0013000)
    Fold Change: 1
    Marker Score: 47931
  • Cell Name: immature B cell (CL0000816)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 650
  • Cell Name: late promyelocyte (CL0002151)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 246
  • Cell Name: absorptive cell (CL0000212)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 30395
  • Cell Name: B-1b B cell (CL0000821)
    Fold Change: 0.98
    Marker Score: 225
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 2399
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.94
    Marker Score: 486
  • Cell Name: BEST4+ intestinal epithelial cell, human (CL4030026)
    Fold Change: 0.93
    Marker Score: 441
  • Cell Name: granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell (CL0000557)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 586
  • Cell Name: nasal mucosa goblet cell (CL0002480)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 617
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell (CL0009010)
    Fold Change: 0.92
    Marker Score: 5231
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 3938
  • Cell Name: respiratory goblet cell (CL0002370)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 263
  • Cell Name: central nervous system macrophage (CL0000878)
    Fold Change: 0.91
    Marker Score: 450
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 2709
  • Cell Name: Leydig cell (CL0000178)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 970
  • Cell Name: classical monocyte (CL0000860)
    Fold Change: 0.9
    Marker Score: 3722
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: 0.89
    Marker Score: 221
  • Cell Name: pulmonary artery endothelial cell (CL1001568)
    Fold Change: 0.88
    Marker Score: 760
  • Cell Name: stem cell (CL0000034)
    Fold Change: 0.88
    Marker Score: 2094
  • Cell Name: Unknown (CL0000548)
    Fold Change: 0.88
    Marker Score: 642
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 314
  • Cell Name: osteoclast (CL0000092)
    Fold Change: 0.87
    Marker Score: 433
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 5239
  • Cell Name: centrocyte (CL0009111)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 205
  • Cell Name: mature T cell (CL0002419)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 8534
  • Cell Name: squamous epithelial cell (CL0000076)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 585
  • Cell Name: type EC enteroendocrine cell (CL0000577)
    Fold Change: 0.86
    Marker Score: 806
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.85
    Marker Score: 1251
  • Cell Name: pro-B cell (CL0000826)
    Fold Change: 0.84
    Marker Score: 812
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    Fold Change: 0.84
    Marker Score: 935
  • Cell Name: unswitched memory B cell (CL0000970)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 488
  • Cell Name: secretory cell (CL0000151)
    Fold Change: 0.83
    Marker Score: 1515
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 433
  • Cell Name: intermediate monocyte (CL0002393)
    Fold Change: 0.82
    Marker Score: 283
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 0.81
    Marker Score: 12666.5
  • Cell Name: microglial cell (CL0000129)
    Fold Change: 0.79
    Marker Score: 1440
  • Cell Name: club cell (CL0000158)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 916
  • Cell Name: eurydendroid cell (CL0000253)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 320
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 596
  • Cell Name: early lymphoid progenitor (CL0000936)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 381.5
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 1261
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: 0.78
    Marker Score: 311
  • Cell Name: Langerhans cell (CL0000453)
    Fold Change: 0.77
    Marker Score: 230
  • Cell Name: monocyte (CL0000576)
    Fold Change: 0.76
    Marker Score: 984
  • Cell Name: paneth cell (CL0000510)
    Fold Change: 0.75
    Marker Score: 523
  • Cell Name: plasmacytoid dendritic cell, human (CL0001058)
    Fold Change: 0.75
    Marker Score: 197
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell (CL0000115)
    Fold Change: 0.74
    Marker Score: 662
  • Cell Name: Cajal-Retzius cell (CL0000695)
    Fold Change: 0.74
    Marker Score: 381
  • Cell Name: germinal center B cell (CL0000844)
    Fold Change: 0.73
    Marker Score: 444
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of sinusoid (CL0002262)
    Fold Change: 0.73
    Marker Score: 177
  • Cell Name: myeloid cell (CL0000763)
    Fold Change: 0.72
    Marker Score: 1160
  • Cell Name: lung secretory cell (CL1000272)
    Fold Change: 0.72
    Marker Score: 643

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Other Information

**Key characteristics:** * Galectin-9 is a large protein with a molecular weight of approximately 140 kDa. * It is a member of the galectin family of glycoproteins, which are characterized by their ability to bind to various sugar molecules. * Galectin-9 is expressed in high levels in inflammatory and immune cells. * It plays a crucial role in the regulation of innate immunity, activating macrophages and dendritic cells to respond to pathogens. * It also regulates adaptive immune responses by promoting the activation of T cells and suppressing the activation of regulatory T cells. * It is involved in the regulation of inflammation by binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and triggering the activation of innate immune cells. * It also regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2 and IL-6. **Pathways and functions:** * Galectin-9 is involved in the regulation of inflammation through its interaction with various signaling molecules. * It binds to various ligands, including LPS, mannose, and galactose. * Binding to these ligands triggers signaling pathways that involve the activation of various downstream targets, including the PI3K/Akt pathway and the MAPK pathway. * These pathways regulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thereby controlling the inflammatory response. * Galectin-9 also plays a role in immune tolerance by interacting with CD28 on T cells and regulating the activation of regulatory T cells. * It is involved in the regulation of cell migration, adhesion, and differentiation. **Clinical significance:** * Galectin-9 is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. * It is a target for the development of novel therapies to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer. * Blockade of galectin-9 signaling has been shown to suppress inflammation and promote tissue repair. **Note:** * The ENSG00000168961 gene ID is not an official gene symbol and may vary depending on the source.

Genular Protein ID: 3522390391

Symbol: LEG9_HUMAN

Name: Galectin-9

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

Database IDs:

Citations:

PubMed ID: 9045665

Title: Molecular definition of a novel human galectin which is immunogenic in patients with Hodgkin's disease.

PubMed ID: 9045665

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.10.6416

PubMed ID: 9642261

Title: Human ecalectin, a variant of human galectin-9, is a novel eosinophil chemoattractant produced by T lymphocytes.

PubMed ID: 9642261

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.27.16976

PubMed ID: 16625196

Title: DNA sequence of human chromosome 17 and analysis of rearrangement in the human lineage.

PubMed ID: 16625196

DOI: 10.1038/nature04689

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 16116184

Title: Galectin-9 induces maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.

PubMed ID: 16116184

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.2974

PubMed ID: 16286920

Title: The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity.

PubMed ID: 16286920

DOI: 10.1038/ni1271

PubMed ID: 20209097

Title: A crucial role for Kupffer cell-derived galectin-9 in regulation of T cell immunity in hepatitis C infection.

PubMed ID: 20209097

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009504

PubMed ID: 21670307

Title: Galectin-9 binding to cell surface protein disulfide isomerase regulates the redox environment to enhance T-cell migration and HIV entry.

PubMed ID: 21670307

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017954108

PubMed ID: 23242525

Title: Profiling Lgals9 splice variant expression at the fetal-maternal interface: implications in normal and pathological human pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 23242525

DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.105460

PubMed ID: 23817958

Title: Proinflammatory stimuli induce galectin-9 in human mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation.

PubMed ID: 23817958

DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343335

PubMed ID: 23408620

Title: Galectin-9 functionally impairs natural killer cells in humans and mice.

PubMed ID: 23408620

DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01085-12

PubMed ID: 24786365

Title: Galectin-9 is rapidly released during acute HIV-1 infection and remains sustained at high levels despite viral suppression even in elite controllers.

PubMed ID: 24786365

DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0004

PubMed ID: 24333696

Title: Endothelial LGALS9 splice variant expression in endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis.

PubMed ID: 24333696

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.12.003

PubMed ID: 24465902

Title: Galectin-9 enhances cytokine secretion, but suppresses survival and degranulation, in human mast cell line.

PubMed ID: 24465902

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086106

PubMed ID: 25578313

Title: The Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway is involved in the regulation of NK cell function at the maternal-fetal interface in early pregnancy.

PubMed ID: 25578313

DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.126

PubMed ID: 25754930

Title: Up-regulation of galectin-9 induces cell migration in human dendritic cells infected with dengue virus.

PubMed ID: 25754930

DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12500

PubMed ID: 18005988

Title: Structural analysis of the human galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain reveals unexpected properties that differ from the mouse orthologue.

PubMed ID: 18005988

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.09.060

PubMed ID: 18977853

Title: Structural analysis of the recognition mechanism of poly-N-acetyllactosamine by the human galectin-9 N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain.

PubMed ID: 18977853

DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn121

PubMed ID: 20861009

Title: X-ray structures of human galectin-9 C-terminal domain in complexes with a biantennary oligosaccharide and sialyllactose.

PubMed ID: 20861009

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163402

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 355
  • Mass: 39518
  • Checksum: 4748C22FCAFA536A
  • Sequence:
  • MAFSGSQAPY LSPAVPFSGT IQGGLQDGLQ ITVNGTVLSS SGTRFAVNFQ TGFSGNDIAF 
    HFNPRFEDGG YVVCNTRQNG SWGPEERKTH MPFQKGMPFD LCFLVQSSDF KVMVNGILFV 
    QYFHRVPFHR VDTISVNGSV QLSYISFQNP RTVPVQPAFS TVPFSQPVCF PPRPRGRRQK 
    PPGVWPANPA PITQTVIHTV QSAPGQMFST PAIPPMMYPH PAYPMPFITT ILGGLYPSKS 
    ILLSGTVLPS AQRFHINLCS GNHIAFHLNP RFDENAVVRN TQIDNSWGSE ERSLPRKMPF 
    VRGQSFSVWI LCEAHCLKVA VDGQHLFEYY HRLRNLPTIN RLEVGGDIQL THVQT

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. For the full schema, download it here.