Details for: GRK4

Gene ID: 2868

Symbol: GRK4

Ensembl ID: ENSG00000125388

Description: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4

Associated with

Cells (max top 100)

(Cell Significance Index and respective Thresholds are uniquely calculated using our advanced thresholding algorithms to reveal cell-specific gene markers)

  • Cell Name: polychromatophilic erythroblast (CL0000550)
    Fold Change: 186.8910
    Cell Significance Index: -29.0700
  • Cell Name: hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell (CL0002032)
    Fold Change: 112.9144
    Cell Significance Index: -28.6400
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle fiber of ileum (CL1000278)
    Fold Change: 62.9074
    Cell Significance Index: -29.7000
  • Cell Name: orthochromatic erythroblast (CL0000552)
    Fold Change: 24.0073
    Cell Significance Index: -29.6000
  • Cell Name: CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell (CL0000796)
    Fold Change: 10.5567
    Cell Significance Index: -28.2800
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of bone marrow (CL0010001)
    Fold Change: 7.5569
    Cell Significance Index: -29.8200
  • Cell Name: dopaminergic neuron (CL0000700)
    Fold Change: 2.4722
    Cell Significance Index: 711.3300
  • Cell Name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (CL4023040)
    Fold Change: 1.9648
    Cell Significance Index: 394.1400
  • Cell Name: cortical cell of adrenal gland (CL0002097)
    Fold Change: 1.3801
    Cell Significance Index: 36.9800
  • Cell Name: Purkinje cell (CL0000121)
    Fold Change: 1.2376
    Cell Significance Index: 27.1000
  • Cell Name: obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023070)
    Fold Change: 1.1992
    Cell Significance Index: 430.1500
  • Cell Name: eye photoreceptor cell (CL0000287)
    Fold Change: 1.1393
    Cell Significance Index: 71.8100
  • Cell Name: hippocampal granule cell (CL0001033)
    Fold Change: 1.0680
    Cell Significance Index: 71.8100
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle myoblast (CL0000513)
    Fold Change: 1.0458
    Cell Significance Index: 80.2600
  • Cell Name: forebrain neuroblast (CL1000042)
    Fold Change: 0.7456
    Cell Significance Index: 45.8300
  • Cell Name: GABAergic interneuron (CL0011005)
    Fold Change: 0.6602
    Cell Significance Index: 456.6400
  • Cell Name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron (CL1001571)
    Fold Change: 0.6542
    Cell Significance Index: 18.6700
  • Cell Name: indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023029)
    Fold Change: 0.6179
    Cell Significance Index: 27.3300
  • Cell Name: direct pathway medium spiny neuron (CL4023026)
    Fold Change: 0.6096
    Cell Significance Index: 23.0900
  • Cell Name: cortical interneuron (CL0008031)
    Fold Change: 0.5933
    Cell Significance Index: 14.2300
  • Cell Name: retinal rod cell (CL0000604)
    Fold Change: 0.3121
    Cell Significance Index: 3.7200
  • Cell Name: cerebellar granule cell (CL0001031)
    Fold Change: 0.3069
    Cell Significance Index: 5.2600
  • Cell Name: L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (CL4023050)
    Fold Change: 0.2519
    Cell Significance Index: 3.3600
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of colon (CL0009042)
    Fold Change: 0.2098
    Cell Significance Index: 39.9200
  • Cell Name: tuft cell of colon (CL0009041)
    Fold Change: 0.2053
    Cell Significance Index: 185.3700
  • Cell Name: intermediate cell of urothelium (CL4030055)
    Fold Change: 0.1621
    Cell Significance Index: 29.2200
  • Cell Name: glutamatergic neuron (CL0000679)
    Fold Change: 0.1478
    Cell Significance Index: 1.6100
  • Cell Name: conjunctival epithelial cell (CL1000432)
    Fold Change: 0.1283
    Cell Significance Index: 1.7500
  • Cell Name: enteroendocrine cell of small intestine (CL0009006)
    Fold Change: 0.0992
    Cell Significance Index: 2.4800
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000334)
    Fold Change: 0.0989
    Cell Significance Index: 2.8500
  • Cell Name: colon goblet cell (CL0009039)
    Fold Change: 0.0843
    Cell Significance Index: 8.3400
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of small intestine (CL0002254)
    Fold Change: 0.0802
    Cell Significance Index: 13.0500
  • Cell Name: pigmented epithelial cell (CL0000529)
    Fold Change: 0.0679
    Cell Significance Index: 127.8400
  • Cell Name: medium spiny neuron (CL1001474)
    Fold Change: 0.0667
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9000
  • Cell Name: neoplastic cell (CL0001063)
    Fold Change: 0.0640
    Cell Significance Index: 12.7100
  • Cell Name: non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002304)
    Fold Change: 0.0543
    Cell Significance Index: 34.5100
  • Cell Name: OFF midget ganglion cell (CL4033047)
    Fold Change: 0.0537
    Cell Significance Index: 0.6700
  • Cell Name: stromal cell of ovary (CL0002132)
    Fold Change: 0.0448
    Cell Significance Index: 6.1500
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of colon (CL0009043)
    Fold Change: 0.0421
    Cell Significance Index: 4.5800
  • Cell Name: anterior lens cell (CL0002223)
    Fold Change: 0.0366
    Cell Significance Index: 67.4800
  • Cell Name: hair follicular keratinocyte (CL2000092)
    Fold Change: 0.0330
    Cell Significance Index: 14.5700
  • Cell Name: lens epithelial cell (CL0002224)
    Fold Change: 0.0268
    Cell Significance Index: 41.2800
  • Cell Name: enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine (CL0002071)
    Fold Change: 0.0207
    Cell Significance Index: 0.9400
  • Cell Name: decidual cell (CL2000002)
    Fold Change: 0.0206
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3300
  • Cell Name: bladder urothelial cell (CL1001428)
    Fold Change: 0.0079
    Cell Significance Index: 0.4100
  • Cell Name: cell in vitro (CL0001034)
    Fold Change: 0.0059
    Cell Significance Index: 3.2200
  • Cell Name: gut absorptive cell (CL0000677)
    Fold Change: 0.0053
    Cell Significance Index: 0.3200
  • Cell Name: secondary lens fiber (CL0002225)
    Fold Change: 0.0015
    Cell Significance Index: 2.0900
  • Cell Name: epithelial cell of stomach (CL0002178)
    Fold Change: -0.0087
    Cell Significance Index: -1.0100
  • Cell Name: basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree (CL0002329)
    Fold Change: -0.0093
    Cell Significance Index: -0.2600
  • Cell Name: basal cell of urothelium (CL1000486)
    Fold Change: -0.0118
    Cell Significance Index: -1.4600
  • Cell Name: ciliary muscle cell (CL1000443)
    Fold Change: -0.0167
    Cell Significance Index: -7.5800
  • Cell Name: pigmented ciliary epithelial cell (CL0002303)
    Fold Change: -0.0209
    Cell Significance Index: -3.0400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic acinar cell (CL0002064)
    Fold Change: -0.0225
    Cell Significance Index: -3.8500
  • Cell Name: retinal progenitor cell (CL0002672)
    Fold Change: -0.0232
    Cell Significance Index: -1.3000
  • Cell Name: small intestine goblet cell (CL1000495)
    Fold Change: -0.0253
    Cell Significance Index: -0.8900
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell (CL1001109)
    Fold Change: -0.0261
    Cell Significance Index: -19.1700
  • Cell Name: pancreatic A cell (CL0000171)
    Fold Change: -0.0346
    Cell Significance Index: -25.6100
  • Cell Name: pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell (CL0000322)
    Fold Change: -0.0410
    Cell Significance Index: -31.0300
  • Cell Name: type B pancreatic cell (CL0000169)
    Fold Change: -0.0501
    Cell Significance Index: -28.2400
  • Cell Name: pancreatic PP cell (CL0002275)
    Fold Change: -0.0534
    Cell Significance Index: -33.3400
  • Cell Name: cone retinal bipolar cell (CL0000752)
    Fold Change: -0.0597
    Cell Significance Index: -0.4600
  • Cell Name: glycinergic neuron (CL1001509)
    Fold Change: -0.0633
    Cell Significance Index: -3.3300
  • Cell Name: odontoblast (CL0000060)
    Fold Change: -0.0686
    Cell Significance Index: -8.8000
  • Cell Name: acinar cell of salivary gland (CL0002623)
    Fold Change: -0.0703
    Cell Significance Index: -3.2800
  • Cell Name: microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000353)
    Fold Change: -0.0720
    Cell Significance Index: -4.9800
  • Cell Name: cardiac muscle cell (CL0000746)
    Fold Change: -0.1023
    Cell Significance Index: -1.5100
  • Cell Name: lactocyte (CL0002325)
    Fold Change: -0.1499
    Cell Significance Index: -19.3600
  • Cell Name: intestinal tuft cell (CL0019032)
    Fold Change: -0.1499
    Cell Significance Index: -9.1900
  • Cell Name: pancreatic D cell (CL0000173)
    Fold Change: -0.1540
    Cell Significance Index: -32.4500
  • Cell Name: ON midget ganglion cell (CL4033046)
    Fold Change: -0.1648
    Cell Significance Index: -2.0800
  • Cell Name: abnormal cell (CL0001061)
    Fold Change: -0.1649
    Cell Significance Index: -16.8500
  • Cell Name: pancreatic ductal cell (CL0002079)
    Fold Change: -0.2125
    Cell Significance Index: -24.3400
  • Cell Name: tonsil germinal center B cell (CL2000006)
    Fold Change: -0.2144
    Cell Significance Index: -25.2900
  • Cell Name: sebum secreting cell (CL0000317)
    Fold Change: -0.2213
    Cell Significance Index: -15.6500
  • Cell Name: early pro-B cell (CL0002046)
    Fold Change: -0.2241
    Cell Significance Index: -14.4600
  • Cell Name: smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil (CL0002243)
    Fold Change: -0.2432
    Cell Significance Index: -25.3300
  • Cell Name: pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023018)
    Fold Change: -0.2459
    Cell Significance Index: -5.2200
  • Cell Name: leptomeningeal cell (CL0000708)
    Fold Change: -0.2699
    Cell Significance Index: -5.7700
  • Cell Name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron (CL4023063)
    Fold Change: -0.2891
    Cell Significance Index: -4.1400
  • Cell Name: progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium (CL0009116)
    Fold Change: -0.2902
    Cell Significance Index: -21.6300
  • Cell Name: VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023016)
    Fold Change: -0.2961
    Cell Significance Index: -5.9500
  • Cell Name: transit amplifying cell of small intestine (CL0009012)
    Fold Change: -0.2994
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2100
  • Cell Name: L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023038)
    Fold Change: -0.3012
    Cell Significance Index: -9.8600
  • Cell Name: kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell (CL1001021)
    Fold Change: -0.3077
    Cell Significance Index: -24.3700
  • Cell Name: proerythroblast (CL0000547)
    Fold Change: -0.3182
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5600
  • Cell Name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023013)
    Fold Change: -0.3269
    Cell Significance Index: -10.4100
  • Cell Name: sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023017)
    Fold Change: -0.3525
    Cell Significance Index: -6.9700
  • Cell Name: preadipocyte (CL0002334)
    Fold Change: -0.3617
    Cell Significance Index: -7.0600
  • Cell Name: paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine (CL1000343)
    Fold Change: -0.3646
    Cell Significance Index: -7.9000
  • Cell Name: neuron (CL0000540)
    Fold Change: -0.4001
    Cell Significance Index: -3.7900
  • Cell Name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland (CL4033057)
    Fold Change: -0.4009
    Cell Significance Index: -18.8400
  • Cell Name: astrocyte of the cerebral cortex (CL0002605)
    Fold Change: -0.4205
    Cell Significance Index: -7.2700
  • Cell Name: midget ganglion cell of retina (CL4023188)
    Fold Change: -0.4320
    Cell Significance Index: -4.5000
  • Cell Name: chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023036)
    Fold Change: -0.4418
    Cell Significance Index: -9.2200
  • Cell Name: intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine (CL0009017)
    Fold Change: -0.4435
    Cell Significance Index: -9.4500
  • Cell Name: lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (CL4023011)
    Fold Change: -0.4763
    Cell Significance Index: -10.2900
  • Cell Name: GABAergic neuron (CL0000617)
    Fold Change: -0.4945
    Cell Significance Index: -6.2400
  • Cell Name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (CL4023012)
    Fold Change: -0.5131
    Cell Significance Index: -12.8000
  • Cell Name: skeletal muscle fiber (CL0008002)
    Fold Change: -0.5151
    Cell Significance Index: -13.2400

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this specific cell.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Cell ID: Standard Cell Ontology term used for mapping and comparing cells across experiments. Ensures consistency in analyzing cellular functions across tissues.
Fold Change: Represents the ratio of the current Cell Significance Index to the Cell Significance Index Threshold, indicating how much the gene expression has changed compared to a baseline.
Cell Significance Index: Reflects how strongly a gene is expressed in this cell type. Calculated using techniques like effect size estimation and bootstrapping for reliability.

Other Information

**Key Characteristics** GRK4 is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, characterized by its ability to phosphorylate and regulate the activity of G protein-coupled receptors. The specific characteristics of GRK4 include: 1. **Specificity for rhodopsin**: GRK4 has a high affinity for rhodopsin, the primary photopigment in the retina, and is responsible for its inactivation following light exposure. 2. **Phosphorylation-dependent regulation**: GRK4 phosphorylates rhodopsin on specific serine residues, leading to its desensitization and recovery. 3. **Regulation of visual phototransduction**: GRK4 plays a critical role in the regulation of visual phototransduction, ensuring the proper termination of signal transduction pathways after light exposure. 4. **Widespread expression**: GRK4 is expressed in various types of neurons, including retinal ganglion cells, cortical interneurons, and dopaminergic neurons. **Pathways and Functions** GRK4 is involved in several key pathways and functions, including: 1. **Phototransduction cascade**: GRK4 regulates the visual phototransduction cascade by phosphorylating and desensitizing rhodopsin, thereby terminating the signal transduction pathway after light exposure. 2. **Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling**: GRK4 phosphorylates and regulates the activity of various G protein-coupled receptors, including rhodopsin, to modulate signal transduction pathways. 3. **Inactivation and recovery of photoreceptors**: GRK4 plays a critical role in the inactivation and recovery of photoreceptors, ensuring the proper functioning of the visual system. 4. **Sensory perception**: GRK4 is involved in the regulation of sensory perception, including visual perception, by modulating the activity of G protein-coupled receptors. **Clinical Significance** Dysregulation of GRK4 has been implicated in various retinal and visual disorders, including: 1. **Retinitis pigmentosa**: Mutations in the GRK4 gene have been associated with retinitis pigmentosa, a progressive degenerative disorder of the retina. 2. **Visual impairment**: Abnormalities in GRK4 function have been linked to visual impairment and blindness in various conditions, including age-related macular degeneration. 3. **Neurodegenerative diseases**: GRK4 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where it may contribute to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. In conclusion, GRK4 is a critical regulator of visual phototransduction and sensory perception, playing a pivotal role in the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways. Dysregulation of GRK4 has been implicated in various retinal and visual disorders, highlighting the importance of this gene in maintaining proper neural function and preventing disease.

Genular Protein ID: 8148966

Symbol: GRK4_HUMAN

Name: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4

UniProtKB Accession Codes:

P32298 O00641 O00642 Q13293 Q13294 Q13295 Q14453 Q14725 Q15313 Q15314 Q15315 Q15316 Q17RH6 Q53EQ8

Database IDs:

AGR 1 AlphaFoldDB 1 Antibodypedia 1 BRENDA 1 Bgee 1 BindingDB 1 BioGRID 1 BioGRID-ORCS 1 BioMuta 1 CCDS 4 CDD 1 CTD 1 ChEBI 7 ChEMBL 1 ChiTaRS 1 DMDM 1 DNASU 1 DisGeNET 1 DrugCentral 1 EC 2 EMBL 72 Ensembl 4 EvolutionaryTrace 1 ExpressionAtlas 1 GO 13 Gene3D 2 GeneCards 1 GeneTree 1 GeneWiki 1 GenomeRNAi 1 GuidetoPHARMACOLOGY 1 HGNC 1 HOGENOM 1 HPA 1 InParanoid 1 IntAct 1 InterPro 9 KEGG 1 MANE-Select 1 MIM 1 MassIVE 1 NCBI Taxonomy 1 OMA 1 OpenTargets 1 OrthoDB 1 PANTHER 2 PDB 1 PDBsum 1 PIR 2 PRINTS 1 PRO 1 PROSITE 5 PathwayCommons 1 PaxDb 1 PeptideAtlas 1 Pfam 2 PharmGKB 1 Pharos 1 PhosphoSitePlus 1 PhylomeDB 1 Proteomes 1 ProteomicsDB 4 RNAct 1 Reactome 1 RefSeq 4 Rhea 3 SIGNOR 1 SMART 3 SMR 1 STRING 1 SUPFAM 2 SignaLink 1 TreeFam 1 UCSC 1 VEuPathDB 1 eggNOG 1 iPTMnet 1 jPOST 1 neXtProt 1

Citations:

PubMed ID: 1338872

Title: A novel G protein-coupled receptor kinase gene cloned from 4p16.3.

PubMed ID: 1338872

DOI: 10.1093/hmg/1.9.697

PubMed ID: 9092566

Title: G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK4. Molecular analysis of the four isoforms and ultrastructural localization in spermatozoa and germinal cells.

PubMed ID: 9092566

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.10188

PubMed ID: 8626439

Title: Characterization of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK4. Identification of four splice variants.

PubMed ID: 8626439

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.11.6403

PubMed ID: 8135832

Title: Two isoforms of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 identified by molecular cloning.

PubMed ID: 8135832

DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1306

PubMed ID: 15815621

Title: Generation and annotation of the DNA sequences of human chromosomes 2 and 4.

PubMed ID: 15815621

DOI: 10.1038/nature03466

PubMed ID: 15489334

Title: The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).

PubMed ID: 15489334

DOI: 10.1101/gr.2596504

PubMed ID: 16636192

Title: Amelioration of genetic hypertension by suppression of renal G protein-coupled receptor kinase type 4 expression.

PubMed ID: 16636192

DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000222004.74872.17

PubMed ID: 19520868

Title: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) regulates the phosphorylation and function of the dopamine D3 receptor.

PubMed ID: 19520868

DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003665

PubMed ID: 22223895

Title: Comparative large-scale characterisation of plant vs. mammal proteins reveals similar and idiosyncratic N-alpha acetylation features.

PubMed ID: 22223895

DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015131

PubMed ID: 17344846

Title: Patterns of somatic mutation in human cancer genomes.

PubMed ID: 17344846

DOI: 10.1038/nature05610

Sequence Information:

  • Length: 578
  • Mass: 66583
  • Checksum: 72FCF94ED551F2D0
  • Sequence:
    • MELENIVANS LLLKARQGGY GKKSGRSKKW KEILTLPPVS QCSELRHSIE KDYSSLCDKQ 
PIGRRLFRQF CDTKPTLKRH IEFLDAVAEY EVADDEDRSD CGLSILDRFF NDKLAAPLPE 
IPPDVVTECR LGLKEENPSK KAFEECTRVA HNYLRGEPFE EYQESSYFSQ FLQWKWLERQ 
PVTKNTFRHY RVLGKGGFGE VCACQVRATG KMYACKKLQK KRIKKRKGEA MALNEKRILE 
KVQSRFVVSL AYAYETKDAL CLVLTIMNGG DLKFHIYNLG NPGFDEQRAV FYAAELCCGL 
EDLQRERIVY RDLKPENILL DDRGHIRISD LGLATEIPEG QRVRGRVGTV GYMAPEVVNN 
EKYTFSPDWW GLGCLIYEMI QGHSPFKKYK EKVKWEEVDQ RIKNDTEEYS EKFSEDAKSI 
CRMLLTKNPS KRLGCRGEGA AGVKQHPVFK DINFRRLEAN MLEPPFCPDP HAVYCKDVLD 
IEQFSVVKGI YLDTADEDFY ARFATGCVSI PWQNEMIESG CFKDINKSES EEALPLDLDK 
NIHTPVSRPN RGFFYRLFRR GGCLTMVPSE KEVEPKQC

Database document:

This is a preview of the gene's schema. Only a few entries are kept for 'singleCellExpressions,' 'mRNAExpressions,' and other large data arrays for visualization purposes. You can zoom in with the mouse wheel for a closer view, and the text will adjust automatically if necessary. For the full schema, download it here.