Details for: PRM2

Gene ID: 5620

Symbol: PRM2

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000122304

Description: protamine 2

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: erythrocyte (CL0000232)
    Fold Change: 11.0237
    Cell Significance Index: 280.8600
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte (CL0000556)
    Fold Change: 7.2270
    Cell Significance Index: 117.0500
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic stem cell (CL0000037)
    Fold Change: 4.1196
    Cell Significance Index: 70.4200
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell (CL0011026)
    Fold Change: 1.6371
    Cell Significance Index: 17.3900
  • Cell Name: early T lineage precursor (CL0002425)
    Fold Change: 0.1929
    Cell Significance Index: 2.8000
  • Cell Name: cell of skeletal muscle (CL0000188)
    Fold Change: 0.1831
    Cell Significance Index: 2.3500
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: 0.1504
    Cell Significance Index: 2.5300
  • Cell Name: astrocyte (CL0000127)
    Fold Change: 0.1209
    Cell Significance Index: 1.3800
  • Cell Name: plasmacytoid dendritic cell (CL0000784)
    Fold Change: 0.0834
    Cell Significance Index: 1.1000
  • Cell Name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived cortical interneuron (CL4023064)
    Fold Change: 0.0299
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6000
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: 0.0257
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3700
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte (CL0000128)
    Fold Change: 0.0050
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0500
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0011
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5900
  • Cell Name: precursor B cell (CL0000817)
    Fold Change: -0.0039
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0500
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0056
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1000
  • Cell Name: myeloid cell (CL0000763)
    Fold Change: -0.0064
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0900
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000050)
    Fold Change: -0.0066
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0900
  • Cell Name: macrophage (CL0000235)
    Fold Change: -0.0077
    Cell Significance Index: -0.0800
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0080
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1000
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0086
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0000
  • Cell Name: oligodendrocyte precursor cell (CL0002453)
    Fold Change: -0.0100
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1300
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0123
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0125
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.0132
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.0138
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3700
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: -0.0183
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8300
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0205
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5300
  • Cell Name: neural progenitor cell (CL0011020)
    Fold Change: -0.0252
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2500
  • Cell Name: microglial cell (CL0000129)
    Fold Change: -0.0308
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3600
  • Cell Name: mast cell (CL0000097)
    Fold Change: -0.0350
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4600
  • Cell Name: erythroid progenitor cell (CL0000038)
    Fold Change: -0.0411
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: peg cell (CL4033014)
    Fold Change: -0.0505
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1700
  • Cell Name: lung endothelial cell (CL1001567)
    Fold Change: -0.0520
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7100
  • Cell Name: conventional dendritic cell (CL0000990)
    Fold Change: -0.0545
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6400
  • Cell Name: mononuclear phagocyte (CL0000113)
    Fold Change: -0.0556
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4700
  • Cell Name: leukocyte (CL0000738)
    Fold Change: -0.0572
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell (CL0000837)
    Fold Change: -0.0576
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7000
  • Cell Name: double negative thymocyte (CL0002489)
    Fold Change: -0.0623
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell (CL0000066)
    Fold Change: -0.0626
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: naive B cell (CL0000788)
    Fold Change: -0.0661
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7000
  • Cell Name: ciliated cell (CL0000064)
    Fold Change: -0.0674
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7300
  • Cell Name: neuron associated cell (CL0000095)
    Fold Change: -0.0730
    Cell Significance Index: -2.9900
  • Cell Name: T cell (CL0000084)
    Fold Change: -0.0737
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8700
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of pancreas (CL0000083)
    Fold Change: -0.0790
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3000
  • Cell Name: radial glial cell (CL0000681)
    Fold Change: -0.0799
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4700
  • Cell Name: adipocyte (CL0000136)
    Fold Change: -0.0800
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0700
  • Cell Name: ciliated epithelial cell (CL0000067)
    Fold Change: -0.0808
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8000
  • Cell Name: neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) (CL0000031)
    Fold Change: -0.0830
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000913)
    Fold Change: -0.0847
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: pericyte (CL0000669)
    Fold Change: -0.0876
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0500
  • Cell Name: fibroblast (CL0000057)
    Fold Change: -0.0895
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8400
  • Cell Name: plasma cell (CL0000786)
    Fold Change: -0.0906
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0100
  • Cell Name: dendritic cell (CL0000451)
    Fold Change: -0.0909
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1900
  • Cell Name: megakaryocyte progenitor cell (CL0000553)
    Fold Change: -0.0922
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6600
  • Cell Name: CD4-positive helper T cell (CL0000492)
    Fold Change: -0.0981
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9900
  • Cell Name: glutamatergic neuron (CL0000679)
    Fold Change: -0.0982
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0700
  • Cell Name: erythroblast (CL0000765)
    Fold Change: -0.1065
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: late promyelocyte (CL0002151)
    Fold Change: -0.1072
    Cell Significance Index: -0.7100
  • Cell Name: medullary thymic epithelial cell (CL0002365)
    Fold Change: -0.1076
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: neutrophil (CL0000775)
    Fold Change: -0.1091
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3600
  • Cell Name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000625)
    Fold Change: -0.1097
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0400
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell (CL0000115)
    Fold Change: -0.1102
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3600
  • Cell Name: inhibitory interneuron (CL0000498)
    Fold Change: -0.1196
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4300
  • Cell Name: nasal mucosa goblet cell (CL0002480)
    Fold Change: -0.1242
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte (CL0000809)
    Fold Change: -0.1253
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3500
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell (CL0009010)
    Fold Change: -0.1257
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2100
  • Cell Name: intestinal epithelial cell (CL0002563)
    Fold Change: -0.1292
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3400
  • Cell Name: central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell (CL0000904)
    Fold Change: -0.1457
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2700
  • Cell Name: germinal center B cell (CL0000844)
    Fold Change: -0.1488
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0500
  • Cell Name: vascular associated smooth muscle cell (CL0000359)
    Fold Change: -0.1686
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7900
  • Cell Name: secretory cell (CL0000151)
    Fold Change: -0.1727
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2000
  • Cell Name: malignant cell (CL0001064)
    Fold Change: -0.1895
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0100
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell (CL0000192)
    Fold Change: -0.1967
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2900
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel (CL0002138)
    Fold Change: -0.2121
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5800
  • Cell Name: B cell (CL0000236)
    Fold Change: -0.2145
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5400
  • Cell Name: basal cell (CL0000646)
    Fold Change: -0.2177
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5900
  • Cell Name: vein endothelial cell (CL0002543)
    Fold Change: -0.2232
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4200
  • Cell Name: hepatocyte (CL0000182)
    Fold Change: -0.2322
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2200
  • Cell Name: GABAergic neuron (CL0000617)
    Fold Change: -0.2520
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1800
  • Cell Name: endothelial cell of artery (CL1000413)
    Fold Change: -0.2543
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6800
  • Cell Name: stem cell (CL0000034)
    Fold Change: -0.2587
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8800
  • Cell Name: umbrella cell of urothelium (CL4030056)
    Fold Change: -0.2623
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4200
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell (CL0002063)
    Fold Change: -0.3171
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6200
  • Cell Name: stromal cell (CL0000499)
    Fold Change: -0.3210
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2800
  • Cell Name: lung secretory cell (CL1000272)
    Fold Change: -0.3697
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8200
  • Cell Name: goblet cell (CL0000160)
    Fold Change: -0.3737
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3800
  • Cell Name: M cell of gut (CL0000682)
    Fold Change: -0.3877
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2300
  • Cell Name: enterocyte (CL0000584)
    Fold Change: -0.5368
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3300

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** PRM2 is a highly basic protein with a molecular weight of approximately 12 kDa. It is highly conserved across species, with high sequence identity to other protamine family members. PRM2 is predominantly expressed in germ cells, particularly in the male germ cell nucleus, where it plays a crucial role in chromosome condensation and nucleosome replacement. The protein exhibits high affinity for DNA, zinc, and cadmium ions, which are essential for its function. **Pathways and Functions:** PRM2 is involved in several key pathways, including: 1. **Chromosome Condensation:** PRM2 plays a central role in the condensation of sperm chromatin during spermatogenesis, allowing for the formation of compact and stable sperm nuclei. 2. **Nucleosome Replacement:** PRM2 is involved in the replacement of protamines by nucleosomes in the male pronucleus, a process essential for the proper formation of the sperm nucleus. 3. **Cell Cycle Regulation:** PRM2 has been implicated in the regulation of cell cycle progression, particularly in the G2/M phase, where it helps to ensure proper chromosome condensation and DNA replication. 4. **DNA Repair:** PRM2 has been shown to interact with DNA repair proteins, such as Ku70 and Ku80, and is involved in the repair of DNA damage during spermatogenesis. **Clinical Significance:** Dysregulation of PRM2 has been implicated in various male infertility disorders, including spermatogenic failure and infertility. Mutations in the PRM2 gene have been associated with severe male infertility, highlighting the critical role of PRM2 in spermatogenesis. Additionally, PRM2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of certain cancers, including testicular cancer, where it is often overexpressed. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the clinical significance of PRM2 and its role in human disease. In conclusion, Protamine 2 is a crucial regulator of chromosome condensation and nucleosome replacement in spermatogenesis, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various male infertility disorders and cancers. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which PRM2 regulates these processes and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target for male infertility and cancer treatment.

Genular Protein ID: 1932322913

Symbol: PRM2_HUMAN

Name: Protamine-2

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P04554 Q6ZMM0

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 2 CTD 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EMBL 9 Ensembl 2 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 13 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GenomeRNAi 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 1 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 2 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PIR 1 PRO 1 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 2 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 4 STRING 1 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 3412906

Title: Sequence of human protamine 2 cDNA.

PubMed ID: 3412906

DOI: 10.1093/nar/16.15.7733

PubMed ID: 2081589

Title: Genomic sequences of human protamines whose genes, PRM1 and PRM2, are clustered.

PubMed ID: 2081589

DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90234-l

PubMed ID: 7983046

Title: Characterization of a human locus in transition.

PubMed ID: 7983046

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47391-7

PubMed ID: 10659848

Title: Rapid evolution of male reproductive genes in the descent of man.

PubMed ID: 10659848

DOI: 10.1038/35002070

PubMed ID: 14702039

Title: Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs.

PubMed ID: 14702039

DOI: 10.1038/ng1285

PubMed ID: 15616553

Title: The sequence and analysis of duplication-rich human chromosome 16.

PubMed ID: 15616553

DOI: 10.1038/nature03187

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 2384091

Title: Molecular characterization of nuclear basic protein HPI1, a putative precursor of human sperm protamines HP2 and HP3.

PubMed ID: 2384091

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19142.x

PubMed ID: 8513794

Title: Amino acid sequence of the human intermediate basic protein 2 (HPI2) from sperm nuclei. Structural relationship with protamine P2.

PubMed ID: 8513794

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17940.x

PubMed ID: 3403514

Title: Comparison of the amino acid sequences of human protamines HP2 and HP3 and of intermediate basic nuclear proteins HPS1 and HPS2. Structural evidence that HPS1 and HPS2 are pro-protamines.

PubMed ID: 3403514

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37919-5

PubMed ID: 3527226

Title: Isolation and amino-acid sequence analysis of human sperm protamines P1 and P2. Occurrence of two forms of protamine P2.

PubMed ID: 3527226

DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1986.367.1.515

PubMed ID: 3956509

Title: Human sperm protamines. Amino-acid sequences of two forms of protamine P2.

PubMed ID: 3956509

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09540.x

PubMed ID: 1889406

Title: Molecular structure of human protamine P4 (HP4), a minor basic protein of human sperm nuclei.

PubMed ID: 1889406

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16196.x

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 102
  • Mass: 13051
  • Checksum: CBB8D6F2396F2F9C
  • Sequence:
    • MVRYRVRSLS ERSHEVYRQQ LHGQEQGHHG QEEQGLSPEH VEVYERTHGQ SHYRRRHCSR 
RRLHRIHRRQ HRSCRRRKRR SCRHRRRHRR GCRTRKRTCR RH

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.