Details for: DCT

Gene ID: 1638

Symbol: DCT

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000080166

Description: dopachrome tautomerase

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 20.2647
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1400
  • Cell Name: photoreceptor cell (CL0000210)
    Fold Change: 19.7180
    Cell Significance Index: 276.9400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of lacrimal sac (CL1000436)
    Fold Change: 8.0500
    Cell Significance Index: 57.9300
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 6.3367
    Cell Significance Index: 11931.1700
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 3.3422
    Cell Significance Index: 45.6000
  • Cell Name: epidermal cell (CL0000362)
    Fold Change: 2.7989
    Cell Significance Index: 6.3100
  • Cell Name: keratocyte (CL0002363)
    Fold Change: 2.3703
    Cell Significance Index: 37.6100
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 1.3051
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1500
  • Cell Name: CD14-low, CD16-positive monocyte (CL0002396)
    Fold Change: 1.2918
    Cell Significance Index: 31.2900
  • Cell Name: epidermal Langerhans cell (CL0002457)
    Fold Change: 0.7356
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6100
  • Cell Name: ovarian surface epithelial cell (CL2000064)
    Fold Change: 0.6970
    Cell Significance Index: 3.3900
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.5273
    Cell Significance Index: 334.8700
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: 0.4266
    Cell Significance Index: 23.9400
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.4235
    Cell Significance Index: 187.2600
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: 0.3732
    Cell Significance Index: 38.8600
  • Cell Name: granulosa cell (CL0000501)
    Fold Change: 0.3061
    Cell Significance Index: 8.0500
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 0.1785
    Cell Significance Index: 35.8100
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.1558
    Cell Significance Index: 5.9000
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.1555
    Cell Significance Index: 6.8800
  • Cell Name: obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung (CL0010003)
    Fold Change: 0.0698
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7400
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 0.0507
    Cell Significance Index: 18.1900
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: 0.0279
    Cell Significance Index: 1.9700
  • Cell Name: melanocyte (CL0000148)
    Fold Change: 0.0149
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1400
  • Cell Name: corneal endothelial cell (CL0000132)
    Fold Change: 0.0099
    Cell Significance Index: 0.1500
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: 0.0096
    Cell Significance Index: 4.3600
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0047
    Cell Significance Index: 7.1600
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0034
    Cell Significance Index: 6.2900
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: 0.0005
    Cell Significance Index: 0.0700
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: -0.0025
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3400
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0047
    Cell Significance Index: -3.4600
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: -0.0062
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0063
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6500
  • Cell Name: neuroendocrine cell (CL0000165)
    Fold Change: -0.0079
    Cell Significance Index: -0.1000
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0080
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5200
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0083
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2100
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: -0.0084
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5700
  • Cell Name: eukaryotic cell (CL0000255)
    Fold Change: -0.0097
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4200
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: -0.0109
    Cell Significance Index: -0.3100
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0137
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7600
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0140
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6300
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0155
    Cell Significance Index: -2.6500
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: -0.0157
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1100
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: -0.0232
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.0241
    Cell Significance Index: -5.0900
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -0.0243
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4200
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: -0.0250
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5100
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: -0.0258
    Cell Significance Index: -3.5400
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.0276
    Cell Significance Index: -2.8200
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0337
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7700
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.0349
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5100
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0364
    Cell Significance Index: -4.4700
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.0364
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1600
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.0393
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5100
  • Cell Name: retinal blood vessel endothelial cell (CL0002585)
    Fold Change: -0.0418
    Cell Significance Index: -0.5400
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.0461
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1500
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: -0.0465
    Cell Significance Index: -3.5700
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.0499
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0600
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0512
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4300
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.0546
    Cell Significance Index: -1.1800
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: -0.0560
    Cell Significance Index: -0.9600
  • Cell Name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023041)
    Fold Change: -0.0579
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0300
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.0580
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5900
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.0645
    Cell Significance Index: -4.8100
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.0663
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1700
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0667
    Cell Significance Index: -3.1100
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.0727
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8700
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.0738
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4600
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: -0.0740
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5500
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.0798
    Cell Significance Index: -5.1500
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.0817
    Cell Significance Index: -1.6400
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.0852
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2200
  • Cell Name: forebrain radial glial cell (CL0013000)
    Fold Change: -0.0894
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6500
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: -0.0899
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4100
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.0912
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2900
  • Cell Name: periportal region hepatocyte (CL0019026)
    Fold Change: -0.0955
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4100
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fibroblast (CL0011027)
    Fold Change: -0.1004
    Cell Significance Index: -0.6800
  • Cell Name: keratinocyte (CL0000312)
    Fold Change: -0.1037
    Cell Significance Index: -2.5900
  • Cell Name: lens fiber cell (CL0011004)
    Fold Change: -0.1138
    Cell Significance Index: -3.6000
  • Cell Name: basal cell of prostate epithelium (CL0002341)
    Fold Change: -0.1227
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3400
  • Cell Name: stratified epithelial cell (CL0000079)
    Fold Change: -0.1259
    Cell Significance Index: -4.6200
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.1266
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4700
  • Cell Name: chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023036)
    Fold Change: -0.1303
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7200
  • Cell Name: mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell (CL1000022)
    Fold Change: -0.1309
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5500
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.1350
    Cell Significance Index: -1.2800
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: -0.1451
    Cell Significance Index: -1.7300
  • Cell Name: ON parasol ganglion cell (CL4033052)
    Fold Change: -0.1509
    Cell Significance Index: -1.8800
  • Cell Name: kidney epithelial cell (CL0002518)
    Fold Change: -0.1555
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5800
  • Cell Name: fibro/adipogenic progenitor cell (CL0009099)
    Fold Change: -0.1566
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9100
  • Cell Name: retinal ganglion cell (CL0000740)
    Fold Change: -0.1581
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3100
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of dermis (CL0002551)
    Fold Change: -0.1605
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3600
  • Cell Name: hepatoblast (CL0005026)
    Fold Change: -0.1611
    Cell Significance Index: -2.7100
  • Cell Name: melanocyte of skin (CL1000458)
    Fold Change: -0.1627
    Cell Significance Index: -2.2800
  • Cell Name: corneal epithelial cell (CL0000575)
    Fold Change: -0.1630
    Cell Significance Index: -2.3200
  • Cell Name: basal cell of epidermis (CL0002187)
    Fold Change: -0.1639
    Cell Significance Index: -2.4900
  • Cell Name: fibroblast of mammary gland (CL0002555)
    Fold Change: -0.1643
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7100
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: -0.1656
    Cell Significance Index: -4.7700
  • Cell Name: retinal cone cell (CL0000573)
    Fold Change: -0.1706
    Cell Significance Index: -2.1300
  • Cell Name: choroid plexus epithelial cell (CL0000706)
    Fold Change: -0.1748
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0800
  • Cell Name: sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023015)
    Fold Change: -0.1748
    Cell Significance Index: -3.4400
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: -0.1751
    Cell Significance Index: -4.2000

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics:** 1. **Melanin Biosynthesis:** DCT is a key enzyme in the melanin biosynthetic pathway, specifically responsible for converting dopachrome to eumelanin. 2. **Copper Ion Binding:** DCT exhibits copper ion binding capabilities, which are essential for its enzymatic activity. 3. **Cell Development:** DCT is involved in the development of various cell types, including melanocytes, photoreceptor cells, and goblet cells. 4. **Response to Blue Light:** DCT is responsive to blue light, which triggers its expression and activation in certain cell types. 5. **Oxidoreductase Activity:** DCT possesses oxidoreductase activity, facilitating its role in electron transfer reactions. **Pathways and Functions:** 1. **Melanosome Formation:** DCT is involved in the formation of melanosomes, organelles responsible for melanin storage and transport. 2. **Copper Ion Homeostasis:** DCT helps regulate copper ion homeostasis in cells, which is essential for various cellular processes. 3. **Neuroblast Proliferation:** DCT is involved in the positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation, suggesting its role in neurodevelopment and cell growth. 4. **Response to Environmental Stimuli:** DCT's response to blue light and other environmental stimuli highlights its potential role in regulating cellular responses to external cues. 5. **Metabolic Pathways:** DCT is also involved in various metabolic pathways, including amino acid and derivative metabolism. **Clinical Significance:** DCT's dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including: 1. **Albinism:** Mutations in the DCT gene have been associated with albinism, a condition characterized by reduced or absent melanin production. 2. **Melanoma:** Abnormalities in DCT expression have been linked to melanoma development, highlighting the enzyme's potential role in cancer progression. 3. **Neurodevelopmental Disorders:** DCT's involvement in neuroblast proliferation and development suggests its potential role in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. 4. **Copper Toxicity:** DCT's regulation of copper ion homeostasis makes it a potential target for therapeutic interventions in copper toxicity-related diseases. In conclusion, DCT is a multifunctional enzyme that plays a crucial role in melanin biosynthesis, cell development, and response to environmental stimuli. Its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, highlighting the importance of continued research into the mechanisms and functions of this enzyme.

Genular Protein ID: 2953912995

Symbol: TYRP2_HUMAN

Name: L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P40126 Q09GT4

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 Bgee 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 2 CTD 1 ChEBI 9 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 EC 1 EMBL 8 Ensembl 2 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 16 Gene3D 1 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GlyCosmos 1 GlyGen 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 3 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 3 MalaCards 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 Orphanet 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 1 PDBsum 1 PIR 1 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 2 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 1 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 2 RNAct 1 Reactome 2 RefSeq 2 Rhea 1 SIGNOR 1 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 1 SignaLink 1 TCDB 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 UniPathway 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 8148378

Title: Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a cDNA coding for human DOPAchrome tautomerase/tyrosinase-related protein-2.

PubMed ID: 8148378

DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90292-5

PubMed ID: 8206391

Title: Sequence of the human dopachrome tautomerase-encoding TRP-2 cDNA.

PubMed ID: 8206391

DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90114-7

PubMed ID: 8306979

Title: Molecular characterization of a human tyrosinase-related-protein-2 cDNA. Patterns of expression in melanocytic cells.

PubMed ID: 8306979

DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19922.x

PubMed ID: 11777994

Title: Pre-existing immunity to tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-2, a new TRP-2 isoform, and the NY-ESO-1 melanoma antigen in a patient with a dramatic response to immunotherapy.

PubMed ID: 11777994

DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.951

PubMed ID: 15057823

Title: The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 13.

PubMed ID: 15057823

DOI: 10.1038/nature02379

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 8530077

Title: Chromosomal structure of the human TYRP1 and TYRP2 loci and comparison of the tyrosinase-related protein gene family.

PubMed ID: 8530077

DOI: 10.1006/geno.1995.1211

PubMed ID: 7929451

Title: Cloning of the human DOPAchrome tautomerase/tyrosinase-related protein 2 gene and identification of two regulatory regions required for its pigment cell-specific expression.

PubMed ID: 7929451

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47128-1

PubMed ID: 12643545

Title: Proteomic analysis of early melanosomes: identification of novel melanosomal proteins.

PubMed ID: 12643545

DOI: 10.1021/pr025562r

PubMed ID: 17081065

Title: Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of the biogenesis and function of melanosomes.

PubMed ID: 17081065

DOI: 10.1021/pr060363j

PubMed ID: 28842328

Title: Melanocytes Sense Blue Light and Regulate Pigmentation through Opsin-3.

PubMed ID: 28842328

DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.833

PubMed ID: 33100333

Title: Dopachrome tautomerase variants in patients with oculocutaneous albinism.

PubMed ID: 33100333

DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-00997-8

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 519
  • Mass: 59145
  • Checksum: AFDDF21768002A89
  • Sequence:
    • MSPLWWGFLL SCLGCKILPG AQGQFPRVCM TVDSLVNKEC CPRLGAESAN VCGSQQGRGQ 
CTEVRADTRP WSGPYILRNQ DDRELWPRKF FHRTCKCTGN FAGYNCGDCK FGWTGPNCER 
KKPPVIRQNI HSLSPQEREQ FLGALDLAKK RVHPDYVITT QHWLGLLGPN GTQPQFANCS 
VYDFFVWLHY YSVRDTLLGP GRPYRAIDFS HQGPAFVTWH RYHLLCLERD LQRLIGNESF 
ALPYWNFATG RNECDVCTDQ LFGAARPDDP TLISRNSRFS SWETVCDSLD DYNHLVTLCN 
GTYEGLLRRN QMGRNSMKLP TLKDIRDCLS LQKFDNPPFF QNSTFSFRNA LEGFDKADGT 
LDSQVMSLHN LVHSFLNGTN ALPHSAANDP IFVVLHSFTD AIFDEWMKRF NPPADAWPQE 
LAPIGHNRMY NMVPFFPPVT NEELFLTSDQ LGYSYAIDLP VSVEETPGWP TTLLVVMGTL 
VALVGLFVLL AFLQYRRLRK GYTPLMETHL SSKRYTEEA

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.